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중국 농촌경제발전 10년 (2002∼2012)의 성과

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(1)해외농업시리즈 12: 중국. 중국 농촌경제발전 10년 (2002∼2012)의 성과. 정정길・리경호 편저.

(2) 내용 문의 정정길. 연구위원 02-3299-4368 cgchung@krei.re.kr.

(3) 목. 차. Ⅰ. 총론: 과학발전관 지도하의 “삼농”발전 황금10년 ················································· 1 1. 농업・농촌발전의 거대한 성과 ··············································································· 1 2. “삼농”이론 정책혁신의 주요 성과 ········································································ 7 3. “삼농”발전의 중점 사업 ······················································································· 14 4. “삼농”사업구조 혁신의 성과 ·············································································· 23 5. 농촌개혁발전의 형세와 전망 ············································································· 27. Ⅱ. 강농・혜농・부농정책의 법규체계 수립 ·································································· 29 1. 정책혁신 추진 및 강농・혜농・부농정책 체계 수립 ··········································· 29 2. 법에 따른 행정 추진, 국정에 부합되며 농업발전의 수요에 적합한 농업법규체계 구축 ······························································································· 52 3. 농업정책법규체계 개선, 농업의 양호한 쾌속 발전 기초 제공 ························· 61. Ⅲ. 농촌경영체제구조의 개선 및 혁신 ········································································ 64 1. 농촌토지도급제도의 개선 ···················································································· 64 2. 농민전업합작조직의 발전 ···················································································· 69 3. 농업산업화경영의 새로운 진전 ··········································································· 73 4. 농촌집체자산관리의 규범화 ················································································· 79 5. 농가부담에 대한 관리감독 추진 ········································································ 84 6. 농업사회화서비스의 진전 ···················································································· 88. i.

(4) Ⅳ. 재배업의 역사적 도약 실현 ··················································································· 98 1. 재배업 상품의 공급보장능력 증강 ······································································ 98 2. 재배업의 지속가능발전 수준 제고 ···································································· 108 3. 재배업의 안정적 발전 유지 ··············································································· 126. Ⅴ. 목축업과 수의(獸醫)사업의 번영・발전 ································································ 131 1. 목축업의 종합생산능력 증강 ············································································· 131 2. 사료공업의 번영 발전 ························································································ 142 3. 현대유업의 기초 확립 ························································································ 147 4. 초원보호 전면 추진 ···························································································· 151 5. 목축업 발전의 기본보장체계 구축 ···································································· 157 6. 동물역병 예방통제의 성과 우수 ········································································ 162 7. 동물제품 안전에 대한 관리감독수준 제고 ······················································· 168 8. 수의약업계의 건전한 발전 ················································································· 171 9. 수의의 과학기술과 국제교류 증대 ·································································· 174 10. 수의사업의 발전 요건 강화 ··········································································· 178 11. 목축업과 수의사업의 발전 가속화 ·································································· 184. Ⅵ. 향진기업의 승급전환 새로운 단계에 진입 ························································· 187 1. 새로운 성과 취득, 새로운 공헌 실현 ································································ 187 2. 새로운 성장점 형성, 새로운 경험 축적 ···························································· 191 3. 새로운 조치 단행, 새로운 돌파 시도 ································································ 201 4. 새로운 도전 직면, 새로운 목표 수립 ································································ 210. ii.

(5) Ⅶ. 농업과학기술 발전의 성과 ·················································································· 215 1. 농업과학기술 체제개혁과 구조혁신 ·································································· 216 2. 농업과학기술 혁신의 성과 ················································································· 219 3. 농업기술 보급서비스의 성과 ············································································· 230 4. 농업농촌 인재팀 건설 적극 추진 ······································································ 237 5. 농업과학기술의 기초여건 개선 ·········································································· 247 6. 농업농촌 정보화 건설의 성과 ··········································································· 248 7. 농업 GMO 생물안전 관리의 성과 ····································································· 251. Ⅷ. 농업구조의 전략적 조정 ······················································································ 257 1. 전략적 농업구조조정의 성과 ············································································· 257 2. 농업기초시설의 개선 ·························································································· 264 3. 현대농업시범구의 새로운 방향 ·········································································· 270 4. 양안 농업교류와 협력의 성과 ·········································································· 272. Ⅸ. 농산물시장체계 건설의 성과 ··············································································· 278 1. 농산물유통체제 개혁의 심화 ··········································································· 278 2. 농산물시장체계의 개선 ······················································································ 286 3. 도전과 향후 중점 임무 ······················································································ 295. Ⅹ. 농산물품질안전의 새로운 수준 ··········································································· 300 1. 법률・법규의 정비, 관리감독체계의 구축 ························································ 301 2. 농업표준화 추진, 생산 원천지 보장능력 제고 ················································· 303 3. 검사검측 강화, 모니터링조기경보 능력 증강 ················································· 309. iii.

(6) 4. 특정조항 정돈, 가짜 농자재 단속 성과 및 중요 문제의 효과적인 억제 ······· 313 5. 위험평가 가동, 응급처치 추진 ·········································································· 318 6. “3품1표”의 쾌속 발전, 농업브랜드화의 진전 ··················································· 321. Ⅺ. 농업생태환경보호 안정적 추진 ··········································································· 329 1. 농업생물자원보호 전면 강화 ············································································· 329 2. 농업생태환경 건설 지속 강화 ·········································································· 336 3. 농촌에너지 건설 번영 발전 ··············································································· 341 4. 농업의 청결생산 안정적 추진 ·········································································· 343 5. 농업생태환경보호를 강화하기 위한 정책조치 ················································ 348. Ⅻ. 도농통합발전의 견고한 발걸음 ··········································································· 352 1. 소득증대 경로 개척, 농가소득 지속 증가 ························································ 353 2. 농촌소비환경의 개선, 농민생활수준의 제고 ····················································· 359 3. 도농취업의 통합발전, 농촌노동력 이전취업의 가속화 ···································· 364 4. 농촌기초시설건설 강화, 농민생산생활여건 개선 ············································· 372 5. 도농 기본공공서비스의 균등화와 농촌사회사업의 장기 발전 추진 ··············· 380. ⅩⅢ. 농업 대외개방의 참신한 국면 ············································································· 389 1. 중국농업 대외개방의 주요 성과 ········································································ 390 2. 농업의 대외개방 경험 확대 ··············································································· 404 3. 중국농업 대외개방의 형세와 전망 ···································································· 407. iv.

(7) 표 목 차. Ⅸ. 농산물시장체계 건설의 성과 표 1. 연도별 식량최저수매가격 동향 ·································································· 282. Ⅹ. 농산물품질안전의 새로운 수준 표 1. 농산물품질안전 정돈사업의 진행상황 ······················································ 315 표 2. 가짜농자재 단속활동의 전개 동향 ··························································· 316. Ⅻ. 도농통합발전의 견고한 발걸음 표 1. 농촌주민순소득의 주요내원 구성 변화추이, 2002~2011 ·························· 356 표 2. 지역별 일인당 농가순소득의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ································· 357 표 3. 도농 엥겔지수 및 엥겔지수 격차의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ······················ 363 표 4. 안전식수공정의 건설상황 ·········································································· 373 표 5. 농촌수력발전의 건설동향 ··········································································· 374 표 6. 농촌도로 건설동향, 2006~2011년 ······························································ 376 표 7. 농촌 메탄가스 건설상황 ··········································································· 378. ⅩⅢ. 농업 대외개방의 참신한 국면 표 1. 중국-아프리카 협력포럼에 따라 중국의 대아프리카 원조 시범센터 건설 지점 ·············································································································· 402 표 2. 2002년 이래 중국이 FAO의 “식량안보 특별계획” 프레임하에 진행한 “남남협력” 과제 목록 ················································································· 403. v.

(8) 그림목차 Ⅵ. 향진기업의 승급전환 새로운 단계에 진입 그림 1. 향진기업의 부가가치 성장 동향, 2002~2011 ········································· 188 그림 2. 농가소득증대에 대한 향진기업의 공헌 상황, 2002~2011 ····················· 189 그림 3. 향진기업의 산업구조 변화 동향, 2002~2011 ········································· 192 그림 4. 향진기업의 구역구조 변화 동향, 2002~2011 ········································· 194. Ⅷ. 농업구조의 전략적 조정 그림 1. 산업별 생산액이 농업총생산액중 차지하는 비중의 변화추이 ·············· 258 그림 2. 주요 농작물 재배구조 변화 비교 ························································· 259 그림 3. 주요 농작물 우질화비율의 변화 비교 ···················································· 260 그림 4. 농산물가공업생산액에서 농업총생산액 비중의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ·· 261 그림 5. 13개 식량주산성 식량생산량에서 식량총생산량 비중의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ································································································ 262. Ⅹ. 농산물품질안전의 새로운 수준 그림 1. 채소 잔류농약에 대한 모니터링 합격률 변화추이, 2001~2011 ············ 310 그림 2. 축산물 잔류수의약에 대한 모니터링 합격률 변화추이, 2001~2011 ···· 311 그림 3. 수산물 잔류약에 대한 모니터링 합격률 변화추이, 2005~2011 ············ 311 그림 4. “11・5” 기간 농업분야 품질검측기관의 발전추이 ·································· 313 그림 5. 농산물품질안전 위험평가실험실 분포도 ················································ 319 그림 6. 무공해농산물의 발전추이, 2003~2011 ···················································· 322. vi.

(9) 그림 7. 녹색식품의 발전추이 ··············································································· 324 그림 8. 유기농산물의 발전추이 ··········································································· 325 그림 9. 농산물지리표시제품의 발전추이 ····························································· 326. Ⅻ. 도농통합발전의 견고한 발걸음 그림 1. 농촌주민의 일인당 순소득 증가추이, 2002~2011 ································· 354 그림 2. 도농주민 소득격차의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ·········································· 358 그림 3. 농촌주민 일인당 소비지출의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ······························ 361 그림 4. 농촌주민 일인당 주요 식품 소비량의 변화추이, 2002~2011 ··············· 362 그림 5. 농촌 수력발전 장치설비의 용량변화 추이 ············································ 375. ⅩⅢ. 농업 대외개방의 참신한 국면 그림 1. 중국 농산물 무역총액 추이, 2002~2011 ················································ 391 그림 2. 중국 농산물 수출입액 추이, 2002~2011 ················································ 392 그림 3. 토지집약형 제품 수입액과 농산물 전체 수입액 비교, 2002, 2011 ······ 392 그림 4. 토지집약형 제품 수출액과 농산물 전체 수출액 비교, 2002, 2011 ······ 393 그림 5. 중국 농산물의 주요 수출시장, 2002 ······················································· 394 그림 6. 중국 농산물의 주요 수출시장, 2011 ······················································· 394 그림 7. 농업에 대한 외상의 직접투자액, 2002~2011 ········································· 398. vii.

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(11) Ⅰ. 총론: 과학발전관 지도하의“삼농”발전 황금10년. 당16대1) 이래 중국공산당은 농업・농촌・농민 문제해결을 전반 사업의 중점 중의 중점으로 삼고 도시와 농촌의 균형발전 방침을 실행하였으며 일련의 강농・혜농・부농(强农惠农富农)정책을 출범시켰다. 이러한 정책 을 통해 중국은 농업・농촌발전의 장기적 대사와 농민이익 관련 호사(好 事)를 처리하였고 농업・농촌발전상의 많은 어려움을 극복하여 괄목할 성과를 이루었으며 21세기에 중국경제사회가 쾌속 발전할 수 있도록 하 는 버팀목을 제공하였고 “삼농”발전의 새로운 황금기를 창조하였다.. 1. 농업 농촌발전의 거대한 성과 당16대 이래 과학발전관의 지도와 강농・혜농・부농정책의 지원하에 중국의 농업 발전은 역사적 진보를 이루었고 농촌은 큰 변화를 초래하 였으며 농촌사회는 화목과 안정을 유지하였다.. 1) 중국공산당 전국대표대회는 중국공산당 당내 회의로서, 1차대회는 1921년 7월 21 일~31일 상해에서 거행, 첫 대회는 중국공산당 정식 창설을 뜻함. 그 후, 1977년 11차 중국공산당 전국대표대회(11대)부터 매 5년마다 개최함. 16대는 2002년 11월 8일~14일 북경에서 거행, 2012년은 18대가 거행된 해임.. 중국 농촌경제발전 10년(2002∼2012)의 성과. 1.

(12) 1.1. 식량 등 주요 농산물의 증산 중국의 2011년 식량생산량이 5억 7,121만 톤, 재배면적이 1.1억 ha, 단위당(무2)당) 생산량은 344.4kg으로 2003년 대비 각각 1억 4,051만 톤, 0.11억 ha, 55.6kg 증가하였다. 식량총생산량은 반세기 이래 처음으로 8 년 연속 증산, 5년 연속 5억 톤 이상, 4년 연속 최고기록을 창조하여 신 중국 건국 이래 식량생산량 성장속도가 가장 빠른 시기였다. 그중 벼, 밀, 옥수수 3대 곡물의 총생산량은 처음으로 5억 톤을 초과하였고 다산 작물인 벼, 옥수수 생산량은 역사상 최고기록을 달성하였다. 기타 주요 농산물의 생산량도 대폭 증가하였다. 2003년부터 2011년 사이 중국의 면화생산량은 486만 톤에서 660만 톤으로 연평균 3.8%의 속도로 증가하였고, 유지작물 생산량은 2,811만 톤에서 3,279만 톤으로 연평균 1.8%의 증가율을 기록하였으며, 육류생산량은 6,443만 톤에서 7,957만 톤으로 연평균 2.6%씩 증가하였다. 수산물 생산량은 4,077만 톤에서 5,600만 톤으로 연평균 4.0% 증가하였고 당료, 채소, 과일, 알류, 유제품 등의 생산량도 대폭 증가하였다. 농산물 공급은 충족되었고 품 종도 다양하여 광범한 국내 소비대중의 소비수요를 만족시켰다. 또한 공급보장, 물가안정, 성장촉진, 수요확대 등을 위해 든든한 물질적 기초 를 마련함으로써 농업은 국민경제발전의 전망을 밝게 하였다. 지난 10년간 중국의 식량, 유지작물, 채소, 과일, 육류, 알류, 수산물 등 생산량은 모두 세계 1위를 차지하였다. 2006년부터 중국은 점차 국. 2) 무(亩)는 중국에서 통상적으로 사용하는 토지면적 단위로서 1무는 666.7㎡, 15무는 곧 1ha에 해당함.. 2. 해외농업시리즈 12.

(13) 제사회의 중요한 식량원조국이 되었다. 중국은 세계 9% 미만의 경지를 가지고 세계 21%의 인구를 먹여 살리고 있는 것이므로 이는 세계 식량 안보와 농업발전에도 상당한 공헌을 하는 셈이다.. 1.2. 농업의 기초 지탱능력 현저 증강 전통농업이 현대농업으로 전환하고 있고 신품종과 신기술이 적극적 으로 보급・응용되고 있다. 농업의 규모화 재배와 양식, 구역화 배치, 표 준화 생산을 가속화하였고 농업의 물질장비수준이 대폭 제고되었다. 농 업과학기술이 장기간 진보하여 우량품종과 우수농법 등이 광범하게 보 급・응용되었다. 2011년, 농업과학기술의 기여도는 53.5%로 2005년 대비 8%포인트 증가하였다. 이는 과학기술이 현 단계 중국농업발전의 주요 추진력이 되었음을 뜻한다. 농업기계화 수준은 지속적으로 향상되고 있 다. 2011년 전국 농기계 총동력은 9.7억 킬로와트로 2002년 대비 4억 킬 로와트 증가하였고 파종・수확 종합기계화율은 54.8%로 22%포인트 증 가하였으며, 밀의 경우 전체 생산과정에서 기계화를 실현하였다. 농업 생산은 오랜 역사상 인력・축력으로 주로 진행하던 방식에서 기계화작업 을 주로 하는 새로운 단계에 진입하였다. 홍수나 가뭄에도 수확을 보장 할 수 있는 고표준 경지 비중도 높아졌다. 2011년 유효경지관개면적은 92,236만 무로서 2002년 대비 11,705만 무 증가하였고 동기간 유효경지 관개면적 비중은 50%를 초과하였으며 관개용수 유효이용계수가 0.5를 돌파하였다.. 중국 농촌경제발전 10년(2002∼2012)의 성과. 3.

(14) 1.3. 지속적인 농가소득 쾌속 증가 실현 농업・농촌경제가 활력을 띠면서 농가소득은 2004년부터 연속 8년 쾌 속 증가하였다. 2011년 농가 일인당 순소득은 6,977위안으로 2002년 대 비 4,501위안 증가하였는데 불변가격으로 환산하면 연간 평균 8% 이상 증가한 셈이다. 특히 최근 2년간 중・서부 지역의 농가소득 증가속도가 동부지역을 초과하였고 농가소득 증가속도는 도시주민소득을 초과하여 도농주민소득의 격차가 축소되는 양호한 상황을 보였다. 소득증대를 실 현한 동시에 농가소득구조에도 뚜렷한 변화가 발생하였다. 전체 농가소 득 중 가정경영소득은 안정적으로 증가하면서 비중은 점차 감소하였고 인건비소득은 쾌속 증가하여 농가소득증대의 밝은 전망을 제시하였으 며 정책보조 이전소득과 재산소득은 뚜렷하게 증가하여 농가소득증대 를 실현하는 중요한 요소가 되었다. 2011년 농가 일인당 순소득 중 가 정경영소득, 인건비소득, 이전소득, 재산소득의 비중은 각각 46.2%, 42.5%, 8.1%, 3.2%였다. 농가 생활수준이 점차 향상되고 농촌주민의 엥 겔계수가 2002년의 46.3%에서 2011년 40.4%로 하락하였다.. 1.4. 농촌공공서비스의 수준 현저히 제고 사회주의 신농촌건설을 적극 추진함에 따라 농촌의 물, 전기, 도로, 가스, 주택 등 기초시설 건설이 강화되었고 농민들의 생산과 생활여건 도 크게 개선되었다. 2002년 이래 전국의 농촌도로는 총 272만 km를 신 축 혹은 재건하였고 3.26억 농촌인구의 식수안전문제를 해결하였으며 농촌메탄가스 사용가구는 3,000여만 호가 새로 증가하였으며 농촌지역. 4. 해외농업시리즈 12.

(15) 위험한 주택 460여만 채를 개조하였다. 농촌사회사업이 건전하게 발전 하여 도시와 농촌지역 기본공공서비스의 균형발전이 실질적인 진보를 가져왔다. 의무교육 혜택을 받은 농촌학생이 1.3억 명에 달하였고 신형 농촌합작의료사업은 97% 농민에게 도움을 주었으며 신형농촌사회양로 보험 시범지역은 전국의 60% 현에 보급되어 7,800여만 농가가 양로금 을 받았다. 빈곤부축(扶贫)3)투입은 지속적으로 확대되고 표준도 제고되 었다. 전국 농촌지역 빈곤부축사업의 표준은 2000년 865위안에서 2010 년 1,274위안으로 제고하였다. 이 표준으로 통계한 농촌지역 빈곤인구 수는 2000년 연말기준 9,422만 명에서 2010년 연말기준 2,688만 명으로 감소하였다. 2011년 11월 29일, 중앙빈곤부축개발사업회의는 빈곤표준 을 2,300위안(2010년 불변가격)으로 상향조정하여 저소득인구를 추가로 빈곤부축 범위에 포함시키기로 결정하였다.. 1.5. 농촌개혁의 새로운 진전 실현 농촌의 기본경영제도가 안정・개선되었고 농촌토지도급경영권4)의 등 기 시범사업도 안정적으로 추진되었다. 농촌토지도급경영권 유동이 질 서 있게 추진되어 다양한 형식의 적정 규모 경영이 출현하였다. 2011년 말 기준 전국 가정도급경지 이전면적은 2.28억 무로 전체 가정도급경지. 3) 빈곤부축(扶贫)은 빈곤지역과 빈곤가구를 도와 경제개발, 생산발전, 빈곤탈출을 진 행하는 사회사업으로서 중국정부는 1986년부터 대규모 빈곤부축개발정책을 실행 하였음. 4) 중국은 1978년 개혁개방 이후 집단(촌 정부, 국영농장 등)소유 토지의 사용권을 농 가에 부여하여 농가단위로 자주적으로 농업생산을 진행하는 제도를 실시하였는데 이를 농가토지도급경영제(혹은 농가승포제, 家庭承包責任制)라고 함.. 중국 농촌경제발전 10년(2002∼2012)의 성과. 5.

(16) 면적의 17.85%를 차지하였다. 농촌의 각종 신형 경영주체가 쾌속 증가 하였다. 2011년 말 기준, 각종 농민전업합작사가 52.17만 개, 농업산업 화경영조직이 28만 개에 달하여 1.51억 농가를 인도하였다. 새로운 농 촌개혁시험구사업이 크게 발전하였다. 도시와 농촌의 취업제도, 호적제 도, 공공서비스제도는 일체화 발전을 실현하고 있다. 농촌종합개혁, 향 진기관개혁이 모두 뚜렷한 성과를 거두었는데 2011년 말 기준 전국 33,631개 향진기업이 개혁을 완료하였거나 진행 중으로 이는 전체 향진 기업의 98%에 달한다. 27개 성(省)5)이 1,080개 현(縣)에 대해 재정직접 관리를 실시하고 293만 개 향진에서 “향(鄕)의 재정을 현(縣)이 관리”한 다. 농촌금융개혁을 적극 추진하여 촌(村)은행, 대출공사, 농촌자금상호 합작사 등 신형 농촌금융기구가 나타났고 농촌신용사가 다원화 재산권 모델을 형성하였으며 농업은행 주식제 개조도 순조롭게 진행되었고 농 업발전은행은 업무범위를 확장하였으며 우정저축은행은 현 권역 기구 간 네트워크를 지속 건전화하고 있다. 2003년에 시작한 집체임권제도개 혁시범을 2008년에 전국 범위로 확대하여 임지도급경영건과 임목의 소 유권을 농가에게 부여하여 “산의 권한을 정하고(山定权), 사람의 마음을 정하며(人定心), 나무의 뿌리를 정하는(树定根)” 방식을 실현하였다. 농 촌기층조직과 민주법제건설을 강화하여 농촌 당간부와 주민 간의 관계 가 크게 개선되었다.. 5) 중국의 행정구역은 전국을 성(省), 시(市), 현(縣), 향(鄕)・진(鎭), 촌(村) 순으로 등급 을 나눔. 성급 행정구역은 성, 자치구, 직할시, 특별행정구를 포함하고, 현재 전국에 는 23개의 성과 5개의 자치구, 4개의 직할시, 2개의 특별행정구가 있음. 성급의 하 위 행정구역은 시, 시의 하위는 현, 현의 하위는 향진이고 촌은 말단임.. 6. 해외농업시리즈 12.

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