A Tree with Deep Roots Does not Sway in the Wind

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K o r e a R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s

KRIHS Annual Report

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A Tree with Deep Roots Does not Sway in the Wind

KRIHS is committed to the research on policies for the efficient use, development and conservation of the territorial resources that will contribute to the spatial planning of various levels of the country.

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Message from the President

Last year marked the third anniversary of the inauguration of the ‘Participatory Government’, halfway through its five-year term. As early as it was sworn into office, the government set as one of its three major goals ‘Co-existence and a society with balanced development’. To achieve the goal, it has been strongly initiating innovative policies for balanced development of the country including the regional innovative clusters formation, Multifunctional Administrative City construction, relocation of public agencies to localities, and construction of the Innovative City and Enterprise City.

Balanced development is one of the key subjects that have been pursued by KRIHS since its establishment. As a matter of fact, the ideology of balanced development has served as the basis for its territorial, regional and urban policy researches conducted so far.

In this sense, it is natural the researches supporting the government policies for balanced development consti- tuted the mainstream of KRIHS research last year.

The issues of land and housing along with balanced development were the hot potatoes of the society last year. As the land and housing prices, which fell back after the announcement of the so called ‘December 29 Real Estate Measures’ in 2004, were on the rise again in certain parts of the country in particular, the con- cern over property emerged as a major issue among the general public. Speculative investment in real

President

Byung-Sun Choe

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estate is the source of a number of problems such as the acceleration of bi-polar society and plummeting workers’ morale. KRIHS, in order to help solve these problems, conducted researches of diverse topics that are intended to address the extorted property market.

Together with this, KRIHS harnessed its full potential last year to create a convenient and pleasant territory with enhanced quality of life, dealing with a range of topics including SOC, construction economy, environment and GIS. This annual report includes the results of such effort which is summed up as a total of 179 research projects last year.

KRIHS will further commit itself to the integration of creativity and efficiency as a professional research institute on the use and conservation of land. It will actively assist the government in promoting efficient and effective territorial policies, aiming at a US$ 20 million income per capita era that is just around the corner, and at a US$ 30 million income per capita era in the end.

To achieve this goal, KRIHS will identify essential policy issues for an advanced territory of 21st century, and figure out concrete ways to implement the policies through comprehensive and objective studies. It will also try to formulate the national consensus on territorial development so that the territory can be developed in an appropriate way according to the change in the environment.

KRIHS will also perform researches to meet the demand for an innovative management of the territory, and reasonably accommodate people’s diverse desires arising from the rapid change in the society represented by such trends as the emphasis on the quality of life followed by the income increase, settlement of the five day work week system, beginning of the ageing society, decreasing birth rates, and gender equality promotion.

On the occasion of the publication of the annual report 2005, I would like to welcome the opinions and comments on our achievements as well as errors last year from the professionals and public officials in relevant fields, who had been unfailing in their encouragement and advice for KRIHS for long. Further, I would like to take this opportunity to identify what KRIHS can do more to achieve its vision and goals in the future.

Lastly, I would like to invite encouragement, and criticism as well, from you here so that KRIHS can develop as a research institute, carrying out substantial researches and leading the future of the territory by enhancing its level of research through new research theories and methods, and accommodating diverse views and voices of the people in the society.

Thank you!

2006. 9 President Byung-Sun Choe

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6KRIHS

ChapterⅠ Overview 9

1. Foundation & Function 10

2. Organization & Staff 11

3. 2005 Research Directions and Achievements 12

ChapterⅡ 2005 Research Projects by Area 19

1. National Territorial Planning & Environment 21

2. Urban & Regional Planning 63

3. Infrastructure & Construction Economics 89

4. Land & Housing 109

5. GIS 133

Chapter Ⅲ Research Divisions & Staff 145

1. National Territorial Planning & Environmental Research Division 149 2. Urban & Regional Planning Research Division 159 3. Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division 169

4. Land & Housing Research Division 177

5. GIS Research Center 185

6. Center for Urban Innovation 191

7. Research Suppprting Divisions 195

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Chapter Ⅳ Other Activities 199

1. Seminars & Events 200

2. International Research Cooperation 202

3. International Urban Ideas Competition

for Multifunctional Administrative City Construction 204

4. 21st Century Forum for Human Settlements 205

5. 4th 「The Korea Spatial Planning Review」Contest for Distinguished Thesis 206 6. 10th Children’s Human Settlements Writing Contest 206

7. Publication of Mongraphs 207

AppendicesⅠ Table of Contents of KRIHS Periodicals 2005 209

1. KRIHS Policy Brief (Vol.78~Vol.97) 210

2. The Korea Spatial Pllanning Review (Vol.44~Vol.47) 211

3. Space and Environment (Vol.22~Vol.23) 213

AppendicesⅡ Index 215

1. Title Index 216

2. Author Index 219

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Overview

1. Foundation & Function 10

2. Organization & Staff 11

3. 2005 Research Directions and Achievements 12

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10KRIHS

1. Foundation & Function

■Foundation & Purpose

The Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) was established in 1978 to comprehensively undertake research activities concerned with the efficient use, development and conservation of the territorial resources, thus contributing to the balanced development of the territory and the improvement in the quality of people’s life.

Since its opening, KRIHS has been committed to fulfilling its epochal mission of the ‘creation of a territory with beautiful nature and pleasant living environment’, and in order to achieve the mission, it has been conducting researches that are focused on the sustainable, balanced and knowledge-based territory, and those that will lead the future of the territory.

■Function

The main task of KRIHS is to conduct a future-oriented and practical research based on the actual conditions of the territory, which will support the short to medium-term plans and policies of the country. It performs a wide range of researches in the areas of land use and conservation, urban and regional development planning, housing and land policies, transportation, construction economics, environment, water resources and geographic information system (GIS). It is taking a leading role in realizing an affluent and safe territory of the 21st century. The functions of KRIHS, whose objective is the realization of the futuristic, balanced, affluent and safe territory, are as follows:

●To formulate long-range national and regional development plans

●To carry out studies on the efficient use and conservation of the territory, and management of the land resources

●To conduct policy researches on the territory-related fields such as land, housing, urban planning and construction industry

●To perform a comprehensive research on the social overhead capital (SOC)

●To systematically manage and supply data on the national land resources

●To carry out a joint and cooperative research project in collaboration with provincial governments, research institutes at home and abroad, and international organizations

●To provide research services to public and private organizations at home and abroad

●To exchange scholarly information with other professional organizations domestic and foreign, and provide training for human settlement management and planning professionals

●To publish and distribute its research outcomes

●To perform projects related to the above researches and others that are regarded as needed to achieve its goals

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11KRIHS ⅠOverview

2. Organization & Staff

■Staff

As of December 2005, a total of 141 persons(the fixed 219 persons) are working at KRIHS: 122 researchers and 19 research supporting personnel. The research staff are comprised of 67 Ph.D.s and 55 graduates with M.A.s, with various expertises in such areas as urban and regional planning, transportation engineering and economics.

■Organization

KRIHS is comprised of five research divisions and centers: National Territorial Planning & Environmental Research Division, Urban & Regional Planning Research Division, Infrastructure & Construction Eco- nomics Research Division, Land & Housing Research Division, GIS Research Center, Center for Urban Innovation and four research supporting divisions: Research Innovation Department, Public Relations Office, Administration Office and Information Resources Team.

Public Relations Office

Information Resources Team International Research Cooperation Office

Research Team

Research Team National Territorial Planning & Environment Research Division

Urban&Regional Planning Research Division

Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division

Land & Housing Research Division

GIS Research Center

GIS Research Center Research Team

President Vice-President

Research Innovation Department

Administration Office

Sum Executive Researchers Research Supporting Personnel

Composition President 1

Ph.D.s 66

M.A.s 55

Management 18

Specialists 1

141 1 121 19

Research Management Team

Budget Planning Team

Innovation Strategies Team

Administration & Human Resources Team

Finance & Accounting Team

Maintenance & Coordination Team Center for Urban Innovation

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■Officers & Staff

President Byung-Sun Choe

Vice-president Yang-Ho Park

Heads of Research Divisions

National Territorial Planning & Environmental Research Division Tae-Sung Suh Urban & Regional Planning Research Division Jae-Gil Park Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division Il-Ho Chung

Land & Housing Research Division Kyung-Hwan Sohn

GIS Research Center Byong-Nam Choe

Center for Urban Innovation Young-Hwan Jin

Heads of Research Supporting Divisions

Research Innovation Department Young-Pyo Kim

Administration Office Yong-Tae Yang

Public Relations Office Byung-Moo Bang

Information Resources Team Dong-Bin Shin

3. 2005 Research Directions and Achievements

■Major Research Direction

In the 21st century era of ‘unlimited competition’, the competition among nations and businesses is intensifying, and more efforts are being made for open economy and the scale of the economy is expanding rapidly. Internally, the society is increasingly getting diversified and integrated, and the 30 million income per capita era is advancing. As it is, the people’s demand for balanced development and social integration is running stronger.

This change at home and abroad that is directly related to the nation and economy, and people’s

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13KRIHS ⅠOverview

demand have led to the introduction of a new paradigm for research, and it underlines the importance of the research for the construction of a sustainable territory that is pursued by KRIHS.

Since the ‘Participatory Government’ came into power in 2003, the construction of a nation where a balanced development of the territory is realized, has become the essence of the major national policy agendas. In order to actualize the kind of territory where both the urban and rural areas can prosper together, where equal opportunities are provided to the residents in the Capital region and other regions alike, and where the nation is competitive in the era of globalization, KRIHS is conducting the research projects that will lead and assist the constructions of the Multifunctional Administrative City, Innovation City and Enterprise City without delay.

Towards the knowledged-based society based on Knowledge, Communication and Information and Technology, KRIHS, to create ‘a knowledge based territory’, is doing its best to enhance its contribution to the policy establishment of the nation by performing comprehensive and systematic researches based on the expanded interactions between and among disciplines and expertises, and research cooperation between regions and nations.

In order to perform a research that puts a high value on the quality of people’s life and harmony among the natural environment, history and culture, which has been pursued by KRIHS since its establishment in 1978, it will exert its utmost effort by paying even more attention to what people say and meeting various research demands, and will lead the future of the territory.

■Research Projects Performed in 2005

With the year 2005 designated as ‘the year for the strengthening of the territorial capacity’, the strength-

Area

Basic Research Projects Applied Research

Projects Macro/Basic Sum

Issues

Pending Issues

Nat’l Territorial Planning & Environment 5 8 23(13) 36(13)

Northeast Asia Cntr. 1 4 2(1) 7(1)

Urban & Regional Planning 5 11 33(17) 49(17)

SOC∙Construction Economics 6 7(1) 31(12) 44(13)

Land & Housing 5 7 12(7) 24(7)

GIS 4 2 13(5) 19(5)

Total 26 39(1) 114(55) 179(56)

Note) The number in brackets is that of the projects carried forward to 2006.

Number of Projects Performed in 2005 (As of December 31, 2005)

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ening of the network for the integrated territory, enhancing the quality of life, creation of the sustainable territory, regional competitiveness improvement and pleasant urban environment creation were the major research directions of KRIHS in 2005.

KRIHS has contributed to the policy establishment and implementation of the country, performing a total of 1,922 projects for the past 27 years since its opening in 1978. In 2005, it carried out a total of 179 projects; 65 basic research projects including the research on the ‘Decentralization and a balanced development of the territory’, and 114 applied research projects including the research on the ‘Study on the establishment of the revision plan of the 4th Comprehensive National Territorial Development Plan’.

It completed a total of 123 projects - 65 basic projects, and 59 applied projects-, and the rest 56 projects were carried forward to the year 2006.

■Research Projects for Government Policy Establishment

In order to achieve the income per capita goal of US$ 20,000 in 2008, and US$ 30,000 in 2013, it is necessary to establish a territorial development policy which is committed to the cooperation and coexistence of the Capital region and the other part of the country. KRIHS has taken a leading role in performing the planning for large-scale national projects in order to construct ‘a territory of co-existence, or multiple-nucleus territory’ where not a region of the country falls behind underdeveloped. The current unbalanced territorial development of the nation has been one of the most critical policy issues since the inauguration of the ‘Participatory Government’.

Establishment of the Spatial Policy for a Balanced Development of the Nation

KRIHS provided a total of 53 spatial policy suggestions to the government including ‘The 4th Compre- hensive National Territorial Development Plan’, ‘The Relocation of Public Agencies to Localities’ and ‘The 3rd Readjustment Plan for the Seoul Metropolitan’. In particular, it provided policy suggestions for the development of regions as a whole aimed at the integrated territory, and the framework for a balanced development of the Capital and non-Capital regions including policy suggestions for each type of the regions. The research is to help address one of the 12 national agendas of the ‘Participatory Government’,

‘Formulating a Sustainable and Balanced Territorial Development’.

Research Related to the Initiation of the Multifunctional Administrative City (MAC) Construction The MAC construction has been initiated to realize a pleasant and futuristic city of the 21st century.

KRIHS conducted a comprehensive research on the strategies for the MAC construction as follows: establishment of the master plan and development conception for the MAC, strategies for the management of the surrounding areas of the MAC and area-wide urban planning for the MAC. It took charge of the studies on the sectoral strategies for the promotion of the MAC construction, and management of the

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15KRIHS ⅠOverview

International Urban Ideas Competition for the MAC construction. Further, KRIHS is making a practical application of the original and outstanding planning ideas for the futuristic city presented at the competition by a total of 351 teams of some 40 countries, to the basic concept of the master plan, and development and implementation plan of the MAC construction.

Research on the Relocation of Public Institutions to Localities, and Construction of the Innovation City

To provide a policy suggestion for an effective relocation of the Capital region-based public agencies to localities, KRIHS carried out the following researches: identification of the types of the public agencies to be relocated under the Enforcement Decree of the Special Act on the Balanced Territorial Development, analysis of the opinions on the relocation among the public agencies to be relocated and provincial public agencies to host them, regional distribution of the agencies, and assistance plan to be followed by the relocation. The relocation plan is to ease the unbalance among regions and promote self-reliant regional development. KRIHS also conducted researches on the policy direction to the Innovation City site selection, the promotion and evaluation system of it, and the guidelines for the site selection, which will provide the criteria for the evaluation of the Innovation City site selection, and, according to the criteria, ultimately contribute to the completion of the site selection for 10 Innovation Cities by the end of 2005.

Research on the Method to Stabilize the Real Estate Market

KRIHS performed the research on the development of a real estate trade system, an institutional framework to introduce a more equitable tax system based on the value of the actual trade, and to analyze and forecast the real estate market. The research was conducted to help introduce the ‘August 31 Real Estate Measures’, and suggested policies for the stabilization of the real estate market through a transparent ownership and trade system.

It also carried out the research on the realization of the one million national rental housing units aimed at the housing stability for the working class family, analyzing the potential development sites for national rental housing in the Capital region and metropolitan cities, and suggesting the methods to equally distribute the sites to regions and secure financial resources for the construction. The research contributed to diversifying the development scale of the national rental housing complex-below 2.2 million m²— and the housing scale-11 to 24 Pyeung—, and to the revision of the Act on Special Measures for the National Rental Housing Construction, etc.

■Research on Pending Issues by Research Area

As the economy grows and the people’s awareness of the society deepens, the demand of the people and government for the enhanced quality of life and rational policy implementation increases. KRIHS, to respond to the desire of the people, and actively address urgent pending issues, is providing reasonable

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and timely solutions to problems with critical policy issues, while expanding the researches that are aimed at supporting the policy establishment and growth of the economy.

National Territorial Planning and Environmental Research

KRIHS, through projects targeting the decentralization and balanced territorial development, supported the effective initiation of the decentralization of the territory promoted at the central and provincial government level, and identified and suggested policy research projects to actively accommodate the change of the world.

In addition, through the research on the system establishment for the consensus formation, which aims at the effective promotion of national projects, KRIHS suggested the strategies and plans for the construction of a consensus formation system, which is regarded around the world as a basic procedure for the efficient implementation of public projects, and which is a prerequisite for an advanced society.

Urban & Regional Planning Research

KRIHS performed the research on the plan to initiate the construction of a city with pleasant living environment in order to spread the national consensus on the importance of the introduction of a new urban development paradigm. In the research it suggested the necessity of the policy, its conception and vision, goals and strategies, current situations of the country concerning the concept, and case studies of major advanced countries. And through the research on the policy direction to the urban management in the era of low population growth, KRIHS analyzed the socio-economic influence of the low population growth, effect of the population and housing price on the city and case studies on the urban management policies of advanced countries. It also suggested the methods for the legal and institutional restruc- turing of the urban management policies in the era of low population growth, and directions to the improvement of the basic urban planning.

Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research

KRIHS carried out the research on the Korea Train Express (KTX) and the change of the territorial space structure by analyzing the change in the territorial space structure followed by the opening of the KTX, and the spacial change of those countries with the experience of the bullet train. This is to examine the influence of the construction and opening of the KTX on the territorial space, and suggest methods to increase the beneficial effect of the KTX project and ways to support the balanced national development with it. In addition, the research on the structure of the construction business identified the relationships between the economic boost and the activation of the construction business, and suggested effective countermeasures for the fluctuation of the construction business. It also contributed to the establishment of a timely policy by suggesting methods for a consistent promotion of a construction business policy.

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ⅠOverview

Land & Housing Research

The research on the policy direction for the housing industry development and stable economy, was carried out by KRIHS, which was to contribute to solving the adverse effect of the overheating and slump of the housing industry, and coming up with the measures to make the housing industry perform its role as a stabilizer in the housing market. By analyzing and identifying the bi-lateral effect of the housing industry and the national economy on each other, this research helped the housing industry achieve a sound development, and consequently led to the sound growth of the economy. Other researches include one on the analysis of the housing market structure of the Gangnam area in southern Seoul. The research suggested such policy directions as the utilization of indirect tools for a stable housing price, and strengthening of the measures for capital gains restitution by analyzing the actual conditions of Gang- nam’s housing demand behavior, inducing factors of the investment demand, and disseminating effect of the change in the housing price on other regions.

GIS Research

KRIHS carried out the research on methods for the GIS application to minimize the damage caused by the strange weather phenomena such as torrential rain and snow, and establish a disaster-free territory for the safety of the people. The research came up with measures, firstly, to establish the basis for the advancement of the disaster prevention operation and a disaster-free territory by means of spacial information and GIS technology, and secondly, to utilize the GIS technology to prevent, cope with and manage the natural disaster and urban disaster in an efficient manner. It also established the 3rd National GIS Planning, thus suggesting the mid to long-term policy directions to the national geographic information system; it analyzed the current status of the national GIS and the mid to long-term demand for it, and established the vision, goals and models of the national GIS. Coupled with this, it constructed the stage model for the development of the provincial e-government based on the GIS, and provided the strategies for the actualization of it based on the GIS.

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1. National Territorial Planning & Environment 21 2. Urban & Regional Planning 63 3. Infrastructure & Construction Economics 89

4. Land & Housing 109

5. GIS 133

2005 Research

Projects by Area

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National Territorial Planning & Environment

01 c h a p t e r

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■Background & Objectives

The flood causes the great damage nearly every year in Korea. At present, there is, however, no rational method available to estimate the danger of regional potential flood damage. The purpose of this study aims to analyze the relationship between the flood frequency and the amount of flood damage and to develop an index that can measure the danger of regional potential flood damage in order to establish a more rational flood control policy.

■Summary

The point frequency analysis by probability plot- ting technique was carried out for the analysis of the relationship between flood frequency and amount of flood damage, using the last 33 years(’70~’03) data for 232 cities and counties.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov calibration method is used to verify the result. The result indicates that flood damage amounts to almost 747 billion Won in every 3.7 years and flood damage of 6 trillion 251 billon Won in 2002 is correspond to about 90 years flood period. The characteristics of flood frequency and amount of flood damage were analyzed by the administrative district(city, coun-

ty, and gu), population size, and river basin.

Also the relationship between dimensionless flood frequency and amount of flood damage was analyzed by using the normalized flood frequency and flood damage. From the result of analysis, the selection criteria for determining the severe flood damaged region and severe disaster region and the probable flood protection year were identified. The “Flood Damage Index(FDI)”

was developed to identify the potential flood damage for 232 regions. The FDI was calculated by the linear sum of multiplication of the Z value of the 11 factors which have great effects on flood damage and the weight value of the each factor from expert survey. The linear regression analysis in SPSS was used to verify the relationship between 11 factors and the statistical significance of each factor. The result indicates the all factors have very low correlation.

■Major Results & Evaluations

According to the general criterion of magnitude of index, it can be said that if the FDI value of the region is within upper 10% among 232 regions, the region has high danger of potential food damage. The FDI can be used to determine the priority of flood protection project for the

>> Analysis of Flood Damage Characteristics and Development of Flood Damage Index

홍수피해특성 분석 및 홍수피해지표 개발에 관한 연구

Tae-Sun Park, Kwang-Mook Kim, Yang-Soo Yun & Seung-Bok Lee

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Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area23KRIHS National Territorial Planning & Environment

regions and the regional flood damage characteristics can be used as the guidelines for the flood

protection direction. Research Period: 2005. 1. 1~2005. 6. 30

Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-6, 166pp

The Pre Environment Review System(PERS), legally introduced to assess locational validity and effects on surroundings in the early stages of a development project in 1999, has revealed its limitations. In order to overcome these problems with the current PERS, in this study, Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA) is presented as one of the alternatives which can be applied to relevant policies.

The goal of this study is to develop the application programmes of SEA for mid-and-long term policies on the national territory and transportation. To be specific, this study deals with a case study of advanced countries in which SEA was actually implemented. Based on this, it provides the application programmes of SEA including assessment items and methods, report writing and consultation methods, and a pilot application of SEA. The study, then, makes policy suggestions for the successful settlement of the system. This study especially focuses on assessment proce-

dures, items, methods, report writing and consultation of SEA, then tries its pilot application to the fourth Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (revised in 2005).

■Summary

The PERS for national territorial and transportation plans has legal and institutional limitations, methodological problems, and lacks accountability, thus has been questioned about its institutional usefulness. So there are two alternatives to PERS which are developed to consider the environmental impacts of public development projects from their early decision-making stages: to reform current PERS and ultimately introduce SEA. No matter what system to be chosen, the goal of an environmental assessment system is to help decision-makers who have responsibility for plan establishment to make an environmentally rational decision. The decision-makers might be more accountable for their decisions in carrying out SEA than PERS, and the application of SEA is

>> Application of the Strategic Environmental Assessment to National Territorial and Transportation Plans

국토∙교통계획에 대한 전략환경평가 시행방안 연구 Yong-Woo Lee, Yang-Soo Yun, Ou-Bae Sim & Sang-Yeon Lim

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expected to consider the environment more strategically than PERS in the early decision- making stages. At the same time, the introduction of SEA is predicted to enhance the decision-makers’ autonomy and accountability, and the opera- tional efficiency of institutions.

The implementing system of the SEA in EU, the Netherlands, the U.K. and the U.S.A. varies great- ly depending on the conditions of each country in terms of its legal status and the name. There- fore, it is necessary for Korea to adapt SEA to her situations so that it can reflect the country’s cultural, legal, and institutional conditions on SEA.

Advanced countries have enhanced the rationality and objectivity of their SEAs through screen- ing and scoping procedures, and institutionalized public participation that can contribute to conflict management. In the countries, the SEA report is produced by planning agencies and the reviewing by agencies related to the environment. The SEAs are different from each other in terms of assessment items and selection criteria for alternative policies for strategic environmental assessment on urban and regional planning, transportation and water resources. Assessment items are decided on by reviewing other policies, plans, and programs, considering their environmental, social and economic conditions and the sustainability.

The selection of assessment methods depends on the nature of plans and data obtainable, and the validity of qualitative assessment methods is ensured by professional consultation. Specifically, transportation and urban development include quantitative assessment items; however, qualitative assessment methods were mainly used for

the comprehensive plan, eg. for the U.K. southeastern regional plan.

The assessment of SEA model is consisted of assessment plan development, assessment item selection, environmental impact assessment, assessment report writing, report reviewing, mon- itoring and post-assessment activities. The assessment items of SEA include the plan contents and the environmental items of the projects subject to the assessment. The environmental items are decided on referring to the National Environmen- tal Protection Plan, the suggested assessment items by the Ministry of Environment, etc. It is not easy to develop assessment methods since it has to consider different characteristics of each planning, some of which are comprehensive and metaphysical. Therefore, the realistic way to develop assessment methods is to make qualitative assessment according to the expertise of those who do the assessment, and the consensus and common value of the society. To overcome the limitations to qualitative assessment, it is desirable to employ environmental indicators. An SEA report should be written in a way in which common people can easily understand, and in the order of the SEA procedures. Planning agencies themselves or relevant independent organizations write the report and then it should be reviewed by their internal ‘Strategic Environmental Assess- ment Committee’. Finally, this study suggests that the report get reviewed by the tentatively named

‘Environmental Assessment Review Committee’.

The developed SEA model is applied to the fourth Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (revised in 2005) and then an assessment report is

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25KRIHS National Territorial Planning & Environment

produced. The plan contents of the assessment items are composed of the change in conditions, problems identified, basic directions of the plan, six strategies and the implementing plans. The environmental items consist of living environ- ments, natural ecology, resources, energy and global environment. Plan contents and environmental items are summarized in a cross-checklist or matrix. The Assessment was done qualitatively rather than quantitatively. Assessment classifica- tions are five for matrix items and two for checklist items. Assessment results are reflected on sub- planning activities or related planning agencies.

The meaning of the development of the SEA model and its pilot application is first trial of SEA in the country, and is organized by the planning authorities. The pilot application reveals several possible problems with the environmental assessment items and methods and therefore more research regarding them is required in the future.

And several limitations especially the lack of quantitative assessment methods have been raised with the pilot study.

The study suggests that it is necessary to amend ‘General Environmental Policy Law’, in order to introduce SEA, and to develop specific application guidelines for related laws. It may be also necessary to introduce an independent committee, tentatively named ‘Environmental Assess- ment Review Committee’, which can conduct an objective review on SEA reports.

This study has failed to construct a data base for assessing environmental items and develop

various assessment methods, in accordance with the contents and characteristics of plans. The environmental assessment of the pilot application in this study was not accompanied with the establishment of the fourth Comprehensive National Territorial Plan. The limitations to this study implies the necessity for developing basic data on interactions between human-beings and the environment, environmental indicators in order to successfully introduce and apply SEA, and application guideline. A pilot application of SEA may also be necessary that is accompanied by the establishment of the plan.

Research Period: 2005. 3. 1~2005. 11. 30

Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area

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The purpose of this study is to establish the basic framework for the revised plan of the fourth Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (2006- 2020) of Korea. The Comprehensive National Ter- ritorial Plan (CNTP) is the nation’s foremost comprehensive planning document to give direction to long-range territorial development of the country. The Fourth CNTP(2000-2020) had to be revised due to numerous circumstances arising at home and abroad since the establishment of the plan, for example, the New Administrative City construction, the relocation of public agencies outside the Capital region, etc. An interdiscipli- nary research team was established as the main body of planning which was divided into 10 research divisions. This study of the research of the general division.

■Summary

The study is composed of four chapters which cover the background of the plan, conditions and future prospects of territorial development, vision and goals of the plan, national territorial structure, major strategies, and implementation system of the new plan. The study propose especially the

vision of the realization of dynamic and integrated territory and sets the five basic goals - balanced territory for coexistence, competitive open territory, territory with desirable living environment, sustainable green territory, prosperous reunified territory-, and the three open territorial axes and the seven plus one economic regions for establishing territory with multiple-nucleus and linking structure, and finally six strategies for actualizing the basic goals and the territorial axes, as it were, building foundation for self-sufficient regional development, territorial management in the era of Northeast Asia and the base creation for reunification, building network infrastructure, creation of beautiful and humane settlements, sustainable management of territory and resources, and system establishment for decentralized territorial planning and the execu- tion.

Research Period: 2004. 6. 1~2005. 11. 30

>> Basic Framework of the New Territorial Plan for Dynamic and Integrated National Territory:

For the Revision of the 4th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan

약동하는 통합국토를 위한 국토계획 기본골격 연구: 제4차 국토종합계획 수정계획 수립을 위한 기초연구 Tae-Sung Suh, Won-Sup Lee, Hye-Chul Yun, Jin-Cheol Jo, Se-Hoon Park, Ok-Ju Jeong, In-Kwon Park &

Sang-Yeon Lim

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Natural resources tourism has promoted facilities- oriented tourism so far putting top priority on profitability, thus causing the destruction of natural environment and degradation of regional value in terms of environment. An alternative to this is ecotourism. What distinguishes ecotourism from the current natural resources tourism is that it invites local residents to participate in tourism and makes efforts to preserve the environment while developing tourism resources.

While current studies on ecotourism acknowl- edge the importance of local residents’ participation, they have the tendency to limit their studies to the introduction of the concept of ecotourism and the theory. Few studies deal with the participation of local residents, their role, the participation process or tools.

This study is to draw an policy for promoting local residents’ participation while establishing plans for ecotourism, recognizing that the participation of local residents is crucial for actualizing ecotourism.

The notion of ecotourism, the importance of local residents’ participation, the research methods and the theory on local residents’ participation are examined in the study through philologi-

cal examination and reviewing existing reports. 5 case studies have been selected, and in-depth interviews were carried out to find out the actual conditions of local residents’ participation, the participation process, the effect of the participation on the region concerned, and so on.

Furthermore, policies concerning local residents’ participation have been derived from workshops and research council with experts on ecotourism.

■Summary

Ecotourism is an alternative to the existing tourism that is to actualize sustainable tourism by solving problems that existing tourism has in terms of environment. The notion of ecotourism varies depending on scholars and people who have different perspectives on the notion depending on their age, viewpoint, etc. However, what ecotourism ultimately means is the same among different people, which is to look at environmental preservation and tourism as one, that is to enjoy the ecosystem as a tourist appreciating the sensitive natural environment, and not to only take advantage of the nature while conducting touristic activities. The reason local residents’ participation is crucial in ecotourism is that they

>> Basic Strategies for Promoting Resident-oriented Ecotourism Based on In-depth Interviews and Case Studies

생태관광 활성화방안 연구: 지역주민참여 유도를 중심으로 Yeong-Kook Choi & Sang-Yeon Lim

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understand the environment along with the culture in their region, and they are the ones who will be benefitted from the commercialization of the natural resources and culture of their region.

This study acknowledges the significance of local residents’ participation in ecotourism by comparing ecotourism with existing natural resources tourism. To be specific, the difference between ecotourism and existing tourism is rec- ognized by analyzing the role of those concerned, the purpose of tourism, the direction of establishment plan, resource management, the role of local residents, local governments and so on, the result of commercialization of tourism resources, the relations between local residents and their resources and the emotional effect of tourism industry on local residents.

In this study ecotourism is defined as tourism with broad concept including natural, cultural and partly agricultural tourism rather than the limited concept focused on environmental conservation. It is expected that the potential of tourism focused only on conservation is limited let alone the lack of residents’ participation. In particular, when development restricted area is designated with the promotion of ecotourism, active support of the government should be emphasized as a compensation for the restriction of residents’ lives and their use of natural resources. Ultimately, ecotourism will give new energy to the residents, and help increase their income, and all this will enhance their participation in ecotourism.

Local residents’ participation is varied in levels and types. Experts classify the participation pat-

tern according to different viewpoints such as the effectiveness of participation, participation stages, the role of participants, etc. Comprehensive examination of the local residents’ participation stages and the steps for ecotourism has been conducted. After that, residents’ participation has been divided into 4 stages: transformation stage of people’s recognition, preparation stage for participation, participation and accomplishment stage and operation and evaluation stage.

In chapter 3, the actual conditions of local residents’ participation in regional ecotourism are analyzed. A selected case study is provided to show the methods to examine an example case and in the case study an in-depth interview is used as a method of collecting data. 5 areas have been selected as subjects of study according to the artificial definition by this study, and they are Munsanri-village in Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon- do, Sinduri-village in Taean-gun, Chungcheong- nam-do, Yangsuri-village in Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Yangjiri village in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Gacheon-village in Namhae-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, all of which boast of excel- lent scenery or unusual natural resources. In terms of ecotourism promotion stages, Sinduri- village is at the first stage; Munsanri-village, Yangjiri-village and Yangsuri-village the second;

and Gacheon-village the third. Researchers con- clude that there is no village at the fourth stage in the country at present.

Main tourist attractions and their actual conditions were examined and present conditions of local residents were identified in advance to thor- oughly study regional situations. The actual con-

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ditions of local residents’ participation and problems related to eco-tourism have been also examined, putting focus on those concerned such as residents of case study villages, the leaders of the villages, public servants of local governments in charge, related civic groups and mass media. The results show that as residents’ participation in ecotourism is less active, conflict formations among those concerned are more complicated and the community reveals more problems although the results vary depending on regions.

Implementing policies have been drawn to derive local residents’ participation by synthesiz- ing study results of case studies by those concerned and ecotourism promotion stage. The overall results regarding problems raised by each person involved in ecotourism are as follows.

Internally, there were no leaders in the villages, the leaders lacked expertise, the support for the leaders was insufficient, residents had insufficient recognition on ecotourism and resource value, they did not have enough driving force for ecotourism, there was not sufficient program for tourism, and networking with resources in the neighboring area is not enough. On the central government level, there was not an adequate level of supporting system in the central government and conflicts between the central government and local residents. On the local government level, there was not an adequate level of supporting system in the local government. Local governments lack expertise and driving forces and there was not sufficient information on tourism and so on. Fourth, in other aspects, there were conflicts between those concerned, and col-

laboration between those concerned, recognition on the necessity of local residents’ participation, budget and support from government and civic groups were insufficient.

Implementing policies for residents’ participation, which are applicable to general ecotourism after classifying the problems mentioned above on a more comprehensive level, are as follows.

First, various programs have to be provided to establish the notion of ecotourism and promote tourism. Second, the recognition of ecotourism and residents’ participation have to be improved and the information provided. Third, the supporting system of the central and the local governments have to be strengthened. Fourth, the expertise of leaders and their driving force have to be enhanced. Fifth, conflicts have to be settled and the collaboration obtained between and among those concerned.

To establish implementing policies for the promotion of residents’ participation, several points have to be addressed which need systematic and political reform.

To begin with, the notion of ecotourism that suits our actual conditions has to be defined and institutions related to ecotourism have to be established. Second, ecotourism certification system has to be introduced such as ecotourism resources certification, ecotourism business certification and ecotourism leaders certification.

In addition, the supporting system has to be institutionally enhanced through collaboration among ministries and government agencies. Last- ly, the importance of cooperation and partnership building are emphasized among local residents,

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Given the trend of economic globalization and the anticipation of Korea-Japan free trade agreement in the near future, these institutions and individuals who shared the idea of building a cross-border region across the Korea-Japan Strait

Zone strongly felt the need to promote cross-border cooperation at the local level. The deepening economic integration among China, Japan and Korea and accompanied changes in the industrial landscape of Northeast Asia whereas another background factors. As a matter of fact, many the central and local governments, civic groups

and tourist industries.

To activate ecotourism, the first step to take is to understand what it is. Most of the ecotourism projects currently promoted by the central and local governments are claimed to be ecotourism, Local governments, concerned groups, experts and civic groups will have to make efforts to define ecotourism that is in accordance with resources that we have and further to derive consensus on ecotourism from people.

The support of the central and local government is crucial for inducing active participation of local residents in ecotourism. The central and local governments need to support ecotourism in various ways including education, the develop-

ment of business types and the training of experts including village leaders.

The promotion of ecotourism utilizing ecotourism resources, which have high resource value, is thought to be limited in the country.

Therefore ecotourism has to be promoted not a mere tourism but as a new income source for those in rural areas, and thus to revitalize rural areas by developing a tourism that includes all the natural, cultural and rural tourism. The government has to play its role by establishing long- range plan for ecotourism in pursuit of sustainable rural development, instead of simply providing financial support for ecotourism projects initiated on a village-by-village basis.

Research Period: 2005. 1. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31

>> Collaborative Regional Development Across the Korea-Japan Strait Zone

한∙일해협권 통합지역경제 기반구축을 위한 전략

Won-Bae Kim, Hyung-Seo Park & Sung-Su Lee

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localities and regions in Japan and Korea face the prospect of industrial decline due to the push factors of their domestic economy and the pullfac- tors of the rapidly growing Chinese economy.

Industrial upgrading and enhancing regional innovation capacities are obvious policy respons- es to be considered by cities and regions. These policies, however, may not be effective for some regions, which have weak fundamentals, i.e., low innovation capacities and little connections to the global economy. Considering the softening of borders and the advancement of communication and transportation technologies, cross-border cooperation provides a promising avenue to revitalize regional economies.

This study therefore is aimed at developing a conceptual framework and strategies to strength- en cross-border cooperation between local areas within the Korea-Japan Strait Zone. It adopted cross-border cooperation as an essential part of regional development strategies. More specifically, the study sought to answer the following key questions:

- What are theoretical and empirical evidences there for cross-border cooperation within the Korea-Japan Strait Zone?

- What are the promising areas for cross-border cooperation?

- What are major obstacles and how can they be to overcome? them

- What are appropriate cross-border structures and how should they beto build them - What are concrete cross-border projects and

how to should they be implemented? them

■Summary

This volume is a collection of research papers, which have been carried out by researchers from both Korea and Japan. The report is composed of five parts. Part I deals with the historical and contemporary background of inter-local cross- border exchanges across the Korea-Japan strait.

With the assessment of past performance in inter- local cooperation efforts, chapters in Part I stress the need for closer inter-local cooperation. The basic rationale comes from the branch economy characteristics of both regional economies of southeastern Korea and northern Kyushu.

Part II examines the rationales for cross-border cooperation in the Korea-Japan Strait Zone in theoretical and empirical terms. Part III explains about the likely impact of Korea-Japan Free Trade Agreement on the regional economies of southeastern Korea and northern Kyushu. And part III introduces the results of the survey taken for this collaborative research. Part IV examines the possibility of cross-border cooperation in specific industry or sector. Those sectors examined cover a wide range of industries including manu- facturing, services and R&D. Although the level of analysis is uneven across the sectors, chapters in Part IV look at the potential and prospect of cooperation in each sector in the Korea-Japan strait zone. Considering a substantial agglomera- tion of automobile and parts factories in southeast Korea and northern Kyushu, it is not too far fetched to imagine a cross-border automobile corridor in the strait zone. Both southeast Korea and northern Kyushu have a strong base in

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machinery and metal industries. As such, potential for cooperation exists but the issue of how remains. The information service industry, even though it is not the major industry yet in both southeast Korea and northern Kyushu, is growing fast and promising for cross-border cooperation.

The environment industry is another candidate for cross-border cooperation. Northern Kyushu is relatively advanced in terms of pollution abate- ment technology and recycling. As a matter of fact, Kitakyushu is at the vanguard of environment industry in Japan.

As revealed in the survey results, tourism is one of the most promising sectors for cross-border cooperation. Obviously, tourism is a target sector for many urban and rural economies in Asia and Europe.

Ideas suggested here, although they are tentative, include a localized network of free zones or a vision of an integrated cross-border regional economy based on a few promising industrial clusters. However, the first step in the efforts to promote cross-border cooperation should be building an institutional infrastructure. Following institutional infrastructure building, concrete cooperation programs should be developed in joint commissions under the council representing all the member units of southeast Korea and northern Kyushu.

The fate of these semi-peripheral regions will depend on how they respond to changes in the external economic environment. One avenue that cities and regions can pursue in order to enhance

their competitive position lies in cross-border or trans-border cooperation. The logic of cross-border cooperation especially in the Korea-Japan Strait Zone can be formulated from joint comparative advantage and competitive advantage instead of the conventional comparative advantage rule based upon factor cost differentials.

Considering the importance of institutional environment and cross-border governance structures in the success of cross-border cooperation, it is recommended to set up cross-border institutions by which local authorities across the strait can work together. Specifically, these institutions can be composed of a committee, council and secretariat. Before setting up these cross-border structures, both sides of the strait have need to set up a regional association, by which municipali- ties and provinces (prefectures) can coordinate their economic development and international cooperation issues.

Research Period: 2004. 1. 1 ~ 2005. 2. 28

Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-1-1, 514pp

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The Purpose of this study is to establish a social consensus building system to prevent environmental conflict within national projects and to manage them in a reasonable way. The key issues of the study are related to consensus building process such as policy change, public participation, public involvement, conflict assessment &

resolution, intensive engagement, consensus building, deliberation, collaborative governance, participatory governance, and etc. The study is composed of 7 chapters: introduction, theory and methodology of consensus building, current status quo and problems of consensus building in Korean national projects, case studies on foreign and domestic consensus building, forming consensus building system on the national project, Enhancing policy and institutional system, and finally conclusion and future study areas.

■Summary

The analytical purposes of the research are the SOC-related projects that include substantial value conflict in the project itself. In particular, this research focuses on Dam-related projects and road construction that need a social consensus

building process due to the attribute of environmental conflict in the process of policy implementation.

This research is different from previous researches in that it considers applications to national projects through examining policy participation procedure and mechanism. The applications focuses on how to prevent conflicts at the beginning of policy decision making rather than mediation after conflicts have already taken place.

Therefore, the research explores how to enable the policy participation by stake-holders at the beginning of policy making.

Chapter 2, the research deals with history and definition, methodology, effect, and procedure of consensus building. Recently, Korea's national project has faced social and environmental conflicts. Although conflict resolution theories and discourse are numerous, their application to national project is limited in real planning process causing conflicts. Even several national projects have been stopped during the construction. For instances, Saemangum reclaim project, Seoul-Busan high speed rail project, and Hantan River Dam project, are recently stopped by the rejection of stakeholders such as local citizen groups and environmentalists. These stakeholders

>> Establishment of Consensus Building System for the Efficient Implementation of National Development Project

국책사업의 효과적 추진을 위한 사회합의형성시스템 구축방안 연구 Sun-Hee Kim, Hyung-Seo Park & Jin-Cheol Jo

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have totally different values about environment and quality of life, which were totally ignored in previous era. Given the limited benefits brought to the society constructing something is not always beneficial for people in these days. With- out having these stakeholders in the policy decision making, construction is not possible.

Thus, how to involve these stakeholders in policy arena has been a big task for planners.

‘Consensus Building Process' is the one efficient method that is considered for having those stakeholders to policy decision making. Along the consensus building process, public hearing, consensus conference, citizen's jury, scenario work- shop, deliberative opinion poll, advisory committee, mediation, and focus group are the well- known representative of it.

Chapter 3, the research deals with the current situation of conflicts and problems of consensus building through scrutinizing the cases of national projects that bring about conflict in the dam and road construction. Hantan River Dam and Seoul Beltway are selected and analysed using the method of Relative Deviation Index, policy network analysis, and consensus building process.

As a result, the cases of Hantan River Dam and Seoul Beltway show typical problems of the national project in the developing era: only depending on decision making by the central government and technical specialists without the participation of stakeholders during the policy making procedure. Hearing from local residents was done after the central government decided how to develop. The conflict took place during the environment impact assessment and the con-

struction. Both projects had common ground in the consensus building, and the third party mediation took place after the conflict. Unfortunately, the mediation was not successful.

In order to solve the problems, prevention through having participation of stakeholders at the beginning of the policy decision making is supposed to be the best way, since the substantial characteristics of dam and road projects naturally connect to definitional conflict in seeing environment and equity. Definitional conflict cannot be solved without listening from local residents and environmentalists at the beginning of the project.

Before the angers from the absence of dialogue burst into, consensus building process must start.

Also, this listening process should be well organized with convening stakeholders, ground rule, alternatives for the projects. In addition, both cases indicate to establish a mechanism to prevent runaway tendency from already compro- mised consensus.

The main point of the chapter 4 is to examine foreign and domestic cases of successful consensus building process. The domestic cases are the Assessment of Candidate Location for New Administrative Capital, Yeongwol Dam, and Ulsan-Pohang Double Electric Railway. The foreign cases are Dutch South High Speed Line, and the Francilienne (Beltway) in Ile-de-France region. These cases have different characteristics.

Some of them such as the Assessment of Candi- date Location for New Administrative Capital and Ulsan-Pohang Double Electric Railway are the cases of prevention-oriented solution, while the others such as Yeongwol Dam is the cases of

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aftermath by mediation and regional governance.

Based on these cases, which are selected for successful consensus building, several important findings are suggested. First, consensus building can be efficient at the beginning of policy decision making. Second, facilitator and mediator function is the key to realize consensus building.

Specialist network in the Assessment of Candi- date Location for New Administrative Capital, the third party mediation in Yeongwol Dam, and etc., all have the characteristics of mediation that is a third party in the conflict resolution. According to the case analysis mediation makes consensus building process be more objective, fair, and transparent. Third, conflict assessment is the means of prevention in consensus building process. In the case of aftermath, conflict assessment sometimes is unnecessary. Rather, conflict mediation meeting by a third party is more efficient, since all representatives and issues are specified during the conflict process. Regional governance is also the case of aftermath without using conflict assessment process. It is also very strong for long-term conflict resolution that conflict may break out frequently through long time.

Finally, the culture of consensus building is necessary through designating and abiding by ground rule, and implementing consensus issues decided by the consensus building process.

Chapter 5 suggests direction and tasks in order to form a consensus building system. In order to accomplish efficiently a national project, the funda- mental direction of consensus building depends on examining the origin of conflict, the means and procedure of the project, and the conflict manage-

ment. Through these scrutinized examination, conflict potential can be changed into the cooperation potential.

Furthermore, the research suggests several principles to help transition from potential conflict to cooperation potential; principle of mutual trust building between public institutions and stakeholders, principle of guaranteeing citizen participation through providing a formal procedure, principle of priority comparison between public interest and private or other public interest, principle of opening information to stakeholders by public institutions, and principle of sustainable development including environment and social equity.

Chapter 6, this research suggests policy and institutional improvement plan to facilitate consensus building, based on former analysis and the case studies. Policy suggestions are as follows:

paradigm transition of decision making to citizen participation, expansion of collaborative governance in policy decision making, and keeping substantial rationality and procedural rationality in decision making. Institutional improvement plans are composed of institutionalization of multiple consensus building procedure, improvement of policy analysis, obtaining responsibility of consensus and establishing preventing system of runaway tendency, and establishing inter- mediate consensus building institution.

As the final chapter, this study concludes that consensus building process is a useful tool to enhance reducing and preventing conflicts on the national