자립적 지역발전을 위한 잠재력 분석 연구(II): 지역의 제도적 역량 및 조직화 능력을 중심으로 Seung-Han Ryu, Tae-Hwan Kim, Gwang-Ik Kim, Pill-Sung Byun & Seung-Mi Hwang et al.
02
66KRIHS
For the case studies, our study has selected the following six localities and their corresponding target industries: 1) Jeonju’s IT-based media, 2) Chuncheon’s animation, 3) Yeoju’s chinaware, 4) Boseong’s green tea, 5) Gochang’s Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel), and 6) Boreyeong’s mud.
The first reason for this selection is that we can significantly explore how many efforts these localities have made to organize relevant stake-holders in order to effectively use local assets for promotion of their target industries that can stim-ulate local development. Concretely, the case studies mainly discuss the history and current status of these case localities’ target industries, composition and features of the industries’ clus-ters, local institutional capacity as an underlying factor behind the development of such industries, challenges that the localities and their target industries face, and some helpful lessons for other localities
The second reason is that these six cases belong to four of the five groups which the first part of the research project classified the localities across Korea on the basis of local assets. The group excluded from our case studies encompass-es localitiencompass-es showing high level of development in Korea. And these six cases also reflect the two principal trends shown in the efforts most of the local jurisdictions in Korea have made for their development: fostering of new knowledge-based and high-tech industries and undertaking of pro-jects based on local traditional industries or rural amenities.
The implications drawn from the case studies
re-emphasize the importance that has to be attached to the institutional capacity of organiz-ing local (or sometimes extra-local) stake-holders in order to secure their consistent participation and cooperation in advancing the development built on local assets.
■Major Results & Evaluations The main results of this study are as follows:
First, roles of leaders as vision providers cannot be underestimated because they literally prompt organization of, and further, horizontal coopera-tion among local stake-holders towards common agenda of local development. In this respect, leadership can be developed into group leader-ship, which is in reality more useful for local development practice. And leaders can include local producers or businessmen possessing enter-prise as well as local politicians and government officials.
Second, cooperative networks among local stake-holders have to be solidly constructed. For this purpose, the networks have to be based on a wide range of stake-holders, including local ordi-nary citizens, and to reasonably assign roles to the constituent members. To be sure, formation of the networks results from locally based historical processes, and particularly, social capital, trust, and institutions which have been developed in a locality may well support the networks.
Third, cooperation with experts and businesses beyond a locality is as important as the intra-local cooperative networks. This point is pertinent when the extra-local networks can complement limitations shown in the locality’s capability.
67KRIHS Urban & Regional Planning
Fourth, a locality’s promotion of a key industry for local development has to pursue a kind of diversification strategy which also fosters indus-tries functionally linked to the key one in order to make the development sustainable. Given this, the diversification has to be undertaken step by step and in the progressive manner.
Finally, considering that many localities tend to conduct benchmarking for some successful cases of local development, they have to focus on the process of organizing local stake-holders and using resources for the development, rather than outcomes shown by the cases. And brand power and images established in the successful cases should not be overlooked.
Despite the conclusions presented so far, our research has the following limitations, which
could stimulate future works. First, the case stud-ies should have been more in-depth. The studstud-ies rely heavily on interview with local governmen-tal officials and key leaders, without sufficiently encompassing local residents and other various stake-holders. Second, the number of the cases this study employs is limited. This is why our study fails to provide codified knowledge con-cerning the issue of how to organize local stake-holders towards their consistent participation and cooperation in order to effectively use local resources for local development.
Research Period: 2005. 1. 1~2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-30, 202pp
Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area
■Background & Objectives
This research systematically examines rules and regulations that are needed for the designation and development of industrial parks in Korea, in order to facilitate the planning of industrial parks.
Concretely, this work has the following purposes:
1) to explore institutional changes that have been undertaken since the Handbook of Industrial
Complex was published in 1991, 2) to analyze the recent social and economic changes, and 3) to develop methods of improving various indicators for the planning of industrial parks.
■Summary
This study has 6 chapters, and what each chapter deals with is as follows:
>> A Handbook of Industrial Park Development
산업단지 개발편람 연구Seung-Han Ryu & Gwang-Ik Kim
02
68KRIHS
Following Chapter 1 which presents the back-ground, purpose, and methods of this research, Chapter 2 examines the legal framework of the industrial park development in Korea. Particular-ly, we discusses Industrial Site & Development Act and Industrial Agglomeration and Factory Construction Act, both of which forms a basis for the framework. As well, Guidelines for Industrial Site Development and Guidelines for Industrial Park Management are discussed in order to enable the understanding of the institutional framework for industrial sites.
In Chapter 3, we deals with the purposes and the definitions of industrial park development.
Especially, the chapter presents the legal defini-tion of a industrial park and the scope which industrial park development occupies. And the criteria by which industrial parks are classified and the purpose of such classification are pre-sented. In addition, we clarify the difference between the classification by Industrial Site &
Development Act and that by other laws.
Chapter 4 explains the study on the necessity and feasibility of industrial park development, criterion and procedure for the designation of a industrial park, main contents of a industrial park development plan, and procedure of industrial park development. Especially, the study of the necessity and feasibility encompasses site selec-tion of a industrial park, factors for determinaselec-tion of businesses to be located in the park, and demand for industrial sites. As well, the chapter explores impact assessment for the designation and development of a industrial park.
In Chapter 5, we specify basic directions and
criterion that are applied to all the aspects of industrial park development planning. The exam-ination of specific criterion encompasses land use, spatial allocation of businesses within a industrial park, infrastructure, and various auxil-iary facilities. The criterion for infrastructure also deals with planning of transport, water supply, sewerage, and waste management, park and green areas.
Chapter 6 presents the national support system for industrial park development projects in Korea.
The chapter specifies the conditions for gaining national support and projects deserving such sup-port.
Research Period: 2005. 7. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Supplementary Research 2005-13, 147pp
Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area69KRIHS Urban & Regional Planning
Most local governments in Korea have troubles in executing regional development projects due to lack of tax revenue. For these local governments which have financial difficulties, Korean central government introduced Special Accounts for Bal-anced Regional Development(SABRD) in 2005.
SABRD is a unique system of korea which has characteristics of general grants and specific grants at the same time.
The purpose of the SABRD is to do financial support for balanced regional development effec-tively according to characteristics of each region and proper priority, but it shows the problems in the rationale of the system. The main problems are as follows: Firstly, There exists instability of tax income because main source revenue of the accounts which is alcohol beverage tax is fluctu-ated depending on economy situation. Secondly, the rationale between earmarked sources and expenditure for SABRD seem relatively irrelevant.
About 53.5 percent of the revenue is from alcohol beverage tax and there is clearly no logical link-age why alcohol beverlink-age tax is to flow into accounts for balanced regional developments.
Thirdly, There is too much reliance on the general accounts so it could easily result in inefficiency on executing of accounts.
This study examines new source of revenue for SABRD. First option is collecting money from local governments such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi province to fund special account which is similar to FCDR in France. However, There should be an initiative from local governments themselves and it is essential to have communi-cation between contributing regions and benefi-cial regions.
Second option is to introduce an earmarked tax for balanced regional development. In this study, however we propose surtax on current tax rather than employing new tax sources. We examined the rationale of principles: Polluter Pays Principle(PPP) and Beneficiary Pays Princi-ple(BPP). PPP means whether the taxpayer caused concentration on Seoul metropolitan area and BPP means whether the taxpayer is to be beneficiary of balanced regional development.
Investigation on various alternatives shows that an ideal option of imposing surtax on it for bal-anced regional development is pro rata income inhabitant tax. The result of analysis shows that pro rata income inhabitant tax satisfy BPP and moreover there already exists similar local tax so it decreases tax collection cost relatively.
Third option is Over-concentration Charge.
>> Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers for Balanced Regional Development
국가균형발전을 위한 지역개발 투자재원 확보방안 연구Dong-Woo Lee, Sang-Wook Kim & Youn-Hee Jeong
02
70KRIHS
Over-concentration Charge is appropriate tax to meet PPP. To secure stability of income revenue, it should enlarge the taxing area from Seoul to over-concentration control region and the tax base by letting down greatly of the size standard of the building: Office buildings which the floor area equals or exceeds 25,000m2, and commercial buildings which the floor area equals or exceeds
15,000m2are subject to current taxation. Over-concentration charge will be an ideal source rev-enue going side by side with pro rata income inhabitant tax.
Research Period: 2005. 1. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-26, 181pp
■Background & Objectives
This study discusses the ways of and policies for making the cities in Korea livable. And the discus-sion tackles the problem that the existing urban policies in Korea have focused only on the increase in supply of urban physical spaces with-out taking residents’ preferences for livability into full consideration. Thus, this research mainly deals with the issue of how urban livability in Korea should be raised to meet the residents’ preferences.
Main contents of our work are as follows:
■Summary
Chapter 2 presents the urban policies oriented to livability is needed. This point is derived from the survey results of residents’ satisfaction with
their living environment and the theoretical dis-cussion in the field of urban planning. The survey results show that many people in Korea increas-ingly demand amenities as another integral ele-ment of their living environele-ment. Importantly, the survey finds out that the places where many Korean people prefer to live in does not match the places where they realistically reside given the people’s preference for amenities. The theoretical discussion encompasses Jacobs’s, Lynch’s and Alexander’s works, the concept of civil minimum in Japan, and Habermas’s works on life world and system. Along with the survey results, the discussion emphasizes that livability is significant for urban residents and should be achieved through citizens’ involvement and participation at the scale of a community.
>> The Making of Livable City in Korea
살고싶은 도시 만들기 추진방안 연구Jae-Gil Park, Hyun-Sik Kim, Gwang-Ik Kim, Wang-Geun Lee, Pill-Sung Byun & Seung-Mi Hwang
71KRIHS Urban & Regional Planning
In Chapter 3, we examines the experiences in UK, US, and Japan. Each of these three countries has shifted urban policy's focus to the livability combined with public participation as well as community-level planning. For UK, we examine the urban villages that have been constructed to cater to residents' demands or preferences, and institutional system for the renewal of urban neighborhoods (e.g., Local Strategic Partnership, Neighborhood Renewal Fund) which supports partnerships among central government, local jurisdictions, private-sector businesses, local resi-dents, and NGOs for improving urban livability.
In the case of US, the research focuses both on the case of Seattle for neighborhood-planning led by residents and the program of the Office of Community Planning and Development (CPD) under HUD which supports partnership or coop-eration among state and local governments, resi-dents, and other various stake-holders. The examination of Japan encompasses the Machizukuri(まちづくり) movement and the bot-tom-up planning system based on citizen involvement.
Based on the discussions of Chapters 2 and 3, Chapter 4 presents the vision and the conceptual model of a livable city that can be applied to the Korean context. And the chapter evaluates the context for the application of the vision and the model. The vision should encompass at least the following three components, given the considera-tion of localities' individual features: a livable city has to meet 1) the basic needs for housing, medicare, welfare, safety, and transport, 2) to provide for plenty of jobs and education
opportu-nities, and 3) to preserve natural landscapes and cultural identities. The conceptual model consists of resident-centered, community-based, and city-based approaches, all of which are city-based on part-nership among various stakeholders, such as local residents, businesses, central and local govern-ments, and NGOs. The examination of the Korean context has been conducted in the form of the survey of residents' satisfaction with the 9 domains reflecting public facilities and services supplying residents' every day needs. The survey has extracted the 4 cities from inside and outside the Capital Region, respectively. And the 8 cities belong to the 4 groups classified by population sizes: more than 1 million, more than 500,000 and less than 1 million, less than 500,000 and more than 100,000, and less than 100,000. In general, environment, transport, and housing out of the 9 domains are considered of the most importance in all the 8 cities, whether or not they are located inside the Capital region and irrespec-tive of population sizes. Demand for the public facilities and services related to culture and infor-mation is prominent in rapidly growing cities in the Capital region or medium-size ones outside the region. Some of small cities suffer from undersupply of education, medicaid, welfare facilities and services.
Chapter 5 discusses what urban policies at the national level pursue in order to enhance livabili-ty of cities across Korea. In principle, it is local residents and governments that advance the making of livable cities in Korea. However, cen-tral government also has the roles to play. The government should publicly inform the people of
Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area
02
72KRIHS
the agenda of urban livability as well as the necessity of it, thereby contributing to the inter-ests and participation of the people in the making of livable places. Importantly, the central govern-ment should provide local residents with guid-ances or manuals which help local residents and jurisdictions efficiently make their cities livable.
The guidance or manuals should also encompass detailed information and guidelines on the effec-tive organization of local residents, governments, and other stake-holders for the objective of urban livability.
■Major Results & Evaluations
Chapter 6 concludes this research. The research
mainly discusses the necessity of making cities livable and the conceptualization of a livable city in Korea. Simply put, this study presents basic directions for making cities livable in Korea. Fur-ther studies are needed, in regard to urban poli-cies to be implemented for urban livability. Such policies should be built around both the vision of a livable city shared among the people and the practice by local residents and stake-holders with various support from the central government. The policies should also be implemented in the pro-gressive or step-by-step manner.
Research Period: 2005. 5. 30 ~ 2005. 11. 30
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-13, 138pp
■Background & Objectives
The Fourth Comprehensive National Territorial Plan (CNTP) of Korea (2000-2020) was made in 2001. After the inauguration of the new govern-ment in 2003, KRIHS conducted research for revising the Fourth CNTP reflecting not only the changes of internal and external environments since then, but also new government’s ideas for building new nation. This report is a part of the
revision, particularly focusing on urban and land use management.
■Summary
The report consists of six chapter. Following the Introduction, Chapter 2 shows the general direc-tions for revising the Fourth CNTP and urban and land use management. It is to form human-ori-ented habitats and sustainable urban growth and
>> Managerial System Establishment for Future-oriented Urban Planning and Rational Land Management: For the Revision of the 4th Comprehensive National Territorial Plan
미래지향적 도시계획과 합리적 토지이용관리체제 구축: 제4차 국토종합계획 수정계획 수립을 위한 기초 연구Jae-Gil Park, Hee-Nam Jung, Mie-Oak Chae, Beum-Sik Min, Dong-Jin Shin, Eun-Gwan Park, Seung-Jong Kim & Joong-Eun Kim
73KRIHS Urban & Regional Planning
to emphasize urban networks rather than single cities. Second is to restructure the urban planning and land use management system toward enhancing social justice and rationality. The third is to transform the planning system for guaran-teeing the planning-first then development-later.
And last, it emphasizes the consensus-building process through encouraging the participation and cooperation of the stake-holders.
Chapter 3 deals with establishing urban system and improving human settlements. It shows the ideas for reshaping the current vertical urban sys-tem centering the Capital Region toward bal-anced and horizontal urban system. For the pur-pose, it proposes the City-Region urban system of networking the big cities (playing the hub func-tion and connecting the global and nafunc-tional net-work), small and medium cities (which functions are to connect both the big cities and hinterland), and rural hinterland. The core of this system is a metropolitan city which consists of big cities, small and medium cities, and rural hinterland.
Then, it proposes the unifying settlements of urban and rural community.
Chapter 4 is a rather new ideas. It emphasizes the urban amenity. For the purpose, it suggests to create human-centered living conditions. Then it emphasizes to create the identity of each commu-nity with their own historical and cultural resources. Third item is to make the urban envi-ronments harmonizing with the nature. Then, it suggests to reform the urban structure toward mass transportation-oriented including bus and subways rather than the current automobile-ori-ented road system.
Chapter 5 is to establish the planning-first then development-later ideas. To realize this idea, it suggests to reform the current vertical planning system (urban basic planning → urban manage-ment planning → urban developmanage-ment project) toward horizontal and mutual connecting system.
Then it suggests to establish the plan-based urban development system, by which urban land should be supplied at right time, at right place, with right quantity and with right prices. In addition, it sug-gests to enforce the importance of rationally managing agrarian land and forest. Even if deregulation for dealing those land is allowed, the use of those land should follow the land use planning and controls. Last, it emphases to estab-lish the fair and transparent land use manage-ment system. Land use control should be more transparent and Korea Land Information System should be utilized for providing further services to general people.
Chapter 6 is the last chapter focusing on how to establish the participation and cooperation-ori-ented urban planning system. It emphasizes to build new governance in urban planning process.
On the one hand, all the stake-holders including residents, professional, business and others should be encouraged to participate the planning process. On the other, the division of labor between central government and local govern-ments needs to be reshaped because the central government’s authority of deciding the urban planning is already handed over to each locali-ties. Finally, it suggest to establish the conflict-arbitration system to address the conflicts raising during urban planning decision and urban
pro-Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area