A Tree with Deep Roots Does not Sway in the Wind

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2007_Annual Report

K o r e a R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s

KRIHS Annual Report

Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

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A Tree with Deep Roots Does not Sway in the Wind

KRIHS is committed to the research on policies for the efficient use, development and conservation of the territorial resources that will contribute to the spatial planning of various levels of the country.

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Message from the President

For the incumbent ‘Participatory Government', year 2007 was the year to wrap up the policies it had ardently promoted since the inauguration in 2002.

The three major policy initiatives of the government were ‘participatory democracy', ‘society of balanced development' and ‘Northeast Asian era of peace and prosperity'. The major territorial policies, which include the promotion of the Multifunctional Admin- istrative City, the Enterprise City and the Innovation City, along with the initiative, public agency reloca- tion to localities, were also geared towards the balanced development of the nation.

The policy directions, balanced territorial development, in particular, correspond to the KRIHS founda-

tion vision: to improve people's quality of lives through a comprehensive research on the use, development and conservation of the territory. As such, KRIHS set the ‘Beautiful Territory People Feeling Happy' as the motto of the year 2007, and endeav- ored to explore various policy agendas matching the policy goals in 2007, leading and supporting the government effectively and successfully realizing the vision.

In regard of balanced national development, KRIHS carried out a number of research projects on systematic management of the Capital Region, and construction of the Multifunctional Administrative City, the Innovation City and the Enterprise City. The major research projects on the Capital Region include the

‘Strategies for System Improvement towards System- atic Management of Capital Region', and ‘Study on Implementation Plan for Expressway Network Con- struction for Capital Region'. The major research projects on balanced development include the ‘Policy Issues in Decentralization and Balanced Territorial Development (III)', ‘Regional Strategic Clusters for Bal- anced National Development', and ‘Spatial Impact of Balanced Development and Policy Issues'. The major research projects on the Innovation City and the Enterprise City include the ‘Study on Criteria for Inno- vation City Development Plan', ‘The Study on System Improvement for Enterprise City', and ‘The Investiga- tion and Study on Estimation of Costs for and Meth-

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ods of Financing Innovation City Construction'.

With the intent to establish Korea as the key actor of Northeast Asia, and have the nation play its due role, KRIHS conducted studies on the Northeast Asian cooperation initiative, and formulation of a Northeast Asian community. The major research include the

‘Establishment of Master Plan for Territorial Infrastruc- ture on the Korean Peninsula', ‘Development Prospects for and Collaborative Development of the Core Eco- nomic Regions in Northeast Asia (I)', and ‘Globaliza- tion, Territorial Policy and Strategies for Linkage and Cooperation among Northeast Asian Cities'

Targeting social integration and sustainable development, KRIHS continued to conduct research on housing stability for working-class people, quality of life improvement and creation of livable territorial environments. The major research projects on real estate include the ‘Establishment of a Master Plan for the Elderly Housing Welfare', ‘Real Estate Market Change and Policy Directions', and ‘Directions and Strategies for Land Policy Establishment Towards Advanced Society (II)'.

The major research on quality of life improvement and creation of livable territorial environments include ‘Strategies for Exploring and Creating Territo- rial Amenities for Quality of Life Improvement',

‘Livable City Creation(II): Methods of Activating Com- munity-centered Urban Renewal' and ‘Livable City Creation(II): People Participation in Livable City Cre-

ation Projects(Case Studies)'. Including these, KRIHS carried out approximately 190 research projects in 2007 that meet the foundation goals of KRIHS.

The 2007 KRIHS Annual Report includes the key findings of the major research projects KRIHS ardently carried out in 2007. KRIHS wishes the major outcome presented in the report will be widely utilized by experts in relevant fields both at home and abroad.

Also, I expect the publication will serve as an occa- sion of reflecting on ourselves for a better research performance in the future.

KRIHS, as a specialized research institute on the use and conservation of the territory, will further commit itself to supporting and leading the government to effectively and practically promote territorial policies.

I would like to welcome opinions and comments on our achievements as well as errors and mistakes last year from experts and public officials of relevant fields, who had been unfailing in their encouragement and advice for KRIHS throughout the year. Lastly, I look forward to your continued interest and support of KRIHS for many more years to come.

Thank you.

March 2008 President Choe Byungsun

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6KRIHS

Chapter Ⅲ International Cooperative Projects 80

1. International Research Cooperation 82

2. Training Programs for Foreign Government Officials 102

3. Academic Exchange 105

Chapter Ⅳ Research Support Activities 107

1. Research Innovation Activities 108

2. Restructuring of Project Management System 112

3. Architecture & Urban Research Institute(AURI) Foundation 113

4. Inauguration of Road Policy Research Center 116

ChapterⅡ 2007 Research Projects 17

1. National Territorial & Regional Planning Research 19

2. Environment & Culture Research 29

3. Urban Research 35

4. Land & Housing Research 39

5. Transportation Research 53

6. Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research 61

7. Geospatial Information Research 67

8. Northeast Asian Regional Development Research 73

9. Urban Innovation Research 77

ChapterⅠ Overview 8

1. Foundation & Function 10

2. Organization & Staff 11

3. 2007 Research Accomplishments 13

4. Research Directions 2008 14

ontents

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7KRIHS

Appendix Index 204

1. Title Index 206

2. Author Index 208

Chapter Ⅵ Research Divisions & Staff 129

1. President & Vice President 130

2. National Territorial & Regional Planning Research 133

3. Environment & Culture Research 143

4. Urban Research 151

5. Land & Housing Research 157

6. Transportation Research 167

7. Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research 175

8. Geospatial Information Research 181

9. Northeast Asian Regional Development Research 189

10. Urban Innovation Research 195

11. Management Divisions 201

Chapter Ⅴ Table of Contents of KRIHS Periodicals 2007 120

1. KRIHS Policy Brief(Vol. 120~Vol. 163) 122

2. The Korea Spatial Planning Review(Vol. 52~Vol. 55) 124

3. Space and Environment(Vol. 26~Vol. 29) 127

4. Road Policy Brief(Vol. 1~Vol. 2) 128

5. 6th 「The Korea Spatial Planning Review」Contest for

Distinguished Theses 117

6. 12th Children's Human Settlements Writing Contest 118

7. Monographs Published in 2007 119

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1. Foundation & Function 10

2. Organization & Staff 11

3. 2007 Research Accomplishments 13

4. Research Directions 2008 14

Overview

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10KRIHS

1. Foundation & Function

■Foundation & Purpose

The Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements(KRIHS) was established in 1978 to comprehensively undertake research activities concerning the efficient use, development and conservation of the territorial resources, thus contributing to balanced development of the territory and improvement of quality of people's lives.

Since its inception, KRIHS has been committed to fulfilling its epochal mission of the ‘Creation of a territory with beautiful nature and pleasant living environment', and in order to achieve the mission, KRIHS conducts research primarily on sustainable, balanced and knowledge-based territory, and those to lead the future of the territory.

■Function

The main task of KRIHS is to conduct a future-oriented and practical research based on the actual conditions of the territory, with the intent to explore mid- to long-term policy agendas of the nation, lead and support government policies, and analyze and address territory-related social issues. It performs a wide range of research in the areas of land use and conservation, urban and regional planning, housing and land policies, transportation, construction economics, environment, water resources, geographic information system(GIS) and Northeast Asian regional issues, as well as the establishment of comprehensive territorial policies of Korea. By so doing, KRIHS is playing a leading role in realizing an affluent and safe territory. The major functions of KRIHS are as follows ;

●To formulate long-range national and regional development plans ;

●To carry out studies on the efficient use and conservation of the territory, and management of the land resources ;

●To conduct policy research on territory-related fields such as land, housing, urban planning and construction industry ;

●To perform comprehensive research on social overhead capital(SOC) ;

●To systematically manage and supply data on national land resources ;

●To carry out joint research and cooperative research project in collaboration with provincial governments, research institutes at home and abroad, and international organizations ;

●To provide research services to public and private organizations at home and abroad ;

●To exchange scholarly information with other professional organizations domestic and foreign, and provide training for human settlement management and planning professionals ;

●To publish and distribute its research outcomes ; and

●To perform projects related to the above research and others regarded as needed to achieve its goals

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11KRIHS ⅠOverview

2. Organization & Staff

■Organization

The organizational structure of KRIHS is composed of six research divisions, three centers and KRIHS- affiliated Architecture & Urban Research Institute: National Territorial & Regional Planning Research Division, Environment & Culture Research Division, Urban Research Division, Land & Housing Research Division, Transportation Research Division, Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division, Geospatial Information Research Center, Northeast Asian Regional Development Center and Urban Inno- vation Center; and three research supporting divisions: Research Planning, Coordination & Innovation Division, Administration Division, and Communication & Public Relations Center.

President

Vice President

National Territorial & Regional Planning Research Division Research Team Architecture & Urban Research Institute

Environment & Culture Research Division Research Team

Urban Research Division Research Team

Land & Housing Research Division Research Team

Office of Real Estate Market Research

Transportation Research Division Research Team

Road Policy Research Center ITS Standardization Research Office Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division Research Team

Geospatial Information Research Center Research Team

Northeast Asian Regional Development Center Research Team

Urban Innovation Center Research Team

Research Planning·Coordination & Innovation Division

Research Management Team Budget Planning Team Innovation Strategies Team International Research Cooperation Office

Administration & Human Resources Team Finance & Accounting Team Maintenance & Coordination Team Administration Division

Public Relations Team Library & Publication Team Information Technology Team Communications & Public Relations Center

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12KRIHS

■Executives

President Choe Byungsun

Vice President Kim Youngpyo

Head of Research Division

National Territorial & Regional Planning Research Division Park Hyungseo Environment & Culture Research Division Choi Yeongkook

Urban Research Division Min Beumsik

Land & Housing Research Division Chae Mieoak

Transportation Research Division Ryu Jaiyoung

Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research Division Sohn Kyunghwan

Geospatial Information Research Center Sakong Hosang

Northeast Asian Regional Development Center Kim Youngbong

Urban Innovation Center Jin Younghwan

Head of Research Supporting Division

Research Planning·Coordination & Innovation Division Park Jaegil

Administration Division Yang Yongtae

Communications & Public Relations Center Yoon Yeohoon

President of Architecture & Urban Research Institute Ohn Yeongte

■Staff

As of December 2007, a total of 143 persons are working at KRIHS : 124 researchers excluding executives and 18 other personnel. The research staff is comprised of 73 Ph.D.s and 51 graduates with M.A.s, with a variety of expertise such as urban and regional planning, transportation engineering and economics.

Total Executives

Researchers Others

Ph.D.s M.A.s Administration Specialists

Composition President 73 51 17 1

143 1 124 18

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13KRIHS ⅠOverview

■Research Project Status 2007

Having set the ‘Balanced national development and improvement of the quality of human settlements' as the vision of the year, in 2007, KRIHS promoted, in pursuit of realizing the 2007 vision, the following three as its detailed research goals of the year: to strengthen studies in support of balanced territorial development, to lay the ground for the study on livable community creation and housing welfare, and to push forward studies on land policy and geospatial research for improving the quality of territorial space.

KRIHS carried out a total of 188 research projects in 2007: 57 projects on macro and basic issues and pending issues including the ‘Policy Issues in Decentralization and Balanced Territorial Development', and 131 consigned projects including the ‘Study on Improvement of Urban Floods Management System'.

Of them, a total of 141 projects, or 54 projects on macro and basic issues and pending issues, and 87 consigned projects, were completed in 2007, with the rest carried forward to 2008.

■Major Research Projects Conducted in 2007 In Support of Balanced Territorial Development

Targeting balanced development of the territory, KRIHS carried out such research as the ‘Policy Issues in Decentralization and Balanced Territorial Development' and ‘Regional Strategic Clusters for Balanced National Development'. With the intent to establish Korea as the key actor of Northeast Asia, and have the nation play its due role, KRIHS conducted such studies as the ‘Development Prospects for and Collabora- tive Development of the Core Economic Regions in Northeast Asia' and ‘Establishment of Master Plan for Territorial Infrastructure on the Korean Peninsula'. With a view to activate construction industry and boost the international competitiveness, KRIHS carried out such research as the ‘Enhancing Competitiveness of Construction Industry for Second-leap of Overseas Construction', ‘Win-win Strategies for Advancing Con- struction Industry' and ‘Re-establishment of SOC Investment Policy in Transitional Period'.

In Support of Livable Community Creation and Housing Welfare Improvement

KRIHS conducted research directed towards improvement of quality of life based on environmental conservation including the ‘Establishing the Hierarchy of Protected Areas towards Effective Management of Territorial Resources', ‘Strategies for Exploring and Creating Territorial Amenities for Quality of Life Improvement', and ‘Rational Supply of Urban Planning Facilities Considering Public Ownership', along with the ‘Restructuring Housing Supply System in Response to Change in Housing Supply and Demand',

‘Establishment of Master Plan for the Elderly Housing Welfare', and ‘Real Estate Market Change and Poli- cy Directions' in the area of real estate property.

3. 2007 Research Accomplishments

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14KRIHS

4. Research Directions 2008

■2008 KRIHS Management Goals

In 2008, rapid change in circumstances, both domestically and internationally, is expected to occur sur- rounding the national economy. Also, a new paradigm will be created in terms of territorial research environment, following further advancement of technology and policy change. In the meantime, spatial policy on territorial innovation will become materialized, which is aimed at balanced development, social integration and resolution of the ‘polarized' society. Coupled with this, a new paradigm of land use will emerge that puts value on the quality of people's lives. In regard of internal change in research environment, it is necessary for KRIHS to prepare a system that can timely respond to issues in territorial management and various circumstantial change in 2008. Also, KRIHS expects that the demand for research on national policy and pending policy issues, and for international collaborative research are forecast to augment in 2008. Coupled with this, the demand for stable environment for research performance by KRIHS members is also predicted to rise in the year.

In order to cope with these, KRIHS has set the following four as its management goals of the year 2008: participatory management innovation and public service improvement, realization of collaborative organizational culture and creation of optimal research environment, strengthening of the KRIHS role as a national research institute and capacity for territorial research, and strengthening of the domestic and international expert network and expansion of the foundation for collaborative research.

Land and Geospatial Information Policy Study for Improvement of Territorial Space Quality With the intent to improve the quality of territorial space, KRIHS carried out the following research in 2007:

‘Directions and Strategies for Land Policy Establishment Towards Advanced Society', ‘Construction of Inte- grated Transportation Information Infrastructure towards e-Territory', and ‘Rural Vitality and Systematic Control of Land Use in Rural Areas'. To support creating a digitized territory that befits the high-tech information society, KRIHS conducted such studies as the ‘Study on National GIS Strategies: in Response to Par- adigm shift in Geospatial Information', ‘Planning System Maintenance towards u-City Realization', and

‘Strategies for Intelligent Territory Realization towards Territorial Informatization Innovation'.

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ⅠOverview15KRIHS

■Research Goals and Major Research Projects of 2008

Taking into account both internal and external circumstantial change and the management goals, KRIHS has set the ‘Strengthening of Foundation for Advancement of Territory: towards Creative Growth' as the 2008 KRIHS research goals. In order to realize the goals, KRIHS has set three detailed strategies, and based on them, selected the detailed research projects to carry out in 2008 as follows;

Firstly, to strengthen the territorial competitive edge in response to the future paradigm shift, and the related research projects to be carried out in 2008 are as follows: Methods of Improving Project Cost Esti- mation System for Rational Cost Estimation on Infrastructure Construction, Reestablishment of SOC Investment Policy in Transition Period(II), Logistics Policy Directions Based on Logistics Business Model of Port-supporting Industrial Complex, Developmental Directions to National Road Network System(II), How to Enhance Accommodation of Transportation Policy for Passenger Car User Value, Promotion of e- Territory for Innovative Territorial Informatization(II)-Focusing on Framework and Strategies, Establish- ment and Development of Super-economic Region for Territorial Competitiveness(I), Promotion Direc- tions to Future Policy on Balanced Territorial Development, Status and Response to Legal Dispute over Territorial and Regional Development Projects and Response, Status of Regulation-free Zone Promotion and Improvement Measures, Climate Change and Strategies for Sustainable Territorial Management(I), Methods of Expanding Social Capital for Sustainable Territorial Management, Improving Land Regula- tions in Preparation for Investor State Dispute, Development of Housing Policy Evaluation Model and Policy Directions, Prospect for National Housing Welfare and Policy Directions, and How to Activate Indirect Investment in Property: towards Advancement of Property Market.

Secondly, to create a quality life by practically improving the foundation for culture, environment and human settlements, and the related research projects are as follows: Analysis on Level of Spatial Infor- mation of Local Governments and Capacity Improvement, Spatial Information and Increase in Citizen Participation in Territorial and Environmental Planning, Construction and Application of Model for Inte- grated Promotion of Regional Development Projects(I), Spatial Distribution of Immigrants to Rural Areas and Territorial Policy Issues, Strategies for Constructing Well-being-Culture Eco-corridor Targeting City of Well-being and Culture, Urban Planning for Creation of Disaster-free City, Regeneration Strategies for Improving Downtown of Local Small- to Medium-sized Cities, Introduction of Community Planning Sys- tem for Active Livable City Creation, Strategies for Building Citizen Capacity Based on Projects Involving Citizen Participation, and Linkage of Urban Planning to Public Transportation Planning towards Pedes- trian-friendly Urban Spatial Structure.

And lastly, to achieve co-existence and co-prosperity in the era of Northeast Asia, and the related research projects are as follows: Development Prospects for and Collaborative Development of the Core Economic Regions in Northeast Asia (II), Peaceful Use of East-coastal Border Region in Preparation for

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Active Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation, and Territorial Policies on Co-prosperity on the Korean Peninsula.

■ 2008 Major Research on National Policy Issues

KRIHS has set the following two as its 2008 research projects on key national territorial policies of Korea ; - ‘Study on Climate Change and Strategies for Sustainable Territorial Management’

The study aims to explore strategies for responses to climate change from the perspective of territorial development, in that climate change extensively influences the territory. It has impact on various fields including environment, spatial structure, energy and resources utilization, transportation system, economy and industry, and daily life and culture, as well as territorial space, with each field interacting with each other. The study plans to employ an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach for the research.

It also plans to organize and operate a forum on climate change and territorial management along with workshops with relevant experts. The major contents of the research include the impact of climate change on territorial space, and issues to tackle to adjust to changes in the environment by scenario. The study will also present strategies to address the issues identified: strategies for energy-saving and recy- cling in the use of territory, urban planning directed to greenhouse gases reduction, activation of green transportation, transportation system putting home and work in close proximity, expanded distribution of new and renewable energy, restructuring of industry and economy, along with strategies to cope with the change in the farming, forestry and fisheries industry. Additionally, the study will include measures for international cooperation among Northeast Asian countries in this issue.

- ‘Territorial Policies on Co-prosperity on the Korean Peninsula’

The study is intended to explore major territorial policy issues and the responses in order to achieve co- prosperity on the Korean Peninsula. The study is designed to prepare for the construction of inter-Korean Economic Community currently under discussion since the inter-Korean Summit. In particular, the study plans to focus on such aspects as demand and costs in terms of construction, priority setting, economic impact of development and how to finance projects. The study will primarily cover the current status of inter-Korean economic cooperation and forecast for circumstantial change in Northeast Asia. Also, the study plans to launch a joint research with relevant research institutes on long-term vision for the Kore- an Peninsula, and key tasks in the field of territorial development to achieve co-prosperity, along with the strategies.

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1. National Territorial & Regional Planning Research 19

2. Environment & Culture Research 29

3. Urban Research 35

4. Land & Housing Research 39

5. Transportation Research 53

6. Infrastructure & Construction Economics Research 61

7. Geospatial Information Research 67

8. Northeast Asian Regional Development Research 73

9. Urban Innovation Research 77

2007 Research Projects

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National Territorial &

Regional Planning Research

01 c h a p t e r

■Conflict Indicators and Their Practical Application in Public Works : Analysis of Conflict Triggers and Development of Related Indicators

■Decentralization Strategies and Policy Guidelines for National Balanced Development(III)

■Development and Policy Applications of Indicators for Identifying Rural Problems

■Development of Simulation System for Financial Investment Impact Assessment and Set-up of National Development Index(I)

■Measures to Promote Clustering of Regional Strategic Industries for Balanced National Development

■The Role of Local Amenities in the Birth and Development of High Technology Regions

■Spatial Impact and Policy Implication of the Balanced National Development Strategy

■A Study on the Reformation of Regional Policies for Job Creation in Korea

■2003 Regional Input-Output Analysis

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01

20KRIHS

It is a well-known fact that public works are seri- ously influenced by conflicts among relevant interest groups or individuals. Recognizing this issue makes many projects not to be progressed smoothly, the government is seeking sensible solutions to conciliate sharp conflicts arising among stakeholders with diverse backgrounds and purposes. In this context, this study aims to develop indicators which trigger conflicts and to propose feasible ways on applying them to the real fields.

The fields of this study are conflicts caused by locating public facilities in physical and spatial, and the main methods employed are an archival research, case studies and content analysis. In addition, interview with experts and survey with experienced interest parties being used in the process of indicator selection.

The study consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 gives an outline of the study, which includes research backgrounds and purposes, research methods, etc. Chapter 2 conducts a bibliographic review of diverse materials to ascertain what studies have been already done in this topic and to identify why conflicts in the public policy are caused. Chapter 3 carries out analysis through four online mass media with 13 influential public works being suffered from severe conflicts: the

analysis explores what causes(or forces) have trig- gered conflicts and how they have been associated with a certain degree to each other, and set up the possible candidate pool on its list during the process of indicator selection. Chapter 4 builds up its own model to develop and select indicators. It also seeks to resort the main causes, and based upon this, constructs a sort of indicator tree which is hierarchically classified into four levels. Chapter 5 begins to go through the process of indicator selection. As the first step, It looks carefully for 144 possible candidates, and chooses 99 indicators from the pool. Then, it conducts personal interview with 23 experts, and it draws 66 indicators reflecting the experts' opinion. Next, it carries out survey with 211 persons so that it chooses 33 pre- requisite indicators and 33 selective ones : while the former should be considered in all types of public works, the latter could be applied to four individual types of public works. Chapter 6 tries to provide feasible ways to make full use of these indicators in the process of public policy, and lastly, Chapter 7 indicates the limitations of this study and the tasks awaiting solution in the near future.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2007-35, 204pp

>> Conflict Indicators and Their Practical Application in Public Works : Analysis of Conflict Triggers and Development of Related Indicators

공공사업의 갈등지표 개발 및 활용방안에 관한 연구

Park Hyungseo, Kim Sangwook, Lee Soonja, Chang Eungyo & Kim Kwangkoo

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21KRIHS National Territorial & Regional Planning Research

This report is the third part of the three-year research on ‘Decentralization and Devolution Strategies and Policy Guideline for Balanced Regional Development.’ The research of 2007 has put the focus on presenting policy proposals for maximizing the impact of strategic growth pole(Innovation Cities and Enterprise Cities) development through network-based linkage and sustainability enhancement.

This research employs the three elements of network-based linkages, infrastructure, industry- research network, and governance. According to

“potential innovative accessability" analysis, Busan, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jincheon-Eumsung are relatively better than Jeonju, Jinju, Mooan and Gwangju-Naju. Regarding the innovative network, it is necessary to secure proper financing, institutional support and social infrastructure.

And it is essential for strategic growth poles to have a locally customized governance along with proper participation of the civil society and industrial communities.

This research explores how to enhance policy sustainability in socio-political, economic-financial, institutional and environmental aspects.

First, it is desirable to have collaborative governance rather than the central government-lead-

ing one. Second, economically, proper supporting measures would be also required. Third, institutional conditions required, including incentives for population settlements, grant for development right, modification in development gains assessment and, etc. Fourth, in terms of environment, ecological urban structure, circulation and amenities should be emphasized as a planning component in city planning and at construction stages as well.

In conclusion, this research posits models of a virtuous circle for strategic growth pole development, a virtuous circle in infrastructure-network- governance linkages, and in sustainable strategic growth poles. This research is expected to contribute to conceptualizing strategic growth poles development policy and to presenting better policy measures for linkages and sustainability. How- ever, the research is limited in the sense that the discussion have been developed upon the assumptions on yet unrealized strategic growth poles, and that the difference between Innovation Cities and Enterprise Cities has not been properly considered in the study.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

Report Descriptions: NRCS Joint Research Project 07-07-01, 249pp

>> Decentralization Strategies and Policy Guidelines for National Balanced Development(III)

지방분산·분권과 국토균형발전의 대응과제(III)

Suh Taesung, Jeong Okju, Lee Wonsup, Moon Jeongho, Kang Hoje, Park Kyunghyun & Park Junhwa

Ⅱ2007 Research Projects

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01

22KRIHS

This study aims to seek programs for effective policy application which can be linked to indicators and standards for regional diagnosis, and to explore policy application methods so that characteristics and expected effects of each of the rural development projects can be considered, and that results of rural diagnosis can be utilized and applied to government policies.

According to the results of analysis, the major causes of inequality among rural areas are as follows: the current rural population decrease, rapid growth of aged people, decrease in the portion of the agricultural industry, complex and diversified rural economic structure, comparatively low income level, rapid spread of the mixed urban- rural land use type, increase in urban-rural exchangeable activities and deteriorated industrial production facilities in rural areas. The study presents a system of rural healthiness indicators composed of 4 sectors and 15 items that total 38 indicators. To be specific, the 4 sectors are composed of population-society sector, industry- economy sector, spatial location sector and living environment sector.

This study analyzes a number of policies for rural development on the base of the system for

rural healthiness indicators. The rural healthiness indicators system has been applied to case study areas. The results show that there is a significant distance between the most desirable policy project and existing projects. According to this research analysis, urgent needs of rural areas should be identified objectively and it is essential to provide and implement the most applicable policy tools to cope with the needs. In other words, if financial resources for existing projects could be turned to urgently needed projects, the suitability of rural development policies would become much more effective.

On the basis of this result, the study suggests several measures for policy applications as follows: the rural policy scheme for each of the rural healthiness indicators, the most applicable policy scheme exactly corresponding to the results of the study area diagnosis, and 「the Diagnosis - Revitalization Scheme for Rural Areas」program.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Development and Policy Applications of Indicators for Identifying Rural Problems

농촌지역 특성의 진단지표 개발과 정책적 활용방안

Kim Changhyun, Park Jongtaek & Park Kyunghyun

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23KRIHS National Territorial & Regional Planning Research

The objectives of this study are to define the four national development indices(National Efficiency Index(NEI), National Economic Efficiency Index(NEEI), National Equity Index(NEQI) and National Stability Index(NSI)) and develop a system for public investment impact assessment.

This study makes the assumption that Space, Time and Man(STM) are the basic elements of any types of systems. Then, it defines as the

‘Principle of STM Harmony'. The NEI represents the country’s overall level of development, and connectivity and accessibility of the internal network. The NEE measures the level of national economy in terms of domestic cost efficiency and the national income level. The NEQI the level of parity in terms of sustainability, region, industry, and sector, and social class. The NSI measures the proximity of the social system to the log-normal distribution in terms of harmony between efficiency and equity. The sub models of this system address 11 variables: population, land, housing, road, etc. The system simulation is planned from 2005 to 2020.

Without alternative public investment policies, the population of the capital region is expected to rise 2.61% in 2020 compared to 2005, with the

equity index decreasing 0.09% and the stability index increasing 3.62% respectively. The gross regional domestic product of the industries is forecast to increase 1.9 times. When the annual investment is KRW 10billion, the population of the capital region is predicted to decrease 0.66%

with the NEI and the NSI increasing 0.29%

respectively. When KRW 30billion, the population decreases 0.78%, with the NEQI rising 0.43%, and the NSI 0.63%. When KRW 50billion, the population drops 0.82%, with the NEQI growing 0.49%, and the NSI 0.76%.

The development of a system is expected to improve the promotion procedures and systems for public investment policy and contribute to rational budget planning. It will provide method- ological support for a systematic improvement of regulations related to balanced development impact assessment system under the National Finance Law.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Development of Simulation System for Financial Investment Impact Assessment and Set-up of National Development Index(I)

재정투자파급효과측정시스템 개발 및 국가발전지수 정립 연구(I)

Kim Youngpyo, Han Seonhee, Kim Mijeong & Kim Hojeung

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01

24KRIHS

The study aims to analyze regional strategic industries exploring their competitiveness, degree of clustering and the network characteristics, and the current status of development. Based on this, the study pursues to present measures of promot- ing clustering of regional strategic industries.

In case of the agglomeration competitiveness, as of 2005, only 7.7% or four of the 52 industries examined came under the Stage Five: 19.2%, or 10 of them under Stage Four, 26.9%, or 14 Stage Three, 32.7%, or 17 Stage Two and 13.5% or 7 Stage One. In aspects of the cluster formation, the results show that enterprises within close proximity to relevant businesses and agencies tend to be active in networking and interrelated to each other, which leads to a raise in added-value. This appears to have resulted in satisfactory business results over the past three years. In short, the most important factor for enhancing business results is to secure variables related to interrela- tionship within the region.

Here, the study presents different measures to different types of industries after dividing the industries into two according to the agglomeration stage and clustering level: industries with a high level of agglomeration stage and considered to be a cluster, and those that are not.

In order to turn regional strategic industries into a cluster, it is crucial to stress the roles of the central and local governments. In detail, it is necessary for local governments to nurture the industries at an early stage of the clustering, and designate them as regional strategic industries later on. In the meantime, the central government should provide financial support towards this end, and needs to select and support industries that have a potential to maximize achievements as strategic industries. The study also suggests that firstly, those that are capable of independent growth be graduated; secondly, opportunities be given to those industries considered to become a new growth engine of the region in the future;

and lastly, agencies and related industries that are planned to relocate to the Innovation Cities be selected and clustered as regional strategic industries during the third period of the Five-year Plan for Balanced National Development.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2007-45, 213p

>> Measures to Promote Clustering of Regional Strategic Industries for Balanced National Development

국가균형발전을 위한 지역전략산업 클러스터 촉진방안

Kwon Youngsub, Byeon Sehil & Kim Taehwan

(25)

25KRIHS National Territorial & Regional Planning ResearchⅡ2007 Research Projects

The study aims to review the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of amenities in local economic development and provide policy makers with better guidance in fashioning policies to encourage growth in second tier regions.

The balance of evidence does suggest that local amenities are an important factor in regional economic development in general and in regional development based on new economy sectors in particular. We can identify combinations of amenities that are likely to be important at crucial stages in the growth of new economy sectors in second-tier cities, but the promotion and upgrading of specific amenities is not the crucial or determining factor behind the evolution of local complexes. To spark and sustain the growth of knowledge based industries in a region, amenities must be viewed as one necessary but insufficient element in a broader and more complex local economic development strategy.

The results of this study can be summarized in four propositions for regional policy makers.

First, local amenities must always be considered together with classic location advantages and local economic initiatives to directly stimulate local firms and attract external investment.

Amenities and investments in amenities are com-

plements rather than substitutes for more traditional economic development.

Second, basic neighborhood and environmental amenities are the most important objects of local policy and investment. This is especially true at early stages of development and at later stages when rapid growth can threaten these core qualities of place.

Third, the urban amenities highlighted by Florida are more an effect than a cause of growth, but prudent investment in cultural assets during later phases of regional development may help sustain in-migration and firm growth and dampen the attraction of larger primate cities.

Finally, amenity strategies should be only one component within a broader local economic development strategy that incorporates investments in human capital, R&D, technical assistance and small business development. Public sector action must be directed at a range of com- mon market failures in a logical and disciplined way to spur healthy economic growth.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2007-45, 213p

>> The Role of Local Amenities in the Birth and Development of High Technology Regions

첨단기술지역의 출현과 발전과정에서 쾌적성의 역할

Michael Oden, Kang Byungsu & Kwon Youngsub

(26)

01

26KRIHS

The study presents an analysis on the spatial impact of the balanced national development strategy and draws future policy implication.

Major findings of the analysis are summarized as follows. During 2000-2005, the spatial distribution of the 30 fastest growing regions based on the changes in 23 indicators show that the capital region accounts for 16 regions while the provincial regions cover remaining 14 regions. In the capital region, cities in Gyeonggi province lead the expansion of the region. In provincial region, cities and counties in the non-urban areas of metropolitan cities, industrial cities, and few cities adjacent to the capital region take the role of growth engine. While the cities and counties in Southeast region maintain traditional supremacy, and those in Central region join to the leading group, but those in Southwest region lag behind.

In the case of metropolitan areas, Seoul and Busan are undergoing changes in quality, while urban centers of other metropolitans have entered the stage of structural changes, and outer regions of these metropolitans are still growing. Most rural areas except few regions outside of metropolitan areas are stagnant.

A factor analysis generates four categories : population, economies and welfare, industrial

location, and living infrastructure. Majority of regions with highest factor loadings are located in urban areas, supporting the argument that recent regional development are led by urban regions. In addition, variables related to educa- tion and public finances well explain the changes in the population of regions. Geographical accessibility of regions to the capital region as well as to the whole nation hardly affects the changes in major indicators of regional development. There- fore, the hypothesis that growing regions in provinces are mostly confined to those close to the capital region can be rejected. The truth is that regional development should be understood as the outcome of the interaction of various factors rather than by geographical proximity alone.

Research Period: 2007. 3. 1~2007. 5. 31

>> Spatial Impact and Policy Implication of the Balanced National Development Strategy

균형발전의 공간적 영향과 정책과제

Lee Wonsup & Park Kyunghyun

(27)

27KRIHS National Territorial & Regional Planning ResearchⅡ2007 Research Projects

The study considers job creation a key policy goal and attempts to explore new measures for regional policies in Korea. We present following basic directions for regional policies to maximize prob- abilities of job creation.

First, there is a need to induce changes in policy paradigm through the restructuring of existing policies. Job creation should be incorporated into the center of regional policy rather than remaining in the peripheral status. This means that the primary beneficiary of regional policies should be the businesses that create or secure jobs in target regions. Job creation should be added to the list of principal goals of regional policies parallel to the establishment of industrial bases or improvement of living environment.

Second, the effect of job creation should be enhanced through the reform of the methods of implementation of policies. Job creation should be the direct outcome of regional development projects not indirect or subordinate one, which demands radical departure from the existing policy practices. We suggest following areas of reform: to set specific policy goals related to job creation; to link tax reduction for participants in regional policies to the performance of job creation; to introduce a regional development sub-

sidy system geared to the amount of job creation.

Third, a new regional development program needs to be introduced to encourage job creation through the attraction of business investment in depressed regions. The basic framework of the program is relatively simple and incorporates existing policy measures as well. The target areas of the new program are those projects that are capable of generating jobs directly, including industries processing special primary products, general manufacturing, cultural tourism, R&D and business services. Spatial scope of the program needs to be selected areas rather than the whole regions, placing higher priority on depressed rural regions to enhance the effect of balanced development.

Primary forms of assistance to job creating activities will be financial grant, with the combi- nation of tax reduction. Forms of grant include location grant, investment grant and training grant, with a ceiling that exceeds a minimum criteria, varying to the size of eligible business.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> A Study on the Reformation of Regional Policies for Job Creation in Korea

일자리 창출을 위한 지역개발정책의 혁신방안

Lee Wonsup, Chang Cheolsoon, Byun Pillsung & Lee Yongwoo

(28)

01

28KRIHS

The primary purpose of this study is to produce more accurate regional input-output coefficients that are the heart of any input-output analysis based on the 2003 national input-output table.

This study is composed of five chapters. In Chapter One, the introductory material was briefly described. Chapter Two explored the theoretical background of regional input-output analysis, and diverse approaches that were used by various regional input output models. Overall procedures of regional input-output table construction were also explored. Chapter Three compared various types of tables for their characteristics. The detailed techniques to produce various types of tables were examined and summarized in this chapter. In Chapter Four, a new model was suggested, which is combining RAS, regional commodity balances techniques, and entropy model. RAS method was suggested to adapt a national coefficients for a different economy at regional level to produce regional technical coefficients. In the next step, regional trades for every industrial sectors were estimated using regional commodity balances techniques, and entropy model. The regions for experimental input-output table were composed of sixteen such as seven metropolitan cities and nine provinces. The

industrial sectors in this experiment were classified into 26. The national input-output coefficients were adjusted into sixteen regions' technical coefficients. In Chapter Five, conclusions and next research issues were briefly described.

Every region in this country can use regional input-output analysis using the result of this study to examine the effect of a certain economic impact without any tremendous effort to generate their regional input-output table. The table also makes the nationwide economic examination through inter-regional economic interactions. It is suggested to develop this kind of table every year because economic structure should be changed every year very rapidly.

Research Period: 2007. 3. 1~2007. 5. 31

>> 2003 Regional Input-Output Analysis

2003년 지역간 산업연관표의 구축

Park Sangwoo, Lee Jongyeol & Byeon Sehil

(29)

02 c h a p t e r Environment &

Culture Research

■Category Classification and Systematic Management of Protected Areas for Effective Territorial Resources Management

■Policy Issues on the Role of Central and Local Government for the Environmental Flows

■Strategies to Create National Amenity Resources Enhancing Quality of Life

■The Study of Estimating Total Greenspace on the Analysis Urban Greenspace Distribution - Focused on the Seoul Metropolitan Area

(30)

02

30KRIHS

This study has been carried out to classify types of protected areas based on their characteristics, and suggest the most effective management tools that are suitable for the protected area concerned.

This study consists of six chapters and the main contents except for the introduction and conclusions are summarized as follows;

Firstly, the study discovers that there are no clear-cut designation criteria or differentiated management methods in Korea in that a catego- rized management system that considers specific characteristics of protected areas does not exist in the nation. As a result, essential ecosystems have been impaired because people cannot clarify where the management responsibility lies.

Next, a total of three alternatives have been explored to suggest a category classification system of Korea’s protected areas, based on the results of field surveys and foreign case studies.

The final proposal has been selected from the three alternatives, and evaluated upon several criteria such as clarity in classification, conformity with existing systems, consideration for characteristics of the resources, and correspondence to international standards.

In order to employ a new classification system, it is necessary to revise the current systems for

protected areas. In this respect, this study propos- es enacting the tentatively named Fundamental Law of Protected Areas to stipulate essential principles and directions to protected area management for each type while maintaining existing legislation frameworks if possible.

Thirdly, for a most efficient management of protected areas, appropriate management tools are necessary that are customized to different types of protected areas. In particular, collaborative management is essential since it facilitates partnerships among different stakeholders.

Lastly, several existing legislations must be revised to push for the above strategies. Hence, this study suggests enactment of the Fundamen- tal Law of Protected Areas to provide basic management principles and goals suitable for each type of the protected areas. It also describes the procedures on how to determine the area type at the very beginning of protected areas designation.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Category Classification and Systematic Management of Protected Areas for Effective Territorial Resources Management

국토자원의 효율적 관리를 위한 보호지역의 위계정립 및 관리방안

Kim Myungsoo, Choi Yeongkook, Chun Daeyoon, Park Jungeun & Suh Yeonmi

(31)

31KRIHS Environment & Culture Research

The purpose of this study is to distinguish between environmental flows and instream flows, and suggest the roles of central and local governments in securing environmental flows. The scope of this study is institutional reform, establishment of river information, assessment of optimal environmental flows, allocation of revenue sources, and ratio of subsidies provided to local governments concerning the central government, while the scope corresponds to comparative analysis on securing environmental flows such as water transfer, reuse of municipal water and reservoirs and so on concerning local governments. Economic feasibility concerning securing environmental flows includes rational water pric- ing, and the following impact on prices of other types of water. Finally, the study presents the best ways of securing environmental flows both short and long-term among various alternatives.

The significance and expected effects of this study can be summarized as follows it is significant that this study comprehensively examines the issue of environmental flows covering from the definition to detailed roles of central and local governments. And this study presents methods of securing environmental flows that are suitable for river management in Korea. This study tackles

the confusion between instream flows and environmental flows. The study contends that one of the most important factors for future river management is environmental flows based on case studies in foreign countries. And lastly, the study emphasizes restoration of ecosystem in securing environmental flows considering the fact that, presently, most of the local governments are limited to recreational functions of the urban river in meeting the demand for environmental flows.

This study lays the foundation for securing environmental flows presenting methods for integrat- ed river management. Coupled with this, the study provides methods for advanced river management along with related technology. Attempts for water provisions for the environment will bring with them legal challenges from water users of various types, and in this regard, it is essential to strengthen the base for related scien- tific knowledge to protect environmental flows.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Policy Issues on the Role of Central and Local Government for the Environmental Flows

환경용수 확보를 위한 중앙정부와 지방정부의 역할 분담과 정책과제

Kim Chongwon, Kim Changhyun, Sim Oubae & Han Dongguen

(32)

02

32KRIHS

The primary purpose of this research is to identify the amenity resources at the national territorial level, to build livable and healthy life-world, to promote sustainable development, and to enhance local and regional capacity and to propose policy agenda and strategies that support these efforts in the national and regional planning and the environmental conservation.

We attempt to define the concept of national territorial amenity and discuss its structures, characteristics, functions and values in various aspects. The question of how the external effect of the national territorial amenity could be inter- nalized in the local quality of life and regional economy is also explored reviewing literature in a wide range of related disciplines.

The framework is developed to classify and cat- egorize the national territorial amenity resources in four types: urban, agricultural and forest, coastal area and fishing village, and environmental conservation area. The inventorizing process has four steps: listing-up, amenity watching, fil- tering, and inventory-making. Case studies are conducted according to each special type. We found that overall perception of amenity resources was low regardless of resources and perceiving groups such as professional experts, civil servants

and local residents. Policies integrating amenity resources within the same types as well as between different types appear to be imperative.

Reviewing amenity related policies, both domestic and international, discuss implications and suggest the future directions of the national territorial amenity policies in Korea. The City Beautiful Movement and various NGO efforts of U.S.A., U.K., and Japan since mainly 1960’s are summarized and more recent efforts among OECD member countries focusing more on regional revitalization approach are analyzed. Large scale projects of “making livable city and region" that are driven by central governments in Korea.

Finally, we provides basic policy directions and principles of creating national amenities and pro- poses key policy agendas. “Beautiful national territory and competitive region" is suggested as a new vision of national amenity policies. Five principles recommended are emphasizing territorial identity, integrating amenity-related policies, networking amenity resources, enhancing market value of amenity resources, and encouraging sustainable participation and collaboration.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

Report Descriptions: NRCS Joint Research Project 07-06-01, 165pp

>> Strategies to Create National Amenity Resources Enhancing Quality of Life

미래 삶의 질 개선을 위한 국토 어메니티 발굴과 창출전략 연구

Kim Sunhee, Cha Misook, Kim Hyunsik, Lee Munwoun & Yun Yunjung

(33)

33KRIHS Environment & Culture Research

This study attempts to analyze the service area of greenspace on the subject of avaliable greenspace of wide areas in part of citizens' accessibility by an arterial road network and construct total greenspace system model on the basis of this analysis.

Total greenspace system in this study theoreti- cally based on the attraction and accessibility of greenspace. The former bases on the gravity model and decided the extent of utilization zone by factors such as a location, a scale. a shape, a facilitization, kinds of plants, population, etc. The latter implies the extent of opportunity that an user at some point can perform special activities and the measurement index becomes the passage distance or time.

Total greenspace system(Gt) defines the service level of greenspace at which the greenspace service can be provided to every citizen and shows the sum of the amount of existing greenspace(Gs) that is distributed in cities now and the amount of planning greenspace(Gp) that will be provided in addition to this.

The total greenspace system model consists of Data construction steps, the service area of green space measurement steps, planning greenspace setup steps, and the whole total greenspace sys-

tem estimate steps.

Searching by the city, gun, and gu, the greenspace in Seoul, Incheon, Suwon, Bucheon, Seongnam, Ansan, Gwangmyeon, and Goyang are estimated to be short of regardless of the sce- narios, the greenspace in Yangju and Yeoncheon are estimated to be satisfied. The difference by the administrative unit could be the important base when we decide the top supply priority of greenspace devising a greenspace plan.

This study is so called the useful methodology for the analysis the actual conditions and set up the greenspace security standard when devising the greenspace plan. The method of measurement of service area and calculation of the amount of planning greenspace in this study are expected to make pleasant living environment because they can prescribe the location and quantity of new planning greenspace for several development works.

Research Period: 2007. 3. 1~2007. 8. 31

>> The Study of Estimating Total Greenspace on the Analysis Urban Greenspace Distribution - Focused on the Seoul Metropolitan Area

도시녹지의 분포특성에 기초한 녹지총량산정에 관한 연구 - 수도권지역을 사례로-

Hwang Kyungsoo, Choi Yeongkook, Eom Sangkeun & Cho Changje

(34)

(35)

03 c h a p t e r Urban Research

■Economic Supporting Programs to Protect Valuable Open Spaces in Urban Fringe Area

■Improvement of Urban Renewal Programs for Communities

■Rational Supply Direction of Urban Planning Facility by Public Ownership : Concentrate on Mixed-use Complex of Private Sector Participant

(36)

03

36KRIHS

This study suggests an economic supporting systems to procure, protect and utilize valuable Open Spaces in urban fringe areas. The economic supporting system could be an alternative techniques to replace existing land use regulation and an eminent domain that are used to procure and protect green areas and private open spaces in urban area until now. It also could be very efficient tools to procure valuable green areas or open spaces with low public budget or funds.

Chapter 2 tries to define the concept of green area/open spaces that discussed in this study and legal/spatial boundary for case study. The study classifies the economic supporting system into 4 types; indirect, direct, passive and active economic supporting system.

Chapter 3 deals with conflict cases between development and conservation of green area that occurred in Seoul Metropolitan area such as Keiyangsan in Incheon city and Gobongsan wet- land in Goyang city.

The study reviews the problems of existing urban green policy and legal system. The problems could be elicited from professional's survey including professors and officials of local and central government as well as several conference conducted to elicit the issues and solutions. The

study also examined the similar cases of Japan and US. In case of Japan, contract or agreement based on green area conservation system are reviewed. In case of US, Purchase of Develop- ment Rights(PDR), Conservation Easement(CE) and Transfer of Development Rights(TDR) are reviewed.

Chapter 4 aims to establish mechanism for practical application of economic supporting system. Selection criteria and procedures could be summarized. as several items.

Chapter 5 explains the reason why the economic supporting system should introduce posi- tively at present and suggests the task should solve in the process of the institutionalization.

Activation of economic supporting systems needs to institutional support of central and local government including financial, administrative and legal support.

Chapter 6 summaries the various effects and limitations of economic supporting system.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Economic Supporting Programs to Protect Valuable Open Spaces in Urban Fringe Area

도시주변부 녹지지역의 계획적 관리를 위한 경제적 보상방안에 관한 연구

Lee Wanggeun, Choi Hyeokjae & Lee Bumhyun

(37)

37KRIHS Urban Research

The purpose of this study is to provide planning solutions to improve central and local governments' urban renewal programs for communities.

This study particularly focuses on analyzing problems associated with the urban renewal programs currently being conducted in the cities, and providing suggestions to resolve the identified problems.

The analysis indicates that resolving the conflicts between public and private sectors, remov- ing the administrative and regulatory barriers, and enhancing the efficiency of operating systems are the key components of success in urban renewal programs.

The suggestions for resolving conflicts between public and private sectors include providing appropriate compensations for controling private property rights such as tax waving and incentives. It is also recommended to enhance the participatory planning process in the program.

The administrative and regulatory barriers need to be removed. It is suggested to improve the flexibility and the efficiency of the regulations and increase the role of public sectors as the primary operator of urban renewal programs. More comprehensive approach with strong consideration on the social impacts of the programs is rec-

ommended as well.

In order to improve the efficiency of operating system for urban renewal programs, creating an administrative organization that can manage any kinds of issues related to the program processing is needed. It is also suggested to provide sustainable funding resources to support post-construction maintenance cost. Coordination with citizen organizations is needed to enhance the sustainability of the urban renewal programs.

Research Period: 2007. 1. 1~2007. 12. 31

>> Improvement of Urban Renewal Programs for Communities

살고 싶은 도시 만들기(II) : 커뮤니티 중심의 도시정비 활성화 방안

Min Beumsik, Park Eungwan, Sohn Dongwook, Park Jaegil, Kim Hyungjin & Watanabe Shunichii