04 c h a p t e r
04
110KRIHS
■Background & Objectives
KRIHS and College of Southeast Land Manage-ment, Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China have conducted a joint research since 2001. This year's topic focuses on Sustainable Development and Land Policies. This is the edited proceeding of the October workshop. Six papers are filed.
■Summary
Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 deals with environmen-tal conservation policy of Korea and China.
Chapter 1 starts with explanation of the natural environmental conservation system in Korea, then analyses the current status of the designa-tion of natural environmental conservadesigna-tion zones and the current status of the establishment of ecological nature maps. It overviews the problems in the management of natural environmental conservation zones, then raises policy suggestions for the sustainable management of natural envi-ronmental conservation zones.
Chapter 2 deals with the Ecological Environ-mental Construction Project in Chinese West Region which started in 1999. It explains the evolution of regional development projects in Chinese West Region, and the results of ecologi-cal environmental destruction thereby. It then
describes the ecological environmental construc-tion project in Chinese West Region, and evalu-ates the achievements by today.
Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 deals with agrarian land management of both countries. Chapter 3 deals with the use and management of agrarian land in Korea. It proposes the urgent needs for the planned management of agrarian land for sustainable development. For the purpose, it sug-gests several issues including the establishment of rural spatial planning covering agricultural land and forest, the establishment of rural land con-version within the planning system, and the pro-vision of infrastructure for part and green areas.
Chapter 4 deals with the agrarian land in China. It begins with the description of the needs for agrarian land protection, of the agrarian land protection policy, of the achievements thereof, then it suggests policy directions for upgrading the agrarian land sustainability.
Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 deals with methodolo-gy for environmental conservation. Chapter 5 covers the land suitability test in Korea. It describes the land suitability testing system in Korea, then shows how to use the methods and what are the process of the test by using Namhae County of Korea as a case study.
>> Comparative Study on Land Policies of Korea and China(V): Sustainable Development and Land Policies
한∙중 토지정책연구(Ⅴ): 지속가능한 개발과 토지정책 Hee-Nam Jung
111KRIHS Land & Housing
Chapter 6 shows the testing results of the level of green services within the urban areas in China.
It takes Shanghai as a case study, then distributes the green services provided by 109 parks in Shanghai to the whole neighbors, and evaluates the level of green services of each neighbor. It
provides the new ideas for efficient distribution of green services within the urban areas.
Research Period: 2005. 1. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-45, 230pp
Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area
■Background & Objectives
It has been 10 years since the local autonomy system was first introduced in Korea. Yet still, the housing policy of local governments is managed through the centralized system. The purpose of this study is to present the housing governance system in order to improve the efficiency of the housing welfare. Housing governance is defined as “a social mediation contrivance to solve hous-ing problems at the national and local level”.
■Summary
The policy environment for housing has been changed, thereby causing the change in the role of the central and local governments in establish-ing housestablish-ing policy. It is difficult to clearly distin-guish the role of the central government from that of local governments. However, in general,
what decides on the division of the roles is effi-ciency, local autonomy, stabilization of housing market, equitable development and wealth redis-tribution regarding the policy implementation.
The failure and crisis of the welfare state are the historical background of the emergence of the housing governance. In addition, the diffusion of neo-liberalism offers the ideological basis for the governance. In order to formulate the governance system, some prerequisites are required such as the establishment of democracy which is based on the active participation of citizens and the decentralization of power. In the system, the process of decision-making is open to the public and everyone can express their opinion. In order to reflect the regional characteristics and obtain a consensus by the residents, the diversification of participants and the joint responsibility and authority of the central and local governments
>> Housing Governance System in the Era of Local Autonomy
지방분권시대의 주택거버넌스체계 정립방안 연구Hyeon-Sook Chun, Jeong-Su Jin & Seung-Jong Kim
04
112KRIHS
should precede others.
This study analyzes the division of work between the public and private sector, and the central and local governments. It divides the poli-cy process into four stages: drafting, decision-making, implementation and evaluation. In addi-tion, it examines the actual conditions of each stage of existing housing policies. It provides sev-eral case studies and conducts questionnaires for that end. The study explores integrated adminis-trative districts (provincial and metropolitan cities) and basic ones (cities, counties and dis-tricts). The results reveal there are few cases where local governments have autonomy to implement their policy according to their regional characteristics. Even though local governments play an important role in implementing housing allowances and housing loans for the poor, their role is very limited and there are no regional dif-ferences in the implementation. Except these, all housing policies are planned and implemented by the central government.
■Major Results & Evaluations
According to the analysis of the questionnaires, our housing policy is considered as highly cen-tralized (88.3%), and the demand for a housing governance system is high. Many people sur-veyed answered the role of the public sector is higher than that of the private sector, and profes-sionals are regarded as more important than resi-dents in planning and implementing the policy.
The ratio of the reflection of residents’opinion is just 22%, and that of Non-Governmental Organi-zations (NGOs) is 48.7%. There is big disparity in
the role among participants, and the role of NGOs is different depending on the central and local governments. The expectation of the public sector is also higher when seeking desirable role divi-sion between the central and local governments in the future. For the establishment of the hous-ing governance system, the role of local govern-ments needs to be enhanced, and local NGOs should be fostered.
Even though there is urgent demand for hous-ing governance, there are some prerequisites for it. Among them, the delegation of central author-ities and the system for private participation are the most important. Above all, a multi-level gov-ernance system of the central and local govern-ments is necessary. Also there should be a perma-nent conference group involving the public and private sectors, in which diverse subjects con-cerned will participate. Secondly, Acts and insti-tutions related to housing should be completed.
After that, the housing welfare center should be established and managed on a regional basis. It is desirable for the center to be managed by the rel-evant county or district in the long term, but it should be operated at the provincial level during the transitional period.
This study suggests the development of the housing governance system in stages. At the first stage, the participation model of the public and private sectors is adopted at the central govern-ment level. At the second stage, the housing gov-ernance system is adopted at the integrated administrative district level. Finally, the housing governance system is implemented at the basic level (cities and counties).
Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area113KRIHS Land & Housing
The purpose of this study is to arouse interest in the decentralized housing policy system and propose the housing governance system by ana-lyzing the actual conditions of the division of the role of each of the participants in housing policy.
It is required to manage a pilot project in
individ-ual cases, such as in housing welfare and the maintenance of the residential environment.
Research Period: 2005. 7. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-42, 270pp
■Background & Objectives
As growing demands overseas on opening the local agricultural market weaken our competitive position in agricultural produce, the amount of idle agricultural land in the country is expected to increase greatly, leading to the unplanned development of it. This study aims to make idle lands utilized multi-functionally to be served for settlements, industry, sightseeing and environ-mental preservation, and suggest policy direc-tions to the land management planning.
■Summary
This study examines the country’s legal systems related to idle agricultural land and technically defines idle agricultural land considering similar notions quoted in the current regulations and rel-evant documents. After that, it studies the
theo-retical background on which idle agricultural land is created and describes the actual condi-tions of it including the scale and regional distri-bution of the land based on established statistical materials. Furthermore, it analyzes the practical use and management system of idle agricultural land and derives problems with it. Idle agricultur-al land is created due to such reasons as dropping agricultural gains, difficult farm-mechanization, insufficient manpower and the fragile productive base. Also, there are many problems with idle agricultural land itself, including the spatial dis-crepancy between the development demands and the distribution of idle agricultural land, the limi-tation to the utilization of it due to the lack of land use planning, insufficient residents’ partic-ipation in the development of the land and so on.
Nevertheless, there are no exact statistical data of idle agricultural land which show the current
sta->> Institutional Improvements for the Utilization and Management of Idle Agricultural Land
유휴농지의 효율적 활용∙관리방안 연구Hyeok-Jae Choi, Dae-Sic Ji, Soo Choi & Seung-Jong Kim
04
114KRIHS
tus of idle agricultural land.
There are several case studies of the idle agri-cultural land utilization. The function of agricul-tural land is generally classified into the follow-ing five categories: agricultural production, rural development, sightseeing and recreation, and environmental conservation. It then analyzes legal systems and the results of projects related to typical uses which are selected according to each function of agricultural land as mentioned earlier.
The results of the analysis of the utilization cases are as follows: firstly, the characteristics of idle agricultural lands and regional conditions should be taken into consideration, secondly, a rural amenity needs to be conserved, thirdly, benefits for rural residents should be expanded, and lastly, the agricultural land use system has to be enhanced by developing a marginal land for an agricultural use, for instance.
This study identifies the policy basis for agri-culture and rural readjustment by examining for-eign systems for agricultural land use and man-agement formulated to respond to the change in the agricultural environment. In particular, it intensively studies the realities and agricultural policies of Japan for idle agricultural land, further drawing out some policy implications from it for the use and management of idle agricultural land.
■Major Results & Evaluations
This study suggests policy directions to the use and management of idle agricultural land which has two basic points the multi-functional use of idle agricultural land and planned rural
develop-ment. Firstly, for the multi-functional use, it is necessary to obtain the information on the actual conditions of it through a thorough investigation, ensure benefits for rural residents, and improve the agricultural land use system by developing a marginal land for an agricultural use, for exam-ple. Secondly, for rural development planning, it is crucial to coordinate the planning process with the detailed readjustment planning in the rural area from the space planning stage and establish a planning scheme which reflects various demands on rural land use.
In conclusion, given the rapid increase in idle agricultural land, this study is expected to arouse policy interest in the use and management of idle agricultural land which will further expand due to the opening of the agricultural market.
Research Period: 2005. 1. 1 ~ 2005. 12. 31
Report Descriptions: KRIHS Research Report 2005-43, 162pp
115KRIHS Land & HousingⅡ2005 Research Projects by Area
■Background & Objectives
Housing defects are often detected after houses are sold to consumers. It takes few months in some cases but often takes years before con-sumers find defects. The problems of housing quality may result in quite an amount of finan-cial loss by consumers and may even threaten residents’ safety and health. Therefore, a well designed housing warranty system is necessary to prevent such housing consumer problems.
The objectives of the study are to evaluate the current housing warranty system in Korea and to suggest a more comprehensive and effective war-ranty system for consumer protection. Research methodologies employed include literature reviews, a questionnaire survey of government officials, scholars, housing constructors, insur-ance companies and citizen groups(NPO’s). Also, workshops were held twice to take ideas from experts.
■Summary
This research report has seven chapters. The Chapter 1 is an introductory part which includes background, objectives and methodologies of the study. In the Chapter 2, the causes of housing
consumer problems and the need of an upgraded housing warranty system are discussed. And two methods of housing warranty are introduced and defined, namely, ‘legally required warranty’ and
‘voluntary contract based warranty’.
In the Chapter 3, the legal provisions related with housing warranty are listed and explained in
‘Constitution’, ‘Civil Law’, ‘Housing Act’, ‘Act of Ownership and Management of Collective Build-ings’ and ‘Construction Industry Act’. Also pre-sented in the chapter is the automobile warranty system, in which quite aggressive warranties are issued based on voluntary contracts by auto makers to consumers. Auto makers often issue warranties with extended warranty periods than are legally required for some models to promote sales. Researchers of this study believe that such an warranty system would provide good implica-tions to improve the current housing warranty system in Korea.
In the Chapter 4, the statistics of housing defects reported to the Daehan Housing Warranty Corporation are summarized. Also, various cases of disputes reported by consumers to the ‘Korea Consumer Protection Board’ are analyzed. Fol-lowing such analysis of the statistics and the overall legal system, problems of the Korean
>> Issues and Policies of the Housing Warranty System for Consumer Protection
주택소비자보호를 위한 주택품질보증체계 구축방안Soon-Suk Bae, Hyeon-Sook Chun & Seung-Jong Kim
04
116KRIHS
housing warranty system are delineated.
The Chapter 5 reviews foreign housing warran-ty systems. The cases of U.K., United States, France and Japan are introduced. In order to find some implications for Korea, the following aspects of foreign cases are reviewed: the overall mechanism of housing warranty, the roles of intermediaries such as housing warranty institu-tions, the terms of warranty, the types of housing for warranty, housing quality control methods, the insurance system and the dispute resolving system.
■Major Results & Evaluation
The final chapter is contributed to suggest a new housing warranty system in Korea along with policy recommendations. This chapter is consist-ed of four parts. The first part is about a new direction of the housing warranty system. There, two types of warranty system are discussed: one is regulatory method and the other is a voluntary contract method. After reviewing strengths and weaknesses of the two types of warranty system under Korean settings, a mixed type is suggested finally. It is because the mixed type can secure minimum levels of protection by regulatory means while voluntary contract method can extend consumer protection, promoted by com-petition in the market, beyond the level which laws require.
In the second part of the chapter, suggestions are made on some changes in the legal frame-work, creation of housing defect guidelines and establishment of a institution which can make judicial judgements about housing defects. Also
recommended is extension of warranty periods of some housing parts in which many defects are reported within and after current warranty peri-ods. Such parts include roof, waterproofing, win-dows and the sanitary system in the bathroom.
Also recommended is to improve the method of financial guarantee to cover repair costs when housing builder get bankrupt or close business.
In the third part, it is recommended to establish
‘housing warranty institution’ which will work as an intermediary between housing consumers and home builders. The functions of the institution may include the following:
●To register home builders that want the insti-tution to cosign housing warranty with the institution
●To set up standards of house designs, build-ing materials, construction methods that reg-istered builders must meet
●To cosign short-term(within 3 years) repair warranties and long-term (longer than 3years) repair insurance for builders
●To issue warranties on housing performance such as noise proof and indoor air quality;
repair warranties for extended periods than are required by laws; warranties for single-family detached housing; and warranties for remodelled and second-hand housing
●Arbitrating function to resolve disputes between consumers and builders at initial stages.
●Also recommended is that the housing war-ranty institution should collaborate with insurance companies to share financial risks.
Besides, the research proposes actions that
con-Ⅱ2005 Research Projects by Area117KRIHS Land & Housing
sumers, housing builders as well as the govern-ment should take to promote a private initiated warranty system based on voluntary contracts between individual housing builders and con-sumers. The chater seven is the final chapter and summarizes policy recommendation briefly again and concludes that the new warranty system
should protect consumers more effectively and comprehensively, but should be market friendly.
Research Period: 2005. 1. 2 ~ 2005. 6. 30
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2005-5, 129pp
■Background & Objectives
As forestland takes up 65% of the Korean penin-sula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forestland in society has changed there has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recre-ational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the for-est and the natural ecosystem in it.
The existing management system for the forestland has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forestland has failed to protect the forest land from being developed
indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way.
To guide these conflicting demands on the forestland, it is necessary to develop an effective management system of forest land taking into account the neighboring urban and agricultural land, not just the forest land alone. This study reviews the existing management system of forestland such as the classification and conver-sion systems, and the development standards of forestland.
■Summary
First of all, to harmonize the development with conservation of forestland, the concept of forest-land should be redefined to include the forest-land under the trees as well as the forest.
>> Policy Directions for the Efficient Management of Forestland
계획적 국토관리를 위한 산지관리제도의 개선방향Mie-Oak Chae, Hyeong-Min Yeom & Ha-Seung Song