Since its establishment in 1978, the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) is pleased to have been part of contributing to the establishment of policies involved in the development of national land sectors. This includes our involvement in the areas of national and regional land development planning, conservation and management of the national environment, land and housing policies, the planning of urban policies, supporting the construction industry, supplying of the national infrastructure, building spatial information system, etc. In particular, the company has been dedicated to supporting the development of national policies that improve and support competitiveness in the development of our national lands, and which will also make people’s lives more prosperous in the long run.
In 2012, KRIHS focused on research which supported key governmental policies such as the establishment and nourishing of a fair and equal society, the improvement of national land class, and dealing with policy demands in national land sectors. We tried to do this in a proactive manner. Furthermore, KRIHS has promoted customized educational business seminars to help deliver successful Korean land development models to other developing countries. It has also responded to the increasing demands for ‘Korean benchmarking’ regarding national land development, and strengthened the foundation for overseas business projects. All of these have contributed to improving the status of Korea.
Being that the goal of the research projects of 2012 was ‘Realization of Global Green Lands for a New Leap Forward for Korea,’ KRIHS has conducted studies
involving all the national land sectors. In order to achieve that goal, three objectives were set: ‘Creating and Building the Foundation for Practical Regional Development Policies that People can Support;’
‘Realization of Green/Smart Land that Leads the Country into the Future’; and ‘Development of Global Soft Lands in the Global Era.’
Based on these objectives, the following studies have been done:
In order to create regional developmental policies that people can support, KRIHS conducted studies such as, ‘Evaluation and Implementation Strategies for National Territorial and Regional Development Policy,’
‘A Rural Housing Policy for Improving Housing Service Level,’ ‘Improvement of Urban Management Systems for Effective Urban Regeneration in Built-up Areas,’
‘Improvement Methods for Affluent Environment of Urban Streets,’ ‘A Study on the Diagnosis of Cities of Health and Longevity in the Era of Wellbeing,’ and
‘Enhancing Historic-Cultural Capacity of the National Territory and Improvement Measures for a Culture- Specific Area Development Program.’
In order to accomplish the goal of creating ‘Green/
Smart Lands’ which would lead to the land of the future, KRIHS conducted studies such as ‘Future Prospects and Strategies for National Territorial Development(I),’
‘A Study on Urban Policy for the Vulnerable-Classes to Climate Change,’ ‘A Study on Transport Infrastructure Policy in Smart Knowledge Society,’ ‘Advanced Water Resource Management of Green Growth·Area- Wide·Integration Period(II),’ ‘A Study on Realizing the
Preface
Strategies of New Digital Convergence Space(IV),’ and
‘A Study on Safe City Management Strategies based on Spatial and Temporal Simulation Analyses of Crime.’
Furthermore, KRIHS conducted ‘A Study on Global City-Regions in Korea(III),’ ‘A Study on Spatial Data Infrastructure Establishment and Usage in Developing Countries,’ ‘A Study on the Collaborative Issues between Korea-China Port Regions,’ and ‘Development issues of the Growth Centers in North Korea for Preparing Korean Unification(II).’
Lastly, in regards to the normalization of real estate markets and the reality of housing welfare, KRIHS conducted studies titled ‘A Study on Establishing a Comprehensive Housing Support Service System,’
‘Institutional Arrangements for the Advancement of Real Estate Transaction,’ ‘Evaluation of the Housing Policy during 2008~2012 and Future Directions,’ ‘Policy Implications through Micro-Analysis of Real Estate Market(II),’ ‘Housing and Urban Policy Strategies Responding to Low Fertility(I),’ and ‘A Study on the Development of Simulation Model for Real Estate Policy and Establishment of Rep-DSS(II).’
The Annual Report for 2012 contains key research tasks performed with the aspiration of KRIHS researchers to contribute to the development of Korea through creative policy development. Publication of this annual report aims to summarize the research performance of KRIHS for the year, to share these achievements with our customers and the people of the nation, and to provide a foundation for new research.
I hope the results of the major research performed in
2012 can be utilized in diverse fields.
KRIHS will continue giving its best effort as a government-sponsored research institute to lead in the area of creative and future-directed national land policies. In particular, we will do our best to create and support customer-oriented research results and policies.
We are dedicated to the development of national land policies which will make people’s lives more prosperous and happier, and we intend to be a world-class research institute, whose main goal is to gain the trust of the Korean people and the Korean government. We ask for your continued approval and support of KRIHS, so the company may develop further.
Thank you.
July, 2013 Acting President
Park Jaegil
Overview
1. Foundation & Function 8
2. History Timeline 9
3. Organization 10
4. Budget for 2012 11
Research Activities in 2012
1. Research Projects in 2012 and Directions for Study in 2013 15
2. Major Research Projects 19
International Cooperation
1. International Academic Exchange 102
2. National Territorial Policy Support and
Consulting for Developing Countries 112
3. Education and Training Programs 120
Chapter I.
Chapter II.
Chapter III.
Contents of Periodicals 2012
1. KRIHS Policy Brief(Vol.356~Vol.414) 152
2. The Korea Spatial Planning Review(Vol.72~Vol.75) 155
3. SPACE & ENVIRONMENT(Vol.47~Vol.52) 158
4. Road Policy Brief(Vol.51~ Vol.62) 159
Divisions & Staff
1. Divisions 164
2. Staff 168
Chapter V.
Chapter VI.
I Overview
1. Foundation & Function 8
2. History Timeline 9
3. Organization 10
4. Budget for 2012 11
Foundation &
Purpose
Function
The Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements(KRIHS) was established in 1978 to comprehensively undertake research activities concerning the efficient use, development, and conservation of the territorial resources, thus contributing to balanced development, of the territory and improvement of quality of people’s lives.
Since its inception, KRIHS has been committed to fulfilling its epochal mission of the “Creation of a territory with beautiful nature and pleasant living environment”, and in order to achieve the mission, KRIHS conducts research primarily on sustainable, balanced and knowledge-based territory, and those that contribute to the future of the national territory.
The main task of KRIHS is to conduct a future-oriented and practical research based on the actual conditions of the territory, with the intent to explore mid-to long-term policy agendas of the nation, lead and support government policies, and analyze and address territory-related social issues. It performs a wide range of research in the areas of land use and conservation, urban and regional planning, housing and land policies, transportation, construction economics, environment, water resources, geographic information system(GIS) and Northeast Asian regional issues, as well as the establishment of comprehensive territorial policies of Korea. By doing so, KRIHS is playing a leading role in realizing an affluent and safe territory. The major functions of KRIHS are as follows ;
■ To formulate long-range national and regional development plans ;
■ To carry out studies on the efficient use and conservation of the territory, and management of the land resources ;
■ To conduct policy research on territory-related fields such as land, housing, urban planning and construction industry ;
■ To perform comprehensive research on social overhead capital(SOC) ;
■ To systematically manage and supply data on national land resources ;
■ To carry out researches on architecture and urban space ;
■ To carry out joint research and cooperative research project in collaboration with provincial governments, research institutes at home and abroad, and international organizations ;
■ To provide research services to public and private organizations at home and abroad ;
■ To exchange scholarly information with other professional organizations domestic and foreign, and provide training for human settlement management and planning professionals ;
■ To publish and distribute its research outcomes ; and
■ To perform projects related to the above research and others regarded as needed to achieve its goals
1. Foundation & Function
2. History Timeline
1970’s
78. 04. 17 The KRIHS Establishment Plan approved by the President of the Republic of Korea
78. 09. 13 Inauguration of the first president, Roh Yoonghee 78. 10. 04 Opening of KRIHS (Keukdong Building,
Chungmu-ro, Seoul)
78. 12. 05 Enactment of the KRIHS Promotion Act (No.
3140)
1980’s
81. 06. 01 The Regional Development Institute(attached to the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) merged into KRIHS
81. 12. 05 Inauguration of the second President, Kim Uiwon 84. 12. 05 Inauguration of the third President, Hwang
Myungchan
88. 08. 09 Inauguration of the fourth President, Huh Jaeyoung
1990’s
92. 05. 09 Awarded the President’s Commendation for the 3rd National Territorial Planning Establishment 93. 03. 30 Inauguration of the fifth President, Lee Sangyong 93. 09. 07 Inauguration of the sixth President, Lee
Kunyoung
94. 04. 27 Completed the new KRIHS Pyeongchon Building Construction and Relocation (Gwanyang-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si)
97. 03. 26 Inauguration of the seventh President, Ryu Sangyoul
97. 07. 29 Inauguration of the eighth President, Hong Chul 99. 01. 29 Became under the supervision of the Korea
Council of Economic and Social Research Institutes of the Prime Minister in accordance with the “Act on the Establishment, Management and Promotion of Government-Sponsored Research Institutes”
99. 12. 06 Inauguration of the ninth President, Lee Jungsik
2000’s
02. 05. 10 Selected as 2001 Best Research Institute by National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences
02. 12. 06 Inauguration of the 10th President, Lee Kyubang
05. 05. 26 Awarded ‘Best Institute’ in the ‘2004 Evaluation of Member Research Institutes’ by the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences for 2 consecutive years 05. 12. 06 Inauguration of the 11th President, Choe
Byeongsun
06. 05. 02 Ranked 3rd in the ‘2005 Evaluation of Public Institutions’ by the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences 06. 07. 10 Topped the ‘Evaluation of Public Institutions for
Innovation’ by the Planning and Budget Ministry, among the 23 research institutes under the umbrella of the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences 06. 12. 06 Topped the ‘Customer Satisfaction Survey’ by the
Prime Minister’s Office for two consecutive years 07. 06. 15 Established KRIHS-affiliated Architecture and
Urban Research Institute
07. 07. 17 Established Korea Road policy Research Center 08. 04. 07 Selected as excellent institute in the ‘2007
Evaluation of Public Institutions’ by the National Research Council for Economics, Humanities and Social Sciences
08. 04. 07 Topped the ‘Customer Satisfaction Survey’ by the Prime Minister’s Office
08. 06. 18 Inauguration of 12th President, Park Yangho 08. 10. 01 KRIHS 30th Anniversary Celebration Ceremony
and New KRIHS C.I Announced
09. 05. 08 Awarded an Best Research Institute Award by the National Research Council for Economic, Humanities, and Social Sciences
2010’s
10. 02. 10 Received 2009 Prime Minister’s Citation (Institute) Award
10.12. 30 Established the Global Development Partnership Center (GDPC)
10.12. 30 Launched EAROPH Korea secretariat 11. 06. 18 Inauguration of 13th President, Park Yangho 11. 12. 14 Placed in the top of the 2011 Integrity Index for
the Public Organization
12. 08. 08 Established Center for National Territorial Plan Assessment
Organization
KRIHS is composed of nine divisions and KRIHS-affiliated Architecture & Urban Research Institute. National Territorial Planning & Research Division, Regional Research Division, Urban Research Division, Environment & Water Resource Research Division, Housing & Land Research Division, Infrastructure Research Division, Geospatial Information Research Division, Global Development Partnership Center, Planning& Management Division; Center for National Territorial Plan Assessment, Center for Futures Studies on National Territory, Center for the Korean Peninsula & Northeast Asian Studies, Center for Urban Regeneration Policy, Center for Cultural Territorial Policy, Center for Healthy & Longevity City, National Urban Disaster Management Research Center, Center for Real Estate Market Analysis, Center for Road Policy Research, Center for Construction Economy, Center for National Territorial Policy Simulation.
3. Organization
President
presidentVice
Research Advisory
Committee Office of Audit
Architecture &
Urban Research Institute
Center for Healthy & Longevity City
Center for National Territorial Plan Assessment National Urban Disaster Management Research Center Center for Futures Studies on National Territory Center for Real Estate Market Analysis
Center for the Korean Peninsula & Northeast Asian Studies Center for Road Policy Research Center for Urban Regeneration Policy
Regional Research Division Urban Research Division
Environment & Water Resource Research Division
National Territorial Planning & Research Division Housing & Land Research Division Infrastructure Research Division Geospatial Information Research Division
Global Development Partnership Center Planning & Management Division
Center for Construction Economy
Center for National Territorial Policy Simulation Center for Cultural Territorial Policy
Executives
Acting President / Vice President Park Jaegil Director of Research DivisionsNational Territorial Planning & Research Division Kim Dongju
Regional Research Division Lee Dongwoo
Urban Research Division Min Beumsik
Environment & Water Resource Research Division Kim Chongwon
Housing & Land Research Division Kim Geunyong
Infrastructure Research Division Cho Namgeon
Geospatial Information Research Division Choe Byongnam
Global Development Partnership Center Sakong Hosang
Planning & Management Division Chung Ilho
President of Architecture & Urban Research Institute Je Haeseong
Staff
As of July 2013, a total of 154 persons are working at KRIHS: 131 researchers and 23 non-research personnel. The research staff is comprised of 87 Ph.Ds and 41 graduates with M.As with a variety of expertise such as urban & regional planning, transportation, engineering and economics.Total Executives Researchers Others
Ph.D.s M.A.s B.A.s Administrators Specialists
Headcount President 87 41 3 18 5
154 1 131 23
4. Budget for 2012
(KRW 1Million)
Income Expenditure
Division Budget Division Budget
1. Government Fund 19,801 1. Personnel Expenses 12,705
2. Income 16,677 2. Research Project Expenses 21,821
3. Operating Cost 1,466
4. Cost of Equipment 486
Total 36,478 Total 36,478
* Exclusive of KRIHS-affiliated Architecture and Urban Research Institute.
II Research Activities in 2012
1. Research Projects in 2012 and Directions for Study in 2013 15
2. Major Research Projects 19
1 National Territorial Planning & Research 21
2 Regional Research 33
3 Urban Research 41
4 Environment & Water Resource Research 51
5 Housing & Land Research 59
6 Infrastructure Research 75
7 Geospatial Information Research 85
8 Index 95
1 Research Projects in 2012 and
Directions for Study in 2013
1
Research Performance in 2012
Being that the goal of the research projects of 2012 was ‘Realization of Global Green Lands for a New Leap Forward for Korea,’ KRIHS has set three objectives: ‘Creating and Building the Foundation for Practical Regional Development Policies that People can Support’, ‘Realization of Green/Smart Land that Leads the Country into the Future’ and ‘Development of Global Soft Lands in the Global Era.’
Reviewing the facts about the implementation of research activities for 2012, it is noted that KRIHS conducted a total of 214 research efforts. They included 35 basic research studies including
‘Evaluation and Implementation Strategies for National Territorial and Regional Development Policy’, 30 special research studies including ‘Policies for Sustainable Management of Coastal Areas in Korea’
and 149 commissioned research studies including ‘A Study of Comprehensive Planning for the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.’
As for key national tasks undertaken in 2012, KRIHS conducted three representative research studies.
First, a study titled ‘Evaluation of the Housing Policy during 2008~2012, and Future Directions’ was done to evaluate the housing policies of prior governments, and to provide or recommend suggestions for improving those policies to a new government. The study’s goal was to identify the merits and achievements of current housing policies along with their limitations and problems, with the research focusing on housing policies and related measures that have been introduced since 2008.
Second, a study titled ‘A Study on the Improvement Measures of Costs Sharing Systems for Infrastructure between Central and Local Government’ suggested cost sharing criteria that included directives for improvement in that area which can resolve cost sharing issues related to infrastructure, between the central government and regional governments. It corresponded to the changes in policy circumstances.
Third, a study titled ‘A Study for Building an Implementation System for Evaluating National Projects, and Preparing a Work Manual’ was conducted for the purpose of building an implementation and support system to evaluate national projects. It suggested a direction for the development of national land planning, and produced a manual to evaluate the progress of national land planning.
2
Goal of Research Projects of 2013
In connection with changes in the internal and external research environment, and to the operational goals of the KRIHS comprehensively, KRIHS set the goal for the research projects of 2013 to be
‘Leading the Development of New National Land Policies for an Era of People’s Happiness.’ To reach this goal, KRIHS suggested the following three operational directions to follow for research projects.
First would be the development of national land policies that make everybody happy. Second would be support for regional development in order to create good or better jobs. Third would be the development of a mix of creative fusion and complex policies for the future, which will support an achievement of better performance. Based on the research directives, KRIHS will develop diverse and conscientious basic options, special options, and commissioned options in order to be the leading research institute in Korea, in regards to national policies, and related to sectors of national lands.
3
Top Priority Projects in 2013
In connection with key national policy issues, the research KRIHS will focus on increasing its efforts and competence in contributing to national policies by setting four research tasks to perform in a strategic manner.
The research topics are summarized as follows.
First, ‘Future Prospects and Strategies for National Territorial Development(II)’ will be a study to establish a prospective framework and model for national land development. Its goal will be to suggest possible future national land development models, as well as directions and directives for regional development.
Second, ‘A Study of Guidelines for the Establishment of Health and Longevity in Urban Planning that Leads to a Functional and Healthy Society’ aims to establish guidelines for the establishment of urban planning that will help increase the health and longevity of people, using an integrated perspective of urban planning and public health. This will also be offered as a strategic alternative that will contribute to the enhancement of public health and quality of life, and prepare for the possibility of people living into their one hundreds.
Third, ‘Evaluation of Cost-Sharing Ability for Housing by Income Class, and by Life Cycle and Policy Plans’ aims to introduce more systematic and effective housing welfare, based on the evaluation of the cost-sharing ability for housing of those in different income classes, and with different life cycles and policy plans, and then make suggestions for customized support measures.
Fourth, ‘Cooperative National/Regional Policy Plans through Regional Integration/Regional Decentralization’ aims to reevaluate the national and regional policy directives for mutual development between cities and provinces, and between cities and agricultural towns, within a planning zone. This will be done by using a different approach to developmental policies between zones that are based on a metropolitan perspective. This will lead to a variety of policies based on regional differences, the purpose being that of attaining the rational and cooperative development of national land.
2 Major Research Projects
● Development Issues of the Growth Centers in North Korea
for Preparing Korean Unification(II) 22
● Future Agenda and Policy Direction for National Territorial
Development 23
● Future Prospect and Strategies for National Territorial
Development(I) 24
● The Korean Cities of Culture as Regional Development Hub
: A Review of the First-Phase Projects and Future Directions 25
● New Paradigm of Balanced National Development and Futures
of National Territory 26
● Public Policies for Utilizing the Distinctive Resources of Islands : Features, Limits and Improvement Measures 27
● The Status and Policy Agenda for the Elderly Migration 28
● A Study on the 100 Major Inter-Korean Cooperation Issues
Focusing on Spatial Development for the Korean Peninsula 29
● A Study on the Application and Effectiveness of Development
Projects Verification System 30
● A Study on Global City-Regions in Korea(III) 31
● Win-Win Development Strategies for Urban and Rural Areas in the
Population Low-Growth Era 32
1 National Territorial Planning
& Research
Development Issues of the Growth Centers in North Korea for Preparing Korean Unification(II)
통일 한반도 시대에 대비한 북한 주요 거점의 개발잠재력과 정책과제(II)
The purpose of this study is to define development potentials of the major growth centers that are located in the eastern region of North Korea and to suggest development issues based on empirical analysis about transition economies and geometric data analysis. In this study, Rason, Chongjin and Wonsan are analysed as sample cities.
The study sets out the process of identification of urban development issues according to macro- and micro-aspect. In macro-aspect, some development issues arising from geo-economic location of three cities in economic cooperation in Northeast Asia are identified. In micro-aspect, some development potentials and issues through spatial analysis based on GIS technology are defined. 1/25,000 digital topographic maps about North Korea are used to analyse development potentials of three cities. In Rason, shipping, seafood processing and tourism are major industries. Chongjin is the most important center of metal industry in North Korea. Wonsan is one of important trade ports and has an aquatic product processing factory and shipyard. Three cities have common development issues such as rehabilitation of housing, industrial areas, infrastructure and environmental damages.
Rason would be developed as one of important trade and logistic centers in North Korea in the future. In Rason, some areas near to Rajin port would developed firstly. Repairing Rason-Hunchun highway, Rason-Khasansky railway and port facilities would be essential in terms of urban development. Chongjin would be developed from an old industrial city to a
modern international trade city. In the future, the land development in the north-eastern areas near to Rason would be important. Modernizing Chongjin- Tumen railway and port facilities would be essential in terms of urban development. Chongjin is specialized by metal industry, however, it is old dated by lack of investment in long time. Therefore, redevelopment of old industrial sites has important meaning in the process of urban development in the future.
Wonsan would be developed as a modern international trade port in the future. Wonsan could play an important role as a center of tourism in eastern region of North Korea. In Wonsan, repairing Seoul-Wonsan railway, Pyongyang-Wonsan highway, international airport and port facilities are urgent issues. Rason, Chongjin and Wonsan have some common issues. Especially, developing port facilities and urban renewal around port areas are urgent issues to overcome to three cities at first. In this study, developing special economic zones is suggested as a common issues to the three cities in the early and mid- term.
Lee Sangjun, Kim Cheonkyu, Park Sehoon & Shin Hyewon
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-33, 268pages
Future Agenda and Policy Direction for National Territorial Development
국토발전 미래 어젠다와 정책방향
Rapid socio-economic change is taking place surrounding our national territory domestically as well as internationally. This change is led by some mega- trends such as population decrease & aging society, change of industrial structure, globalization of Korean economy, climate change, localization & privatization and multi-cultural society. Advanced countries have quickly responded through introduction of a new national territorial policy. Unfortunately, however, Korean territorial policy still remains imprisoned in the past paradigm. As a result our spatial policy has been criticised by people as a typical construction and engineering project.
It is a time to change our national territorial policy corresponding with new mega-trends. The new policy should be angled towards people’s interests. More specifically, the first priority of the new territorial policy should be given to the people’s quality of life rather than the prosperity of place itself. For this, creative mind as well as communicative attitude are required. We need effective communication among policy stake holders to minimize conflicts, and further creative policy to effectively respond the expected future mega-trends. Creativity and communication are the necessary and sufficient conditions for success of our new national territorial policy.
Some agendas are suggested as follow for future policy direction to build a creative national land: ① creation of Korean type of Better Life Index (BLI),
② creation of so-called smart urban infra-structure in order to upgrade the quality of existing SOC, ③ creation of new national territory in order to effectively
respond to global climate change, ④ creation of new territorial space playing as an international economic headquarter, ⑤ creation of new industrial region which can generate new jobs.
Furthermore following policy directions are suggested to make the new national land policy more communicative; ① enforced communication between the central government and local autonomies through decentralization, ② enforced communication with market economy(private sector) through privatization and deregulation, ③ enforced communication with multi-cultural class to increase social cohesion,
④ enforced communication with people through residents participation on land planning process,
⑤ enforced communication with North Korea for formation of the integrated national territory.
Hur Jaewan, Kim Dongju, Kim Myungsoo, Kang Mingyu & Park Jungho
Research Period: 2012. 11. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-20, 118pages
Future Prospect and Strategies for National Territorial Development(I)
미래 국토발전 장기전망과 실천전략 연구(I)
The Future Prospect and Strategies for National Territorial Development’ is three years project to provide prospects of national territorial development based on systematic and deep analysis on the conditions around the national territory and to propose action plans for the desirable and livable national territory.
The future we are discussing in this research means 2040, which is the time after one generation.
The purpose of research in the first year (2012) is
① to make a comprehensive summary and analysis on the changing condition of the future national territory, ② to define the concepts of the future national territorial development and derive the long- term prospect objects, ③ to construct a research methodology to offer prospects on national territorial development, ④ to apply the scenario-simulation methodology as a methodology to future prospect on the spatial structure of national territory in order to suggest implications for further studies.
The main results are as follows: First, national territory is prospected to change towards energy efficiency for low carbon growth, safe land use, use value, regeneration, demand responsive supply, multi- use function, knowledge-based creation, nature- oriented land use, hyper-connected, and aggravated regional inequality. Second, main objects of future prospect consist of residential behavior, travel behavior, spaces for leisure and consumption, and the spatial structure of the national territory. Third, the national territorial spatial structure is prospected as four future scenarios such as intensified centralization of the Seoul Capital Region Scenario, consolidated connection
among metropolitan areas Scenario, KTX corridor Scenario, and multi-regional dispersion Scenario by using two driving forces including hyper-connection and the job location.
The strategies for national territorial development are as follows: First, it is needed to develop a custom- made strategy to accommodate diverse land-use needs varying with age, income, social class, and nationality.
Second, the new strategy should be based on software, such as an emphasis on environment, history, and culture, competency of creativeness, entrepreneurship, high-quality human resources, and story-telling.
Third, infrastructure should be expanded to satisfy human basic needs, such as housing, medical care, education, leisure, shopping, well-being, health, long- life, and safety in the use of the national territory.
Fourth, it is needed to establishment “longevity”
strategies of national territory that can be ensured by regeneration than new development. Fifth, as the value of natural assets in the national territory increases and land use becomes more oriented to the pursuit of happiness and health, it is necessary to have new understanding and coping strategies for the national territory that undergoes deep decline and gets emptied of its sedentary population.
Lee Yongwoo, Kim Sunhee, Kim Donghan, Sohn Hakgi, Park Jungho, Lim Jiyoung &
Baik Seunghyun
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-53, 216pages
The Korean Cities of Culture as Regional Development Hub : A Review of the First-Phase Projects and Future Directions
지역거점 문화도시 조성사업의 추진실태 및 향후 과제
A lot of cities in the world put culture-based plans into action in order to regenerate depressed downtown areas and boost their economy. As expected, cultural resources are becoming major target as well as subject in Korean urban planning. In the same vein, the Korean government has been pushing forward with projects to make the five cities of culture as regional development hub since 2003. The results of these projects are just showing up with some problems.
In this context, this study aims to review the first- phase projects in the culture-based urban plans, to draw major limits or issues concerned, and to propose useful countermeasures or improvements for the policy progress in the future. Based on this work, it ultimately purposes to give the central and local governments to find their policy directions and proper strategies to apply to. The objects of this study are five city plans of culture: Gwangju, Busan, Gyeongju, Jeonju and Gongju/Buyeo. The main methods employed in this study are paper survey, field survey and interview with experts and public officials related to the Korean cities of culture.
The results show that the leading projects, carried forward during the first phase, have visible effects and these will be clear as time goes on. However, the central and local governments should prepare follow- up measures to activate the core cultural facilities so that they can achieve good performances or intended outcomes. On the basis of the results, it finally suggests 11 specific measures to improve the city plans of culture as follows: the establishment of related law or regulation;
the securement of financial resources; the flexibility of
plans; the building of evaluation or monitoring system;
the procedure rationality to select city of culture; the setting of clear directions and purposes to make the city of culture; the reorganization of roles between the central government and local governments; the guarantee of local stakeholders’ participation and the strengthening of self-supporting capability; the excavation of local owned cultural resources and the preparation of different strategies depending on their uniqueness; the networking of projects closely connected in the spatial and functional aspects; and the enhancement of connection with urban and regional development projects.
There are few studies that focus on the empirical analysis of the Korean cities of culture. It means that it is too early to evaluate economic and social effects of them, because it takes only a few years to be implemented. Even though it may have some limits to find out possible policy application, however, this attempt could provide useful suggestions to the central government and local governments seeking for the desirable directions and strategies of the policy for the second phase.
Lee Soonja & Chang Eungyo
Research Period: 2012. 1. 16~2012. 4. 15
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-1, 132pages
New Paradigm of Balanced National Development and Futures of National Territory
미래국토 개척과 신균형발전 전략
New paradigm of balanced national development is required to cope with changes of national territorial conditions and to further create better futures of national territory.
In Chapter 1, future images of national territory in accordance with the advent of stable growth era and changes of national territorial conditions are prospected. Policy direction of national territory and new strategies for futures of national territory including guidance to moderate development of national territory, selective concentration of land use, expansion of regional growth engine, decentralized regional development, and alleviation of regional disparity are suggested.
In Chapter 2, a cutting-edge development direction is proposed based upon various outcomes and limitations of the national development plan forwarded during the last forty years. To be specific, a new paradigm of national development plan against changes of national territorial conditions and policy is drawn through survey on experts and public officials. Seven major tasks including recent trends of foreign national territorial plan, action strategies, establishment and management of national territorial plan are also suggested.
Chapter 3 suggests a development centered on city regions as an alternative of spatial systems of territorial and regional policies in order to supplement or replace the 5+2 mega-economic region system.
As an policy alternative, we propose a legislation of Special Law on Fostering of City Regions and institutional reorganization plans so as to establish
a strategic development system of metropolitan region. Furthermore, we draw a building scheme of institutional basis in order to carry forward connected and cooperative projects simultaneously in various fields including SOC and industries.
Chapter 4 is based on the problem recognition that delay and rescindment of major national projects aimed at national balanced development and regional competitiveness improvement increase social and economic costs seriously as well as arouse mistrust and waste budget. In addition, we examine not only reasons of drift in major national projects targeted at national interests and regional development, but also government’s roles and future tasks so as to solve these problems. As a policy alternative, we offer a securement of affordability in local residents and people in promotion of national projects, an improvement in project selection, and a construction of monitoring and post evaluation systems.
In Chapter 5, we investigate new strategies for joint prosperity in Korean Peninsula taking advantage of comparative advantage of North and South Korea, and pursuiting future unification era through making full use of tendency of transborder as an opportunity.
As an alternative, we suggest, under the cooperation in Northeast Asia, establishment of cooperation in Northeast Asia, and North and South Korea as well as promote strategies for joint prosperity in Korean, Peninsula as core tasks under cooperation structure in Northeast Asia.
Kim Dongju, Lee Sangjun, Lee Yongwoo, Moon Jeongho, Lee Soonja, Nam Kichan, Park Jungho & Yi Gunmin
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-30, 124pages
Public Policies for Utilizing the Distinctive Resources of Islands: Features, Limits and Improvement Measures
국토품격과 삶의 질 제고를 위한 섬자원 활용방안 연구
The study aims to evaluate the value of islands’
resources in the change of political, economic and social situations, to analyse how to be preserved, used and exploited their resources on a policy level, and to propose some policy measures that must be considered or improved on the basis of the findings.
The main methods employed in this study to achieve research purposes are survey and case study. The survey is conducted with 192 experts group, which are composed of professors, researchers, public officials and persons in charge related to islands, and 70 residents on five islands in Jeolla Namdo Province. The former is surveyed by email and telephone, and the latter is done through face-to-face method. The case studies of five islands are also carried out in terms of sustainable development. The five islands studied are all moving forward projects with individual plan to use practically their tangible and intangible resources:
Ulleungdo(Dokdo), known as the island of health and national security; Yeondaedo, named the eco island;
Hongdo, had beautiful natural landscape; Daeijakdo, called the ecology village of grassy sandbank; and Jangsado, turned an uninhabited island into the camellia land. The results from the survey and the case study are described and analyzed in quantitative and qualitative ways.
From the main findings, the study proposes six institutional and operational policy measures to accomplish islands’ sustainable development through making use of their resources: ① the improvement of relevant laws in such a way to integrate various projects for which several ministries are responsible; ② the
establishment of a mid- to long-term strategy or plan for developing islands and their resources; ③ the development of model to measure how much islands’
capacity is; ④ the survey on islands’ resources and the creation of database which is based on the findings;
⑤ the preparation of system to consult, monitor and evaluate the projects to make use of islands’ resources;
and ⑥ the promotion of collaborative networks among local stakeholder and the strengthening of self-reliance capabilities in islands.
There are few studies that deal with the sustainable development of islands through using their unique resources from a comprehensive perspective. It means that it is not easy to classify the types of islands’
resources and generalize the findings from one time survey and five case studies. This study may have some limits to find out possible policy implications as well. Even so, the attempt here may be able to provide useful suggestions to public authorities seeking for the desirable models which are able to achieve islands’
sustainable development in the internal and external changes surrounding islands.
Lee Soonja, Chang Cheolsoon, Park Kyunghyun & Chang Eungyo
Research Period: 2012. 3. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-50, 213pages
The Status and Policy Agenda for the Elderly Migration
고령자 인구이동 실태 및 정책과제
This study aims to examine current status of the elderly migration and draws up national territorial and regional policy agenda in order to cope with Aging society in the future.
Due to the development of science and technology, extended life expectancy, low fertility, decrease of fertility and mortality leads to the aging of population.
Korea has already entered into aging society in 2000.
Aged society and super-aged society is expected in 2018 and 2026 respectively. Under this rapid aging circumstance, the elderly migration seems to be one of the major factors affecting the aging society in Korea in the overall level of happiness of the elderly population.
Moving in and out of the elderly population in a region results in a wide demographic changes.
The aging of the population affects to national territory in a variety of dimensions, such as society, economy, consumption of goods and services, leisure, and the passage. Demographic changes reduces the rate of economic growth, demand for new housing, and the overall development. Financial strength in province weakens due to the reduction of the revenue budget.
According to the elderly’s preference on independent life, various services that support health, welfare, and medical care will develop.
Elderly population show different migration patterns from the young since they experience retirement from work, loss of a spouse, diseases occurred from aging.
The rate of migration of the entire age group decreased from 19.9% in 1995 to 16.5% in 2010. In contrast, the rate of the elderly migration constantly increased from 3.7% in 1995 to 6.1% in 2010. This overall migration
rates show that the propensity of elderly migration may gradually increase in the future.
The most prominent reason why the elderly move in 2010 was housing (41.8%). Family (23.1%) was also important factor that affects the elderly migration as well as health (4.9%) and work (3.5%). The primary reason for migration of all ages was housing. Family and Health are relatively significant as opposed to the working age population. This shows that the reason for migration differ between the elderly and working age population.
In this research, we analyzed the determinants of the elderly and working age migration using spatial econometrics. Economic and housing factors were the primary determinants of both age groups. This result shows that housing factors are one of the most important determinants of the elderly migration as statistics of population movement (2010) indicated.
In conclusion, main policy implications of this study is as follows: Corresponding to active aging of the elderly, it is necessary to adopt new institutions in order to improve the quality of life after retirement.
Software-oriented medical and welfare services for the elderly are required to reduce the disparity of infrastructure among regions. Housing policies should be prepared to enhance quality of housing for the elderly in the future.
Min Seonghee & Park Jungho
Research Period: 2012. 6. 15~2012. 10. 15
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-8, 103pages
A Study on the 100 Major Inter-Korean Cooperation Issues Focusing on Spatial Development for the Korean Peninsula
북한 국토개발을 위한 남북협력 100대 과제와 추진방향
The purpose of this study is to suggest 100 major inter-Korean cooperation issues focusing on spatial development for the Korean peninsula. In this study, 100 major inter-Korean cooperation issues are introduced through analysis on macro-and micro aspects of spatial development in the Korean peninsula. 100 major inter-Korean cooperation issues are related with building territorial development plans, developing industrial parks, infrastructure, urban and rural development, housing, water resources and tourism. Selecting 100 issues is conducted through documents analysis, experts roundtable and e-mail surveys among experts on the North Korean economy.
In the early and mid-term, it is advised to expand North-South links, to repair transport and energy facilities in and around major ports. Energy and transportation sectors have priorities in the early and mid-term. In the long-term, area-wide transport and energy networks should be constructed.
If 100 major inter-Korean cooperation issues are implemented in the future, we can imagine more efficient and sustainable spatial structure of the Korean peninsula. In this study, integrated approach based on some programs is suggested to implement 100 major inter-Korean cooperation issues. For example, Nampo program, Shinuiju program, Rason program and Wonsan program could be introduced through spatial integration of 100 issues.
In this study, the policy directions and measures that should be taken by governments are presented. At first, we should conduct feasibility study before deciding major projects in inter-Korean cooperation. Second,
the South Korean government should concentrate its capacity on establishing the special organization which can introduce a grand plan for the Korean peninsula and support to implement 100 issues. Also, the organization should play an important role in building a framework of international cooperation in order to implement 100 issues.
Lee Sangjun, Kim Cheonkyu & Lee Backjin
Research Period: 2012. 5. 1~2012. 10. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-15, 213pages
A Study on the Application and Effectiveness of Development Projects Verification System
개발사업 검증제도(안)의 적용 및 실효성 조사 연구: 개발사업 검증 가이드라인(안) 작성을 중심으로
The purpose of this study is to diagnose issues through simulation of the guidelines, and present strategies to enhance effectiveness. This study applies guidelines on the urban development, industrial complex development, and tourism complex development projects.
As development projects and plans including new city (housing site development zone), industrial zone, tourism district and free economic zone are implemented without sufficient review on demand, the waste of national financial resources and poor- performing economic players are concerned, due to no development or delayed development to quite a level.
The Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs held a public hearing in April 2012 to prevent new poor projects by building a pre-verification system on development projects together with KRIHS.
The standard verification guidelines were to be devised to consolidate pre-verification on development projects through the standard verification guidelines in an effort to prevent the over-development issue in advance. However, as the amendment of the relevant law was delayed, the operation of the standard verification guidelines has become difficult. In this context, the need to devise and distribute development project verification guidelines (proposal) has been presented so that voluntary verification system can be operated upon implementation of development projects.
As a result of applying the guideline draft, there have been some critical limitations in applying the standardized guideline draft by project type.
Accordingly, we developed new guideline drafts for each project type in order to make former guideline to become more effective and project type-specific.
This study also applies enhanced guideline drafts to the same development projects as the second simulation of projects verification system. As a result of applying the guideline drafts again, there have been some major improvements of the verification system in terms of objectivity and concreteness. By applying the supplemented guidelines to the same development project, this study analyzes the change in the application result before and after application, and examines the enhancement degree of the guidelines’
effectiveness. The guidelines in this study has organized verification items and indicators to reflect characteristics by project type.
Now is the time that the development, adoption and diffusion of a scientific and rational pre-verification method are needed so that existing development project verification procedure can be supplemented, and thorough verification can be carried out. There is a need to induce thorough pre-verification by diffusing development project stakeholders with the guidelines that can be used for development projects in a standard mode even before the relevant system is established.
Suh Taesung, Ahn Hongki, Byeon Sehil & Park Jungho
Research Period: 2012. 6. 18~2012. 9. 17
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-5, 115pages
A Study on Global City-Regions in Korea(III)
글로벌 도시권 육성방안 연구(III): 도시권 정책의 실천전략
‘A Study on Global City-Regions in Korea’ is three- year research work on global city-region which lead into the balanced national development and global competitiveness of Korea. The third - year study in 2012 aims to introduce basic directions for the development of city-regions in Korea and to promote critical subjects such as cooperation, industry, transportation, regeneration, living service, environment and urban- rural relationship. And it also presents strategic systems for building the basic structure of city-regions like interlocal agreement, governance, law and finance.
This study has following several implications. First, critical subjects for activating cooperation among regions are more practical and comprehensive than existing cooperation subjects, because each existing cooperative project such as industry, transportation, regeneration were conducted independently among regions. Second, this study presents strategic systems for building the structure of city-regions; vitalizing interlocal agreement, establishing governance system, and formulating legal and financial basis for city- region.
Local governments should be a key part in the city- region system through building regional capacity and promoting inter-regional cooperation by performing the following roles: First, it is necessary for local governments to build local capacity and create the circumstances to cooperate among regions by using programs for initiating cooperation. Second, the set-up of city-region area is basically lead by local governments. Third, local governments should play cooperative roles in building city-region governance.
Fourth, local governments should support a budget to promote city-region policy. Fifth, local governments should set and carry forward the agenda for city- region.
The central government also should play a leading role in mediating differences of opinions between regions and support city-region policies systematically by performing the following roles:
First, the central government should provide the guide line to set up city-region area and to build city- region governance. Second, the central government should suggest customized action planning. Third, the central government should secure finances to promote city-region. Fourth, it is necessary to rebuild the legal basis for city-region. Fifth, there is an need for an institutional framework to activate interlocal agreement.
Based on strategies suggested in this study, it is expected that the city-region policy will be introduced to promote global competitiveness and to encourage balanced development of Korea.
Kim Dongju, Ju Mijin, Min Seonghee, Nam Kichan & Yoon Youngmo
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-32, 385pages
Win-Win Development Strategies for Urban and Rural Areas in the Population Low-Growth Era
인구저성장시대의 도·농 상생발전 전략 연구
This study is to provide win-win development strategies for non-capital urban and rural areas in an era of low population growth. In this sense, firstly, this study has observed characteristics of human interchange pattern between urban-rural and rural-rural areas, and secondly suggested the related strategies and action plans analyzed for win-win development in those areas.
The main result of this study is as follows: It is reported that a trend for migration between regions in Korea is reducing and population floating is relatively increasing while expects a decrease in population after 2030 due to slow population growth. The population floating shows that people living in small and middle- sized city commute from urban to surrounding rural in a day time. In addition, it also founded that there is a multi-regional interaction structure between visiting and staying rural areas by urban residents’ demands of rural activity and vice versa.
Based on the results of research, critical task is:
how to integrate demand of urban dwellers with specific rural to secure a certain level of demand and consistency, and how to efficiently provide public services to residents in depopulated rural areas to enhance their quality of life.
The win-win development strategies for urban and rural areas are as follows: Firstly, it is a strategy to directly connect urban demands with rural resources.
Secondly, comprehensive countermeasure strategy in supplying and using public services in rural areas is necessary. Thirdly, a multi-network formation strategy for interchange between urban and rural
areas and public service supply and utilization is necessary. Fourthly, a formation strategy on the basis of equality, reciprocity, supplementation, connection, and cooperation. Fifthly, it needs stepwise spread and deepen strategy. Sixthly, above all, it is important to implement a pilot project on the spot with utilizing various aforementioned strategies and measures, and through the implementation, some possible problems should be consistently fixed while successful cases, knowledge and experiences should be accumulated.
Kim Changhyun, Park Jongtaek, Byun Pillsung & Koo Hyeongsu
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-55, 287pages
● Case Study on the Cities of Health and Longevity in Korea 34
● Evaluation and Implementation Strategies for National Territorial
and Regional Development Policy 35
● Policy Directions for the Capital Region of Korea to Counterbalance the Relocation of the National Administrative Government Offices
and Public Agencies to the Non-Capital Regions 36
● Studies on Sustainable Regional Development Strategy 37
● A Study on the Diagnosis of Cities of Health and Longevity in the Era
of Wellbeing 38
● A Study on the Urban Industrial Location Policy for the Vitalization
of Regional Economy 39
2 Regional Research
Case Study on the Cities of Health and Longevity in Korea
한국의 건강장수도시 사례분석 연구
This study defined the cities of health and longevity as cities with healthy citizen. The purpose of this study is to introduce representative cities which have tried to build healthy city environments in Korea.
Beyond healthy communities with no morbidity, this study made efforts to cover several aspects including improvement of environmental conditions, possession of eco-friendly environment and its utilization for human health, participation in community activities, and supportive institutional systems. Especially, this study focused on the cities which have improved citizens’ health through reforming and upgrading built environmental conditions.
This study is based on the proposition of the statement that ‘your address can play an important role in how long you live and how healthy you are’.
Based on this statement, it approached five aspects of institutional support, eco-environment, built environment, human health, and civic participation.
This study selected six cases including Wonju in Gangwon, Changwon in Gyeongnam, Gangdong in Seoul, Jecheon in Chungbuk, Ulleung in Gyeongbuk, and Gwangyang in Jeonnam. The process of the study was to select a case, to review literatures, to analyze statistical data, to go on a field trip, to interview officials, and to draw implications.
The issues about creating cities of health and longevity is being actively discussed in urban planning. It’s time to discuss creating cities of health and longevity in response to growing aging society and improving quality of life. It can be used as a basic research to suggest guideline of policies in building
cities of health and longevity. It may offer insights into how to create built environment, to manage citizens’
demand in health, provide urban environmental policies.
It is necessary to pay attention to creating healthy communities. More cases are needed to excavate and introduce widely. This study contributes to better understanding the municipal efforts for creating healthy communities. It further provides useful insights into officials’ and planners’ role in promoting public health.
Kim Eunjung, Kim Taehwan, Choi Yeongkook, Kwon Youngsub, Cha Misook, Lim Youngtae & Kim Jaewook
Research Period: 2012. 6. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-45, 175pages
Research Period: 2012. 3. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-65, 276pages
Evaluation and Implementation Strategies for National Territorial and Regional Development Policy
국토 및 지역발전정책의 평가와 효율적 추진방안 연구
The objective of this study is to evaluate national territorial and regional development policies for the last 50 years, reform the spatial structure to be capable of regional specialization and interregional cooperation development, promote the competitiveness with legal and institutional reviews, and propose the improvement plan to promote efficiently the national territorial and regional development policy (NTRDP).
Delphi method and expert survey show the following results: The centralization of Capital region is very critical (4.5/5.0) and its control policies have failed (2.0/5.0). Not only being in harmony between balanced development and specialized development (49.8%) but also it is desirable that future NTRDP should be pushed forward with the objective of relieving the intra-and inter-regional disparity (22.8%).
It is preferable in the long term (41.6%) as well as in the next government (37.3%) that city-region should be centered around the spatial structure in NTRDP.
Therefore, it is important for the effective promotion of NTRDP to set up the city-region oriented spatial unit, to establish the legal and institutional foundation, to reform the budget system, and to strengthen the relationship between plan and fiscal policy.
To achieve this, firstly the guideline of city-region should be suggested by the central government but local governments need to set the flexible, autonomous, and rational ranges of city-region that could induce the regional specialization, reduce the regional disparity, and be promoted with the proper degree of regional development and maturity.
Secondly, the government should construct legal
and institutional footing, for example, the revision of the Special Act on Balanced National Development, Framework Act on the National Land, Local Government Act and so on.
Thirdly, the budget system should be revised in order to be enforced with relation to the law and plan.
In the long term, each 50% of the fund in NTRDP need to be distributed between administrative units and connected cooperation.
Fourthly, acquiring the driving force of NTRDP requires main agent which executes the role of connection, cooperation, and mediation. It is considered to consolidate its status that Presidential Committee on Regional Development could be restructured into “Regional Development Administration” or “Administrative Commission” or its duty could be transferred to Prime Minister’s Office.
Kwon Youngsub, Ha Soojung & Min Seonghee
Policy Directions for the Capital Region of Korea to Counterbalance the Relocation of the National Administrative Government Offices and Public Agencies to the Non-Capital Regions
행정·공공기관 지방이전에 따른 수도권 정책방향 전환 연구
This study discusses policy directions for the Korean Capital Region (hereafter, CR) to counterbalance the relocation of national administrative government offices and public agencies located across CR to the Non-Capital Regions (henceforth, NCRs), which has been proceeded since 2012 in accordance with the construction plans of both Sejong-City and Innovative-Cities within NCRs. Our research has the following five main components.
The first part examines ongoing progress of the large-scale relocation projects. The examination uses the plans and schemes the Korean National Government has made public since 2003.
Second, we discuss the sites that national administrative government offices and public agencies (hereafter, NAGOs & PAs) located within CR currently use and they will have to sell in order to facilitate their relocation to NCRs. Particularly, the discussion concerns what uses the existing sites of NAGOs & PAs should be put to in the future, including disposal of the sites.
Third, the study analyzes the impacts that the relocation projects will have on the spatial structure of the Korean National Territory. Especially, our analysis focuses on potential changes in spatial flows over the national territory, such as population migration, commuting to works/schools, and business trips.
The fourth portion of our research investigates the recent policies, plans, or projects undertaken in Japan, France, and United Kingdom, which are likely to function as references to the Korean National Government’s policy for CR. Such actions of the
Japanese, French, and British national government are closely related to Tokyo Metropolitan Region, Ile-de-France, and London & surrounding regions, respectively. Importantly, we seek to secure the policy implications of the actions for the Korean context, given the ongoing relocation of NAGOs & PAs outside CR.
The concluding part of this work mainly presents the policy directions for CR, in order to counteract the issues that the relocation of NAGOs & PAs outside CR will potentially generate, and to improve competitiveness of the region. Such directions are as follows: ① planned and organized use of the NAGOs’
& PAs’ existing sites, in harmony with the development of surrounding areas as well as within the framework of the CR policy, ② step-by-step shifts in the goals, contents, implementation tools of the policy, in accordance with the relocation of NAGOs & PAs and the resulting stabilization of population migration into CR, and ③ future-oriented switch to a sort of mega- region policy that can effectively deals with potential outward extension of CR due to the intensification of commuting/business-trip linkages between the region and Chungcheong provinces, where Sejong-Daejeon- Cheongju metropolitan region will likely emerge after the relocation of major NAGOs & PAs to Sejong City.
Kim Gwangik, Suh Taesung, Kim Taehwan, Byun Pillsung & Yoon Youngmo
Research Period: 2012. 1. 1~2012. 12. 31
Report Description: KRIHS Research Report 2012-31, 222pages
