K orea Resear ch In stit ut e for V ocat ion al E du cat ion & T r ainin g
Res ear ch er - in - Ch ar g e : T a e - H w a Ju n g Res ear ch S t aff : By un g - Ju n Yi
A . P u rpo s e of S t u dy
S ch ool - B a sed En t erpris e (S BE ) is defin ed in t his stu dy a s an y sch ool- sp on sored activ it ies t h at en g ag e a g roup of st u den t s in pr odu cin g g ood s an d serv ices a s part of t h eir sch ool progr am s . Both in dev elop ed an d dev elopin g cou nt ries , th e oper at ion of S BE s for edu cation al purp ose s h a s b een r elativ ely frequ en t in con n ection w it h v ocation al sch oolin g . S t u dies h av e prov ed t h at S BE s w ou ld pr odu ce v ariou s b en efit s in addit ion t o edu cat ion al out com e s . S om e of t h em , h ow ev er , h av e p oint ed ou t t h at it w ou ld n ot b e ea sy t o ru n b ot h a bu sin es s an d academ ic cour ses in s ch ool env ir on m ent .
T h e purpose of th is stu dy is t o in v est ig at e cu rr en t st atu s of S BE s in v ocat ion al colleg es an d t h er eby t o dev elop v ariou s m ea su r es t h at facilit at e t h e op er at ion of S BE s of v ocation al colleg es in K or ea .
B . M e th o d s an d P ro c e du re
T h e st u dy adopt ed sev eral r es ear ch m eth od s . Rev iew of t h e r elat ed lit er atu r es focu sed on philosophical an d t h eor etical b a ck gr oun ds of S BE s . Int erv iew s w it h pr ofes sor s an d adm in ist r at iv e st aff inv olv ed w it h th e S BE s in v ocat ion al colleg e s w er e h eld in or der t o in v estig at e t h e curr en t st at u s . S t ru ct ur ed qu est ion it em s w er e dev elop ed an d u sed for th e in t erv iew . Re sult s of int erv iew s w ere su pplem en t ed by w ritt en m at erials pr ov ided by each colleg e.
A serie s of con fer en ce s w er e h eld w ith th e aut h orit ies fr om g ov ern m ent office, v ocat ion al edu cat or s , pr ofes sor s in v ocation al colleg es w it h a v iew t o dev elopin g m ea sur es t h at facilit at e t h e operation of S BE s . F in ally a sem in ar w a s h eld t o pre sen t out com e s of t h e stu dy an d discu s s t h e dev elopm en t direction s an d fea sibility of m ea sur es .
C . M ajor F in din g s
1. P hilos ophical an d t h eor et ical b ack g r ou n d s of S BE
T h e idea of S BE orig in at ed fr om pr odu ct iv e edu cat ion . M ain idea of pr odu ct iv e edu cation w a s t o g en er at e r ev enu es by sellin g g ood s pr odu ced by st u den t s t o offs et t h e cost s in cu rr ed fr om run nin g a sch ool.
P r odu ction edu cat ion w a s a th eory th at w a s m or e ak in t o t h e edu cation of S part a t h an t o t h at of A t h en s . E arlier pr op on ent s w er e J ohn Lock e, Rob ert Ow en , J ean J acqu e s R ou s seau , an d J oh ann H ein rich P est alozzi.
T h ey adv ocat ed a edu cat ion al th eory focu sin g on com binin g edu cation w it h produ ct ion at sch ools .
John Dew ey is t h e m ain edu cat ion al th eorist in A m erica w h o r ealized an d support ed t h e v alu e of com bin in g pr odu ctiv e a ctiv ities w it h
t h eoretical learn in g a s an edu cat ion al sy st em . H e describ ed th e obj ectiv e of pr odu ctiv e edu cation a s en ab lin g stu dent s t o pick u p t h e th r ead of life in h is com m u nit y by giv in g him an u n der st an din g of t h e elem en t s of t h e occup ation s t h at su pply m an ' s daily n eed s .
P r odu ct iv e edu cation h a s play ed a m aj or r ole in t h e edu cat ion al t hin kin g of W est ern pedag og u e s a s w ell a s of th os e in th e t hir d w orld n ation s . It offer s th e th eor et ical b ack gr oun ds of S BE in recent y ear s .
2. Im plicat ion of ca s es of ot h er coun t ries
Qu it e a few cou nt ries ov er t h e w orld ar e adopt in g S BE s a s on e of ' w ork - b a sed pr og r am ,' n ot on ly a s an efficien t m et h od t o t ea ch kn ow ledg e an d skills r equired on th e j ob , but als o t o giv e st u den t s pr act ice in real w ork for a edu cat ion al purp ose .
In dev eloped coun tries su ch a s U S A an d Un it ed Kin g dom , S BE s ar e n orm ally con sidered appr opriat e if t h e edu cat ion al b en efit s t o stu dent s com b in ed w ith t h e b en efit s t o ot h er people ar e w orth an d if it is m erely n ot a pr ofit - seekin g b u sin e s s . On t h e oth er h an d, S BE s in dev elopin g coun tries su ch a s Ch in a sh ow a differ en t t en den cy . Cost r ecov ery t en d s t o b e a im p ort ant obj ect iv e for S BE s in t his cou nt ry w h er e r es ou r ces scarcit y is m ore pr es sin g .
Y et an ot h er v er sion of S BE h a s dev elop ed in Den m ark ' s pr odu ction high s ch ools . T h ey s erv e un em ploy ed y oun g people w h o h av e com plet ed com pulsory sch oolin g w it h out obt ain in g v ocat ion al qu alification . T h ey com b in e in st ru ction in a cadem ic an d v ocat ion al subj ect s w ith pr odu ct ion of g ood s an d s erv ices .
Ca ses of oth er coun tries im ply t h at S BE s cou ld seek v ariou s purp ose s an d could b e oper at ed n ot only form al bu t n on - form al v ocation al s ch ools or in st itu tion s
3. P os sible b en efit s of S BE s
Resu lt s of t h e st u dy r ev ealed t h at S BE s cou ld pr odu ce v ariou s b en efit s a s v ocat ion al progr am s . F ir st of all, S BE s can produ ce edu cat ion al b en efit s . S BE s pr ov ide stu dent s w it h opport u nities t o apply th eir cla s sr oom - b a s ed k n ow ledg e of academ ic subj ect s t o r eal w orld pr oblem s w hile t h ey ar e part icipat in g v ariou s pr odu ct iv e act iv it ie s . S BE s also h elp st u den t s t o dev elop g en eric w ork skills in clu din g j ob re spon sibilities , com m on cou rt esy , w ork et hics , com m un ication skills , leader ship abilit y an d in t erp er son al skills . In addit ion t o g en eric w ork skills , st u dent s in S BE s a cquire kn ow ledg e an d sk ills for w hich th ey can u se for b ett er un der st an din g of t h e w orld of w ork . T h ey can also obt ain m or e an d b et t er opport u nity t o g et a j ob t h an s om eon e w h o h a s n o S BE ex perien ce .
In addit ion t o t h eir edu cation al a dv ant ag e s , S BE s als o pr ov ide econ om ic b en efit s . By op er at in g S BE s , a colleg e m ay b e able t o pr odu ce pr ofit s an d r ecov er t h e cost of m at erials an d ot h er op er at in g cost s of t h e colleg e. T h ey can also su b sidize cu st om er s or clien t s by offerin g g oods or s erv ice s at les s t h an m ark et price s . F in ally T h ey can prom ot e econ om ic dev elopm ent of th e local com m un it y . T h ey are able t o stim ulat e capit al accu m ulat ion an d creat e n ew bu sin es s v ent u re s in t h e local com m u nity .
S BE s can also pr odu ce social b en efit s . S BE s h eig ht en a con cern am on g stu dent s for th e qu alit y of g ood s or s erv ice s th ey ar e pr odu cin g , an d in cr ea s e int er est am on g st u den t s in com m un it y s erv ice. Ex p erien ces t hr ou gh a S BE als o offer s st u den t s a sen se of pride , sat isfaction , an d plea su r e of pr odu cin g g oods an d serv ices for t h e com m u nity .
4. Diffficulties in run nin g S BE s
A com m on pr ob lem in S BE s in v ocat ion al colleg es is th e ab sen ce of a r eady - m a de curricu lu m or t ex t for ea ch pr ogr am . N o on e h a s y et dev eloped cu rricu lu m for S BE pr ogr am . B esides , S BE s are t acklin g w it h pr oblem s su ch a s decidin g w h at g ood s or serv ices t o pr odu ce, av oidin g com p et it ion w it h local su pplier s , s ett in g appr opriat e prices , hirin g qu alified st aff, an d recruitin g st u dent s .
S triv in g t o su st ain st u den t s ' com m it m ent is an ot h er difficulty , b ecau se st u den t s ar e y ou n g an d h av e sh ort er at t en t ion sp an s an d les s ability t o defer g r atificat ion t h an adult s on av er ag e .
D . R e c om m e n dati on s
A s et of recom m en dat ion s are su g g est ed t o facilit at e th e oper at ion of S BE s .
F ir st of all, edu cation al par adig m in v ocat ion al colleg es n eeds t o b e ch an g ed fr om t h eory - b a sed t o w ork - b a s ed. P rin ciple s of v ocation al edu cation in v ocation al colleg es n eed s t o em ph a size learnin g by doin g or learnin g by pr odu cin g . R ecogn izin g th e im port an ce of learn in g th r ou gh w ork does n ot de - em ph a size th e v alu e of tr adit ion al su bj ect s , if th e obj ect iv e is for st u den t s t o un der st an d t h e se subj ect s in r eal sit u at ion an d liv in g con t ex t .
Gov ern m ent sh ould pr ov ide law ful prov ision s t o gu ide S BE s in v ocat ion al colleg e s t ow ard s eekin g of edu cat ion al purposes , n ot m er ely op er at in g for pr ofit - m ak in g . T h ou g h fin an cial con dit ion s of v ocat ion al colleg es in r ecen t y ear s h av e faced m an y difficu lt ies , S BE s sh ould n ot b e op er at ed a s an alt ern at iv e t o pr ofit - m akin g .
P ut t in g t h e S BE philosophy int o m or e w idespr ead pr act ice in v ocation al colleg es n eed s an inv e st m ent in dev elopin g curriculum . T h e b est w ay t o b e con sider ed is t o art iculat e t h e out com e s of learn in g t hr ou g h a S BE an d r eflect t h em ont o curriculum s of t h e dep artm en t w hich play s a m aj or
r ole in operatin g th e S BE .
Oper at in g a S BE r equir es adm in istr at iv e flex ib ilit y . A ccor din g ly , special cla s s s ch edule arr an g em en t s an d/ or cr edit arr an g em en t s for stu dent s part icipatin g in a S BE are n eces s ary . A lso, special edu cation accou nt s m u st b e est ablish ed for S BE tr an saction s an d som e fun d s h av e t o b e carried for w ar d fr om on e fis cal y ear t o t h e n ex t .
F in ally on g oin g ev alu at ion is n eeded . M ea su rin g actu al out com es w ill h elp en h an ce t h e effectiv en es s of each S BE .