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G l o b a l D e v e l o p m e n t P a r t n e r s h i p C e n t e r
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lobal Development Partnership Center (GDPC) of Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS) was established on December 30, 2010. The Center’s objective is to fulfill the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and con- tribute to a balanced global develop- ment. By implementing development agendas for developing countries and promoting official development assis- tance (ODA), the GDPC will continue to work for the improvement of human settlements and economic develop- ment in developing countries.P
lanning and Policy Report is a publication of the GDPC which intends to share the knowledge and lat- est information on human settlement issues. The Report, in particular, con- tains the major issues in national territo- rial and regional development of devel- oping countries, which may provide valuable insights on sustainable and balanced development of human set- tlements.Planning & Policy Repor t 2012 V ol. 04
2012 Vol. 04
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orea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS)is a non-prof- it, government-funded research insti- tute, established in 1978, for the objec- tive of undertaking comprehensive research activities regarding the effi- cient use, development, and conserva- tion of the nation’s territorial resources, to contribute to a balanced territorial development and the quality of lives.KRIHS specializes in the areas of nat- ional territorial planning, housing and land use policies, transportation sys- tem, urban and regional development, environment, infrastructure, and geo- graphic information system (GIS).
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G l o b a l D e v e l o p m e n t P a r t n e r s h i p C e n t e r
2012 Vol. 04
P lanning
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Planning & Policy Report
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Acknowledgements
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Acknowledgements
ince the establishm ent of the Global Developm ent Partnership Center (GDPC) at Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements on December 30, 2010, the Center has performed diverse activities to support Korea’s policies regarding official development assistance (ODA). The GDPC has firmly established itself as a competent Center that provides educational training for government officials of developing countries, consulting and policy advisory program s, and various publications to share Korea’s knowledge and experiences in the field of national territorial and regional development, on the basis of KRIHS’s extensive experience of 34 years in the field.
Among the GDPC’s publications, the Planning & Policy Report provides information and shares knowledge on the planning and policy issues of developing countries. This Report is distributed to num erous international organizations, government agencies around the globe, and dom estic experts in the field. The Report could be used as a helpful tool in seeking policy alternatives, by taking into account the planning and policy issues and related im plications of other countries.
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& Policy Course, held from April 23 to June 1, 2012. Through the lectures, m eetings with one’s advisor, site visits, field trips, and experience of Korean culture, the officials could design and develop their reports. The reports include the recent trends, history, policy suggestions, and others regarding the author’s specific topic and country.
We deeply appreciate the authors’ dedicated, thorough, and insightful reports. We would also like to thank the advisors who fully supported the authors throughout the report writing process with their advice and expertise.
Thank you for your continued interest and support for the GDPC and KRIHS. W e look forward to your sustained cooperation and partnership to come.
Park Yangho President Korea Research Institute for Hum an Settlem ents
June 2012
Contents
Ⅰ_ Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
Ms. Nino Gventsadze
Head of the Unit of the Preparation of Conditions for Land Plot Use, Urban Planning Division, Architecture Department, Tbilisi City Hall, Georgia
Ⅱ_ An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
Mr. Dodi Nurdian
Expert Staff at the Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS), Indonesia
Ⅲ_ The General Scheme of the Organization of Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Learning from Korean Experiences
Ms. Ainar Ospanova
Expert at the Architecture, Town-Planning and Estimate Division, Agency for Construction, Housing and Utilities, Kazakhstan
Ⅳ_ Public Administration System of City Planning in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Mr. Turebek Saurbayevich Zhuntyrbayev
Director of the Administrative and Legal Department;
Agency for Construction, Housing and Utilities, Kazakhstan
Ⅴ_ Economic Growth Strategy Transformed Through a Spatial Data Infrastructure
Ms. Gongor Uranbaigal
Urban Planning Database Specialist at the Urban Planning Department, Urban Planning and Design Institute at City Municipality, Mongolia
006
024
042
056
070
Ⅵ _ The Strategy of National Geographic Information System in Korea:
Implications for Mongolia Mr. Bayarjargal Ganbayar
Head of Cadastral Division; Administration of Land Affairs, Construction, Geodesy and Cartography, Ministry of Road, Transportation, Construction and Urban Development, Mongolia
Ⅶ _ Strategy on the Development of Nepal’s Strategic Road Network Mr. Bhubneshwar Prasad Deo
Senior Divisional Engineer at the Department of Roads, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Nepal
Ⅷ _ Rural Road Development Strategy in Nepal Mr. Tara Prasad Pandey
Under Secretary at the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Nepal
Ⅸ _ Research on Urban Renewal Policy Mr. Nguyen Minh Duc
Expert at Urban Development Agency, Ministry of Construction, Vietnam
Ⅹ_ The Reality and Solution for the Urban Transport System in Hanoi Mr. Vu Hung Viet
Head Architect of Planning Project, Vietnam Institute of Architecture, Urban and Rural Planning (VIAP)
082
098
114
128
140
Georgia
Contents
Abstract 8
1. Introduction 9
2. Background Information 9
3. Suggestions 11
4. The Experiences of Foreign Countries 14
5. Conclusion and Recommendations 20
References 22
Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
Ms. Nino Gventsadze
Head of the Unit of the Preparation of Conditions for Land Plot Use, Urban Planning Division, Architecture Department, Tbilisi City Hall
Ⅰ
Georgia
8
G
Abstract
eorgia’s Capital, Tbilisi, has a population of over 1.5 million people, having an area of 200km2, of which the built up area consists of alm ost 70km2. The city has dozens of rivers, which are a vital part of the urban and natural heritage. In an era of urban growth, it is important to develop an effective long-term river protection plan, since river restoration can transform urban landscapes. Over the centuries, many rivers have degraded due to pollution and the impact of development, that some are encased in concrete or even buried underground. River restoration offers an opportunity to return to a m ore sustainable approach to managing urban rivers. The quality of our urban rivers should be used as an important yardstick in measuring our progress towards becoming a sustainable city. In m any areas, it is now possible to m anage flood risk and restore rivers to a more natural form. The National Environmental Agency and its partners strongly believe that incorporating river restoration into regeneration schem es can promote a m ore environmentally sound approach to the developm ent of sustainable communities. The drive for urban regeneration and renewal is gathering pace and political com m itment and financial assistance are now supported from the Tbilisi City Governm ent. By returning our rivers to their rightful place, we can bring them back to the heart of our urban fabric and make a huge contribution to improving the quality of city life for people and wildlife. During the past centuries, many of Tbilisi’s rivers were channelized. Channelization also leads to a gradual loss and degradation of natural habitats. When these corridors are lost, the wildlife in the surrounding areas is also adversely affected. Urban rivers can become sterile channels of little ecological or social value with high long-term m aintenance costs.
Keywords: Tbilisi, City Government, River Habitat, Urban Growth, The National Environmental Agency
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
9 Figure 1_The Tbilisi City Rivers
Source: UNEP/GRID-Tbilisi, 1999
Figure 2_The City Boundaries Fixed in 2006–2007
Source: Tbilisi City Hall
1. Introduction
W ater resources are one of the m ain factors of the form ation of the hum an settlement system, namely villages, towns, and cities. Water can stimulate or, on the contrary, restrict the developm ent of settlem ents. Tbilisi is not excluded from this aspect. The legend about the foun- dation of Tbilisi is related to water, the hot sulfur springs, to be specific.
The topography of Tbilisi is complex and its diversity em erges from its geomor- phologic structure. Along with the peculiar- ities of the landscape, the hydrographic network has played the great role in the development and formation of Tbilisi. The m ain water artery, which is at the sam e tim e the natural element of the city planning, is the Mtkvari River. From the day the city was founded until now, the river has determined the structure of the city’s architectural-compositional center. This river and its tributaries have conditioned the axial, lineal layout of the capital city.
Along with intensified urbanization and growth of the population, the city boundaries
have changed their configuration for years, the city area has extended, and the number of hydrographic network objects within it has increased (Figure 1).
The city boundaries fixed in 2006~2007 (Figure 2) encompasses those holiday villages as well, which previously were the villages and settlements adjacent to Tbilisi (e.g., Tskneti, Kiketi, Kojori, Shindisi, Tsav- kisi, and so on). After those areas were included in the administrative boundaries of the capital city, the legal regim e and planning methods of Tbilisi have extended to them as well. The ongoing accelerated urban expansion has created a threat of replacing the use of water for organic environm ent with its industrial utilization.
However, a certain experience enables us to prevent the undesirable results on those territories within the established site of developm ent.
2. Background Information
The Mtkvari River and its tributaries are one of the m ain com ponents of the Tbilisi
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10
Figure 3_Tbilisi M ap of 1735
Source: Tbilisi History Archives
Figure 4_Exam ple of River Contam ination depression. One of the main factors deter- m ining the inhabited areas of Tbilisi is, of course, its hydrographic network. Urban areas that had generated around it have always had a pragm atic and exploitative attitude to water, although such attitude required dialogue with water as well. Use of river water for drinking, food, and hygien- ic purposes implied the preservation of its ecological properties. The pragm atism
towards the water within the city boun- daries manifested in the transformation of rivers into wastewater and sewerage col- lectors. The ravines (the number of which is clearly seen on the Tbilisi map of 1735 created by Vakhushti Batonishvili (Figure 3)) were overlapped, a certain part of the m ain rivers Mtkvari and Vere has been cofferdam m ed and turned into the m ain sewage collector, though they still pre- serve the function of a powerful compo- nent in the recreation system.
The personal survey and express polls held with local inhabitants are enough proof that Tbilisi sm all rivers are in a very bad condition. The population pays no attention to the aesthetical, recreational, and hygienic value of the river that is even near their personal households. The rivers used as dumps are so polluted with waste that the attitude of the population towards sm all rivers can be regarded as aggressive.
However, the basis of such attitude can be found in the common treatment of the nature and rivers. Business enterprises dis- charge chemical waste in the rivers, thus endangering the vital function of the river and its aesthetical value. As a result, the
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
11 Figure 5_Houses Built on Coastal Areas
Figure 6_River Leghvtakhevi
color of the water has drastically changed and foam has formed on its surface, while the adjacent territories are characterized by unpleasant odor (Figure 4). As a result, the residents living nearby do not perceive the rivers as the object of natural beauty but rather treat them as a puddle and a place where reptiles nest themselves. The residents are also very anxious about the proxim ity of the contam inated river; the m ajority of them do not even know the nam e of the river, even those people whose household yard or fence is near the river itself. They angrily answer our questions, “I don’t know the name of this river and do not care about it.”
Another conflict situation regarding rivers
is illegal construction. People build their houses directly near the rivers or on them, ignoring all rules and regulations. As a re- sult, the Tbilisi city faces a big problem of houses built on coastal areas (Figure 5).
3. Suggestions
Some studies have been carried out and interesting articles have been written about the Tbilisi hydrographic network and its small rivers. In addition to theoretical stu- dies, several architectural projects have been developed and implemented, of which some projects are in process of develop- ment and some have been implemented.
One interesting exam ple is the dev-
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12
Cate- gory
Loca- tion
Leng- th
Fall Between
Spots Tribu-
taries Joins Space- Planning Conditions
Safe Line
Seasonal Prevalence
Pollution, Level of Pollution
Water Chara- cteristics
Indstrial Use
Table 1_Passport with M orphom etric Param eters elopment and implementation of the re-
construction and rehabilitation project of the small river Leghvtakhevi (Figure 6), which is located in the historical area of Tbilisi. The main goal and concept of this program is to make this unique environment an integral part of the Old City. What is very important is the assignment of a recreational feature to this area and the arrangement of resting places and small bridges over the river, facilitating access to the lower waterfall and view of houses hanging over the rock from the ravine. All this will allow the Tbilisi residents and visitors to have a rest in the unique climatic conditions in the central area without leaving the city, and to view those design details which have been preserved (i.e., the remains of ceramic water pipes, brick and stone walls and so on).
In the process of improving the ecolo- gical situation of small rivers, the key fac- ilities will form an ecological thinking in the population and change their attitude to- wards the rivers.
In this respect, first of all, this problem shall be realized by the representatives of the public authorities which shall play the role of a conductor of changes in the pop- ulation’s awareness.
3.1 Methodology
For this research, the following methods were used or will be used: documentary (office) research, graphical and analytical method, expeditions, sociological research (interviews), and examination of various lit- erature sources including the Internet. The research has been conducted only partly;
therefore, more procedures will follow.
In the frame of sociological research, a structured questionnaire for the quantit- ative sociological research shall be dev- eloped according to focus groups. Various types of respondents will be polled, includ- ing both specialists and urban planners as well as ordinary residents. The research outcomes will be recorded in the geogra- phic inform ation system (GIS).
3.2 Passports
In order to explore sm all rivers as m uch as possible, passports will be prepared for each of them. Passport should include the following characteristics: name, location, length, fall between spots, tributaries, jun- ction points, space-planning conditions (e.g., recreation) safe line, debit, seasonal prevalence, pollution and level of pollution, water characteristics (e.g., potable and
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
13 technical) and its industrial use (e.g., fac-
tories, mills, water architecture, etc).
3.3 Change of the Population’s Attitude
The improvement of the poor present state of the Tbilisi hydrographic network is im- peded by a lack of information and aware- ness. One of the main ways to improve the situation is to change the public men- tality. If the population is not able to per- ceive and analyze this problem, and if the ecological thinking am ong them is not created and the public fails to treat water with more responsibility, this problem will remain unsolved for many years. The pop- ulation shall be interested in this prob- lem and take part in its solution in order to evaluate the ecological and recreation im portance of water. The level of public awareness of this issue shall increase through the dissemination of information via television, radio broadcasting, the press, the Internet, and other m edia.
3.4 Monitoring
According to Georgia’s Ministry of Environment Protection, water quality monitoring is not conducted for small rivers and water sources in Tbilisi, other than the Mtkvari River.
The 10-year monitoring has shown that the pollution of Mtkvari River sometimes exceeds both Georgian and the European Union’s (EU) maximum admissible norms.
The reason of this is the direct discharge of waste and sewage water in the river and the poor sewage system and purification
plants. The monitoring shall be carried out for other small rivers in the city as well.
3.5 Legislative Base
Although the present legislative base is not lacking the laws related to water, those laws and regulatory acts shall become more clarified and more tightened in case of necessity, from which the desirable result will be attained through the combination with the above-listed arrangements, oper- ating in parallel regim e.
3.6 General Layout of Tbilisi
The above-mentioned issues are considered, to some extent, in the long-term develop- ment plan of Tbilisi both in text and drawings (Figure 7). However, it is still necessary to describe the ways of resolution for this problem in detail and chart the activities in the future.
Namely, the drawings shall show the protection zone of all the rivers. In the frame of developm ent, the control plan shall determine the solution of further construction and recreation development of the adja- cent territories.
3.7 Indicators
The state of small rivers shall be reflected in the urban indicators. The system of indicators shall include the following:
∙ River protection areas
∙ Im provem ent of adjacent territories provided by the master plans
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14
Figure 7_Tbilisi City M aster Plan
Source: Tbilisi City Hall
∙ Dumps
∙ W aste water discharge
∙ State of habitats (flora, fauna)
4. The Experiences of Foreign Countries
In view of the aggravating urban problems, the developed countries are aware of the ecological, artistic, and aesthetical values of the hydrographic network in the urban environm ent; thus, dem onstrating the cultural maturity of their population. Unfor- tunately, the m ajority of population in Georgia cannot realize the ecological and city-planning values of the hydrographic network within the city, including under- ground rivers, and the necessity of their rehabilitation.
As there is no effective practice of set- tling the problems related to small rivers in Georgia, we shall study the international experience and apply foreign approaches and practices for the regulation of current processes. Those approaches and practices shall be customized to the situation of Georgia and implem ented properly. The following are examples of overseas coun- tries regarding river restoration and related practices.
4.1 London, United Kingdom
O ne of the best exam ples of sm all river p ro jects is the o ne o f Lo nd o n. U p to 15 sm all rivers in London have vanished due to past developm ent projects. The resto ratio n and rehab ilitatio n o f tho se
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
15
Think about restoring a river
Gather baseline data
Set objectives
Design the project
Install the project
Monitor the project
Appraise the project
Maintain the project
Share your experiences of river restoration
Table 2_The Stages of River Restoration Project in London
Source: Adapted from Skinner & Bruce-Burgess, 2005
rivers is in p ro g ress and the m ain p art of the work has been completed (Figures 8 and 9 ).
4.2 Seoul, Korea
It is very interesting to view the examples of Seoul as well. Seoul’s river restoration becam e a m odel for many cities around the globe.
Cheonggyecheon
The Cheonggyecheon is an 8.4 km (5.2 m iles) long, m odern public recreation space in downtown Seoul (Figure 11). The massive urban renewal project was carried out on the site of a stream that flowed before the rapid post-war economic dev- elopment which required it to be covered by transportation infrastructure. After its re-opening, Cheonggyecheon has be- come a popular spot among city residents
and tourists. The stream was covered (Figure 12) up with concrete over a 20-year period starting in 1958, and a 5.6 km-long, 16m -wide elevated highway was com - pleted in 1976. The area became an exam- ple of successful industrialization and m odernization of South Korea.
In July 2003, then-Seoul Mayor and present President of the Republic of Korea, Lee Myung-bak, initiated a project to remove the elevated highway and restore the stream. It was a major undertaking as not only did the highway have to be removed, but as years of neglect and dev- elopment had left the stream nearly totally dry, 120,000 tons of water were to be pumped daily from the Han River and its tributaries, and groundwater from subway stations. At that time, safety problems also occurred due to the deteriorated concrete construction. Despite these challenges, the restoration of Cheonggyecheon was deemed important as it fit in with the move- ment to re-introduce nature to the city and promote a more eco-friendly urban design.
Other goals of the project were to restore the history and culture of the region, which had been lost for 30 years, and to revitalize the econom y of the m etropolis, Seoul.
The Seoul Metropolitan Government established several organizations to over- see the successful restoration of the Cheonggyecheon: The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project.
Headquarters for the control of the whole project, the Citizen’s Committee for the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project for the m anagem ent of conflict between
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The River in 1999, Before Work Began Restored River Channel, 2005 Figure 8_The River Brent Park Project W em bley, North W est London
Source: Adapted from Skinner & Bruce-Burgess, 2005
An Unappealing Drain, 2004 An Emerging River, 2005 Figure 9_Yeading Brook Ruislip, London
Source: Adapted from Skinner & Bruce-Burgess, 2005
the Seoul Metropolitan Governm ent and the merchant union, and the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Research Corps for the estab- lishment and review of the restoration plan were established. Based on the research of the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Research Corps, the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project Headquarters established traffic flow measures and coordinated changes in the downtown traffic system in the downtown section affected by the restoration work, in order to address the traffic problem.
The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Pro- ject had the purpose of preserving the
unique identity of the natural environment and historic resources of Seoul, and also of reinforcing the surrounding business area with information technology, international affairs, and digital industries.
The stream was open to the public in September 2005 and lauded as a major success in urban renewal and beautification.
The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project took two years to complete. The urban renewal project was the catalyst of revital- ization in downtown Seoul. Cheonggyecheon became a centre for cultural and economic activities (Figure 13).
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
17
Daedongcheon
Hwaggecheon
Godeokcheon
Seongnaecheon
Banpocheon Daebangcheon
Boncheoncheon Sadangcheon Any
angche on
Yanjaecheon Tancheon Cheonggyecheon
Hongjaecheon Hyangdongcheon
Walgo kch
eon Wuic
heon Mokdongcheon
Joo ngra
ngch eon
Seongbukcheon Daedongcheon
Hwaggecheon
Godeokcheon
Seongnaecheon
Banpocheon Daebangcheon
Boncheoncheon Sadangcheon Any
angche on
Yanjaecheon Tancheon Cheonggyecheon
Hongjaecheon Hyangdongcheon
Walgo kch
eon Wuic
heon Mokdongcheon
Joo ngra
ngch eon
Seongbukcheon
Figure 10_Han River and Its Tributaries
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government
The Cheonggyecheon restoration work also brought balance to the areas both south and north of the stream. During the modernization era, downtown Seoul was divided into two parts, the north and the south. The restoration helped join these two parts in order to create a new urban structure connecting the cultural and envir- onm ental resources in the northern and southern areas of the stream, resulting in a balanced and sustainable development of northern and southern areas of the Han River.
Budgeted at 349 billion won, the final cost of the project was over 386 billion won (approximately 281 million USD). Some Kor- ean environmental organizations have cri- ticized the project for its high costs and lacking ecological and historical authenti-
city, calling it purely symbolic and not truly beneficial to the city’s eco-environment.
The cost of managing Cheonggyecheon has been rising every year. Formerly pollu- ted and covered with an elevated road before 2005, this stream has been cleaned up and m ade into a piece of art and a natural walkway passing through the heart of Seoul.
Yangjaecheon
Yangjaecheon (Figure 14) is located south of the Han River and flows from the Han River. The government constantly tries to m ake and renovate Yangjaecheon as a nature park and protect its ecology. It presents plants, fishes, and birds that are unique to Yangjaecheon.
There are many programs, lectures, and
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18
Differentiated lanes
One-way
Opening new road (Majangro & Eeuljiro)
Opening New Land (2 to 3) and Reversible Land System (Majangro)
Reversible Lane System ( Wangsimnigil)
Figure 11_Plan of Cheonggyecheon
Source: Seoul Metropolitan Government
Figure 12_Cheonggyecheon
Source: Wikipedia
workshops offered for children about the ecology system in Yangjaecheon and its environment. It serves as a very important factor of the Korean society in preserving and protecting the natural environment as the interest in the well-being of life has increased recently.
Yangjaecheon is a good example of the public role of ecological well-being. The role of a stream or a river in the past was mostly an industrial and agricultural one. People were only interested in using nature as a means to an end. However, Koreans these days have become more interested in har- monizing nature and their modern life style.
A stream that used to have a bad odor and be polluted has been revived and brought back to life in recent years, and is now a popular spot for people to visit and relax. Yangjaecheon is very similar in history and its style to Cheonggyecheon.
At certain points along the river, there are some outdoor exercise equipments that people can use. There are also eight
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
19 Figure 13_Cheonggyecheon
Maebong Station
Section 1 Section 2
Section 3
Section 6
Section 5 Section 4
Dogok
Station Daechi
Station
Hakyeoul Station Extra Stage
Yongdong 2 Bridge
Gangnam Water and Wastewater
Agency Daechi Middle School
Water Purigication
facilities
Red Cross blood centerEcological
learning place
Farm
Gaepo-dong Park Water parks
Extra stage water parks
Samsung towerpalace Gaepo 5
Park Daecheong Middle School Taechi
Elementary School Taechi Park Sports facilities
Marsh
observatory
Taechi apartment
Marsh Sprinkler
Daejin Elementary
School Yongdong
3 Bridge Yongdong
4 Bridge Yongdong
5 Bridge
Yongdong 6 Bridge
3
3
3
3
Bundang line Gaepo Station
Figure 14_Plan of Yangjaecheon
Source: Gangnam-gu Office, 2010
bridges that cross over the stream, and around m ost of the bridges are cafes, galleries, art pieces, or inform ation about the local environment. The small road and path that run from Dogok-dong to Daechi-dong along Yangjaecheon is known as the ‘Yangjaecheon (Stream) Gil
(Road).’ The trail is the perfect place to take a drive since the road is aligned with about 830 stately metasequoia trees. The walking path that runs along the banks of the stream (known as the ‘streetlight walk’) is a particularly popular date spot, since the back-lit trees of the street lights pro-
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20
Figure 15_Yangjaecheon
vide a wonderfully romantic atmosphere.
The ‘Yangjaecheon Trail’ area is fam ous for its bike course as well, which runs all the way from Gwacheon to Gangnam .
Yangjaecheon is very popular amongst people of all ages, and the Yangjae Citizen’s Park that the stream flows through is favored by people as well (Figure 15).
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
About 50 sm all rivers citywide represent the large scale of resources of Tbilisi and a rare profusion which shall be used without failure. The grave state of those rivers is conditioned by the following factors: dis- obedience to the law by the citizens, lack
of attention from the side of the state and municipal authorities, and lack of funds and public awareness of this problem . How- ever, today, quite many efforts are made both by the authorities and the residents.
The information gathered will contribute to the developm ent and im plem entation of several planned and current projects aiming at the protection and revitalization of rivers and their surroundings in Tbilisi.
These projects will further highlight the nat- ural scenic and recreational value of the rivers, as well as allow a better preservation of their assimilative capacities and overall ecological health. Use and restoration of the existing potentiality will play a good role in the wide urban regeneration of social and natural environments by the method of prioritizing. This m ay be expressed in the following kinds of activities:
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
21
∙ Rehabilitation-emancipation of rivers will im prove the quality of their habitats
∙ Attractive and safe recreation places using water architecture
∙ W ide choice of landscape and natural space which will be favorable to both the nature and people
∙ Water quality will be improved and the risk of flood regulated
∙ The dynamic environment attractive for business and investment will be developed
∙ It will be possible to create new and to improve old bicycle tracks
∙ The recreation environment will attract m ore tourists
5.2 Recommendations
∙ Necessity of water cadastre
∙ Agreed analysis of present projects agreed
∙ Study the international experience and apply foreign approaches and practices
∙ Participation of respective agencies in nam ing hydrographic network and water objects
∙ Emancipation of water objects in public and professional awareness, including urban ones
∙ Hydrographic restoration of rivers
∙ Selection of regim e of river protection in the populated and unpopulated areas (within the administrative boundary of the city and outside it)
∙ Making amendm ents in the legislation
∙ In case of violation of protection zones, tightening of sanctions (legislation)
∙ Establishm ent of m onitoring points
∙ Reflection of the research in the long- term development plan of the capital city
∙ Take into account the protection zones of water objects within issuing devel- opm ent control plans
∙ Rehabilitate purification objects in order to bring them close to international stan- dards
Georgia
22
References
Cheonggyecheon. (2008). Retrieved from http://
w w w .kinam .net/m att/niceday/04222008_
cheonggyecheon.jpg
Ganagnam-gu Office. (n.d.). Parks/Yangjae Stream. Retrieved from http://global.gang nam .go.kr/global/cts/view .do?pcode=GTS 003&uId=159&menuNo=110084&lang=en
National Environment Agency, Environment Pollution Monitoring Department. (2010).
Tbilisi: Environment Agency A strategy for restoring rivers in North London. DOI:
www.environment-agency.gov.uk
Rowe, P., Kim, S., & Jung, S. (2010). A city and its stream: An appraisal of the Cheonggyecheon restoration project and its environments in Seoul, South Korea. Seoul Development Institute.
Seoul Metopolitan Government. (n.d.). Cheonggye cheon. Retrieved from http://www.visitseoul.
net/en/article/article.do?_
Skinner, K. S., & Bruce-Burgess, L. (2005). Strategic and project level river restoration protocols:
Key components for meeting the requirements of the W ater Framework Directive. Journal of the Chartered Institute of W ater and Environmental Management, 19(2).
Tbilisi City Hall, LEPL Architecture of Tbilisi GIS Maps.
UNEP/GRID-Tbilisi. (1999).
W ikipedia. (n.d.). Cheonggyecheon. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggye cheon
I_Protection of Tbilisi’s Small River Habitats in the Context of Urban Growth
23
Georgia
Indonesia
Contents
Abstract 26
1. Natural and Social Condition in Indonesia 27
2. An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems 29
3. Causes 30
4. International Experiences 32
5. Countermeasures to be Taken 33
6. Conclusion 39
References 40
An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of
Countermeasures in Indonesia
Mr. Dodi Nurdian
Expert Staff at the Directorate of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS)
Ⅱ
Indonesia
26
I
Abstract
ndonesia has m ore than 17,000 islands, a coastline of m ore than 80,000km , with the m ajority of population living in the coastal zones where m ost of the country’s economic activity takes place. Indonesia is a country prone to natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storm s, coastal erosion, volcanic eruptions, and wild fires.
In the future, a changed climate brought about by global warming is expected to create new patterns of risk, and higher risks generally.
The Indonesian government is enforcing various laws, program s and projects to cope with the natural disasters caused by climate change, which are categorized into coastal m anagem ent, disaster m anagem ent, and climate change. The principal law in the coastal management field is the ‘Law No 27/2007 On Management of Coastal Zone and Small Island,’ which includes wide regulations on the preservation, utilization, and development of coastal areas.
There are various issues in the coastal areas in Indonesia, arising from the global climate change and environm ental changes due to industrialization and urbanization.
Earthquakes and tsunam is often occur in the coastal areas, due to clim ate change, and the scale of natural disasters is becoming larger. It causes not only socio-economic issues but changes in the topography. Coastal erosion is mainly caused by the movement of sediment due to waves and currents, and damages of mangroves are accelerating coastal erosion.
By learning from International experiences, it is needed to establish and operate a consultative body and review committee according to the ‘Law on the Management of the Coastal Zone and Small Island.’ Applying response plans which minimize secondary dam ages will result in a m ore suitable response plans.
Furthermore, in order to support policy development, it is necessary to implement integrated coastal information management system to update, maintain, and manage coastal data to effectively manage Indonesia’s coast areas. Information sharing systems are required to proactively prepare response plans based on the results of the coastal vulnerability assessm ent to m inim ize the dam ages caused by natural disasters.
Keywords: Coastline, Coastal Erosion and Abrasion, Natural Disasters, Floods, Climate Change, Coastal Information System, Coastal Management and Policy, Information Sharing System, Response Plan, Hard Engineering, Soft Engineering
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
27
Green: Mainly Sandy Coast Black: Mainly Muddy Coast Volcanic/ Mountain Islands=Rocky with Beaches
Volcanic/Mountain Islands
Figure 1_The Coastal Topography of Indonesia
Source: Sea Defense Consultants, 2009
Figure 2_M angrove and Shrim p Farm in Indonesia
Source: BAPPENAS, 2010
1. Natural and Social Conditions in Indonesia
Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago country with approximately 17,508 islands from Sabang to Merauke. The total length of the coastal area is 95,181km and is consisted of sand beaches, dunes, man- grove, coral reef, tidal flat, and small islands.
The coastal areas are vulnerable to natural disasters due to its geological location. The coastal geology is consisted of rocky, san- dy, and muddy coasts. Sandy coast is mainly located in the south of Java where- as the muddy coast is mainly in the north of Java. Sandy coast is mainly located in the Indian Ocean and Banda Sea, consist- ing of sand spit and tom bolo, dunes, la- goon, and coral reef. Muddy coast is mainly located in the Sunda and Sahul Shelves, consisting of estuaries, delta, tidal flat, wetland, and mangrove.
Especially, central and west coastal areas in Java have mainly deltas and man- groves. However, due to several years of land conversion, m angrove areas now have becom e residential areas, roads,
farmland, shrimp farms, etc. These conver- sions of the mangrove forest have caused serious erosion, subsidence, and flooding.
Since 1970, mangrove forest conversion and construction of breakwater and sea walls have been serious issues in Indonesia.
It is necessary to consider natural defense system s such as the mangrove forest in order to reduce damages from erosion and flooding. Regarding the coastal flooding, there are two types in Indonesia: tidal flood- ing and tsunami flooding.
Indonesia consists of 33 provinces and is located at the m eeting point of three active plates; the Indo-Australian to the south, the Eurasian to the north, and the Pacific plate in the east. Geographically,
Indonesia
28
National Action Plan for Climate Change, 2007 National Council on Climate Change (DNPI), 2008
.
24/2007 on Disater Management.
27/2007 on Management of Coastal Areas and Small Island.
26/2007 on Spartial Planning. .
.
Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (CCSR), 2009.
27/2007 on Management of Coastal Zone and Small lsland.
26/2007 on Spartial Planning.
32/2007 on Management and Protection of Environment.
32/2007 on Autonomy Low.
5/1990 on Living Natural Resources Coastal ZoneProtection
Disaster Management
Climate Change Coastal Zone Management
Figure 3_Coastal Protection System in Indonesia
Source: DWRI, 2010
Indonesia is situated in the tropical zones that has two seasons, the hot season and the rainy season, which are characterized by heavy rainfall (rainfall ranges around 1000mm/year up to 3500mm/year with 67 to 200 rainy days annually), high humidity, high temperature, and low winds. Indone- sia’s clim ate has a high precipitation rate during the wet season from November to April, an especially in the peak of the moon season in Indonesia, high precipitation fre- quently occurs from December until March and triggers m any disasters related with water and land movement (e.g., debris, mudflow, landslide, erosion, sedimentation, etc.).
Indonesia is a country that has m ulti- ethnic groups with many different lang- uages and cultures. The diversity consti- tutes richness but at the sam e tim e is a challenge. because the country will often need to manage social friction, which, when not managed, may as well transform into social conflicts. Man-made social con- flict may interact with one or more natural
hazards such as volcanic eruption, flood, and forest fire. Furtherm ore, the level of the risk of disaster is also influenced by the vulnerability of other aspects such as population density and the people’s vul- nerability, the vulnerability of building and infrastructures, level of economy, and the local capacity in general.
Also, Indonesia is an archipelago country and most m ajor cities on the coast are m uch affected by the dam ages caused by natural disasters due to climate change.
The Indonesian governm ent is enforcing various laws, programs and projects to cope with the natural disasters caused by climate change, which includes wide regulations on the preservation, utilization, and development of coastal areas as stat- ed in the Law No. 27/2007 On Manage- m ent of Coastal Zone and Sm all Island.
Other laws regarding coastal management include the Law No. 26/2007 on Spatial Planning, Law No. 32/2009 on the Man- agement and Protection of Environment, Law No. 32/2004 on the Autonomy Law,
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
29 Station Rise Rate
(mm/yr) Reference Station Rise Rate
(mm/yr) Reference
Jakarta
4.38 ITB , 1990 Surabaya 1.00 B ased on data
from 1984~2006 7.00 B ased on data
from 1984~2006 Sum atra 5.47 ITB , 1990
Sem arang
9.37 ITB , 1990 C ilacap 1.30 H adikusum a,
1993 5.00 B ased on data
from 1984~2006 B elaw an 7.83 ITB , 1990 Lam pung 4.15 P3O -LIPI, 1991
Table 1_Sea Level Rise Rate in M ajor M onitoring Stations in Indonesia
Source: Government of Indonesia, 2007
and the Law No. 5/1990 on Living Natural Resources. In the disaster m anagem ent field, the main law is the Law No. 24/2007 on Disaster Managem ent of which the foundational policy is the National Action Plan for Climate Change.
Furthermore, the other vulnerability factor is poverty, since Indonesia faces the problem of poverty, socially and economically. The number of poor people living in rural areas in Indonesia is bigger than that in urban areas.
However, the level of education, health, and employment indicators also increase the vulnerability as well.
2. An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems
2.1 Hazardous Areas and Coastal-Related Phenomena
Among m any problem s due to natural phenomena, Indonesia also faces erosion (i.e, the change in land or rock formation that is caused by the power, wind, gravita-
tional force or living organisms). The ero- sion process may primarily cause the thin- ning down of soil layer and decrease in its fertility, because the soil particles that contain nutrients are carried by the run-off and deposited elsewhere. Erosion also damages river courses and causes silting up of the river beds and dams, and hence m ay affect the function and living age of the dam s.
Related to the global clim ate change, Indonesia has been increasingly challenged by extreme waves and abrasion at its coastal areas. Extreme waves are usually caused by tropical cyclones and constitute one of the causes of rapid abrasion.
Extrem e waves that hit Indonesia usually happen in areas that are close to tropical cyclone positions.
For example, the rise in sea level in the Semarang area shows 9.37m m /yr and 4.38~7.0mm/yr for the Jakarta area. The values are alarming compared to the global average. In case of Sem arang, the value is three times faster than the global rate.
Indonesia
30
High population density
Issues in Indonesia’s Coastal Areas
Underground water extraction
Hvgiene Land use complication
Marine pollution Mangrove damage Coastal land falling
Sea water flooding Erosion & sedimention
Subsidence River flooding Larger scale tsunami and earthquake
Figure 4_Issues in the Coastal Areas of Indonesia
Source: DWRI, 2010
2.2 Issues by Coastal-Related Phenomena
The high rate of deforestation due to rapid development, high dem and of clear land for agriculture purposes, and illegal logging activities have degraded the forest areas.
Recent analysis conducted by the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia suggested that the deforestation rate during 2000~2008 was about 5.4 million ha per year (Hendra, 2011). The high rate of deforestation has caused many watersheds in Indonesia which has become critical, eventually caus- ing a chain problem in land movement and water related issues (i.e., debris/mudflow, landslide, erosion, sedimentation, flood, etc.).
The phenomena of land subsidence have now become a big issue as there is a lack of water for people who try to use ground water for daily use. Moreover, agricultural development in certain areas is closely linked to water and soil problems, while sediment transport carried by the river and siltation of dams remain the biggest
issues resulting of this phenomenon.
Furthermore, social issues such as low level of education, low law enforcem ent, and lack of understanding of the laws also som etimes prevent the comm unity from involving more in supporting the government to carry out the development program.
3. Causes
3.1 Natural Causes
There are various issues in the coastal areas in Indonesia, arising from global climate change and environmental changes due to industrialization and urbanization.
The issues caused not only socio-econ- omic issues but changes in the topography as well. Coastal erosion is mainly caused by the m ovem ent of sediment due to waves and currents, and damages of man- groves accelerate the coastal erosion. The Indonesian coastal areas have a funda- m entally soft ground which causes con- stant ground sinking and falling in the rocky
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
31 Figure 5_Coastal Structures in Indonesia
Source: BAPPENAS, 2010
Figure 6_The Coastline Change Case of Sem arang City
Source: Akhdiat & Nurdian, 2011
coasts. The high population density and intensive land use are causing poverty and hygiene issues in the coastal areas, and marine litter on the beach is causing pollu- tion in the ocean.
The physical environmental changes in the coastal areas are increasing due to the larger scale natural disasters, such as the rise in sea level, typhoon and tsunamis, and industrialization. The phenomena res- ulting from clim ate change, such as the rise in sea level, is causing changes in the ecosystem in the coast, namely damages and destruction of vegetation, coast ero- sion, formation of coastal sand dune, regression of vegetation, and increased natural disasters.
The damages due to coastal erosion and flooding are increasing due to the destruction of natural habitats such as m angroves, coral reefs, and sea algae.
Mangroves are distributed mainly in the lowland delta area. Despite its function which stores sediment from the inland, much destruction has been made due to reclam ation work to create sea farm ing and housing areas. Fifty percent of the total
m angroves have been destroyed in the past three decades, which have caused serious erosion and flooding problem s.
Breakwaters, seawalls, and revetments are decreasing the supply of sand from the river mouth to the beach, and may even reduce the size of the beach in the long term.
The structures such as jetty and breakwaters on the coast cause sedimentation in the nearby upper stream and erosion in the downstream, which eventually enlarge the erosion area. Vertical revetm ent built to decrease the regression of the coastline caused by erosion is in fact causing an increase of waves, blockage of pore water
Indonesia
32
into the land, increased sand spill, and eventually, the destruction of revetm ent.
Serious environm ental problems with deteriorated water quality have been caused due to an insufficient treatment of pollution such as marine litter and livestock wastewater. The waste from farms, cities, and industries are thrown into the coastal areas, and the industrial waste dum ped in the ocean is especially causing serious environm ental pollution.
3.2 Social Causes
Social aspects such as population growth;
population density; illiteracy; and level of education, urbanization, and prosperity play important roles as indirect factors in triggering coastal-related problem s such as land developm ent surrounding the coastal and critical areas and deforestation and afforestation at lowland areas. In the other islands like Kalimantan, Papua, and Sum atra, there are m any exploitation activities such as illegal logging and clearing of forests for settlem ent have given negative impacts to the community itself.
Increased development works in the coastal area such as blasting for cons- truction, non-technical agricultural prac- tises, and land use changes also account for the problems of coastal disaster pheno- m ena.
4. International Experiences
4.1 The Republic of Korea
The Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Adm inistration (KHOA) has perform ed a coastal vulnerability assessment focusing on coastal hazards since 2010. By realizing the fact that the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) limits the assessment range by using natural environmental factors only, KHOA decided to use the Environm ental Vulnerability Index (EVI) from SOPAC (South Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission) to develop unique Korean coastal hazard assessm ent models.
In this study, coastal hazard vulnerability m eans ‘the quantitative value to indicate vulnerability susceptible to disasters,’ which is assessed with disaster variables and indexes. Indexes are divided into three categories: the Coastal Hazard Vulnerability Index (CHVI) to assess the physical impacts of coastal hazards, the Coastal Environmental Vulnerability Index (CEVI) to assess en- vironm ental impacts, and the Coastal Sustainable Development Index (CSDI) to assess socio-econom ic sustainability.
4.2 United States
The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. issued a guideline with specific procedures to develop adaptation strategies for the climate changes of 2010. While NOAA develops the adaptation strategy, the assessment of
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
33
Step Result
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓ Defining climate change
Defining the impacts of climate change and consequences
Coastal physical characteristics and exposure analysis
Review of adaptive capacity
Scenario development and simulation
Summary of vulnerability and identification of vulnerable areas
Rate of sea level rise, frequency, and strength of heavy rain; change in rain fall
Typhoon and flooding damage, drought, invasive species, red tide, anoxia
Geomorphology, hydro characteristics, population, buildings and infrastructures
Plans and regulations, administrative and financial capacity, infrastructure
Setting time frame and strength in change;
mapping and visualization, etc.
Assessment summary and dissemination;
identification of vulnerable areas
Figure 7_Coastal Vulnerability Assessm ent Processes of NOAA
vulnerability lays the foundation for adap- tation strategy development and helps to understand the changes caused by climate change, predict the possible impacts and phenomena, and specify the most suscep- tible land sections and properties. The assessment of vulnerability is the starting point for developing practical adaptation strategies for climate changes. The vul- nerability assessment begins with surveys and data collection including: ⅰ) defining the climate change phenom ena, ⅱ) def- ining the impacts and results, ⅲ) assessing geographical features and exposure, ⅳ) simulating and analyzing the adaptive cap- acity based on the results, ⅴ) developing and simulating climate change scenarios, and ⅵ) summarizing the vulnerability and specifying susceptible areas that require a special response plan.
5. Countermeasures to be Taken
5.1 Recommendation for the Legal System and Policy
Since it is very important to maintain the institutional consistency of the coastal area protection policy, such as responding to climate change by cooperation and coor- dination am ong agencies, sectors, and regions, it is needed to establish and oper- ate a consultative body and review com- mittee according to the Law on Manage- m ent of Coastal Zone and Small Islands.
First of all, integration and connection among relevant agencies need to be pursued, and also needed is the estab- lishment of an organization which can co- ordinate the conflicts of interest among different central government agencies and
Indonesia
34
those among the central and local gov- ernments. At the local level, a ‘consultative body for the establishment of coastal spatial plan,’ constituted of local governments, NGOs, and experts, needs to be organized in order to discover important issues re- garding coastal protection and prevent possible conflicts among stakeholders.
Indonesia’s long coastline has been a great source of abundant natural resources and enormous economic benefits. However, the lack of consideration over the coastal and oceanic environment’s capacity has destroyed those natural environments, resulting in resource depletion, exposure to great dangers, and mass casualty as natural disaster buffer zones are destroyed.
These problems can be solved with an ecosystem -based integrated coastal management, which requires Indonesia to enact special coastal protection articles in the Law on Management of Coastal Zone and Sm all Island. This law should include articles about the authority right to assess the development and utilization impacts on the sustainability of coasts and oceans, and which would stop the activities upon the detection of negative and harmful impacts on natural environments. Since Indonesia’s Law on Environmental Protection and Managem ent already has the arti- cles related with Strategic Environm ental Assessm ent, the environmental im pact assessm ent can be conducted for dev- elopm ent and utilization behaviors on coastal areas according to the articles of the Law on Environmental Protection and Management. However, it is advisable to
integrate related contents with the Law on Managem ent of Coastal Zones and Small Island for coastal zones that are differ- ent in natural environmental characteristics from inland zones are of significant natural environm ental and socio-econom ic im p- ortance, and therefore an integrated coastal management should be realized.
Mangrove forests are important spawning grounds and habitats for marine organisms which protect coasts from typhoons, tsunamis, and flooding; therefore, a policy needs to be adopted through which maintaining, managing, and restoring the existing mangrove forests can be possible.
In order to respond to the damages of natural disasters caused by climate change, a climate change vulnerability assessment must be conducted in the first place, and in order to enable that, a legal basis which mandates periodical examinations and assessments of climate change vulnerability must be prepared. To perform a vulnerability assessment, it is necessary to build dedi- cated research institutions in order to retain more experts with in-depth knowledge and expertise for long-term data collection, development of scientific models, and app- lication of local characteristics.
Strategy plans, zoning plans, and plans for management prepared according to the Law on Management of Coastal Zone and Small Island should reflect the coastal vulnerability assessm ent results to clim - ate change.
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
35 Identify
Potential Flooded Area
Exposure Assessment
Review Adaptive
Capacity
Implement Adaptive
Strategy
Sea level rise based on scenario analysis Storm surge prediction (physical oceanographic model)
Spatial analysis (LIDAR) 3-Dimensional analysis for flooded areas
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Coastal buffer area Review socio-economic activities of flooded area (roads, railways, ports, public facilities, etc.)
Identify vulnerable people
Implement alarm and forecast system Build strong rescue and salvation system Prepare enough evacuation centers and shelters Pre-adjust roles and responsibilities of organization (admimistration, local office, community, etc.) Provide training, education, promotion system Analyze past cases of flood damage areas and lesson leamed
·
·
·
·
·
·
Figure 8_Flooding Area Forecast Chart and Response Plans for Vulnerable Areas
5.2 Regional Countermeasures
There are many coastal-related disaster problems in Indonesia. In order to reduce the risk and impact of those problems, the Indonesian government has developed and improved their capacity and quality of disaster counterm easure m ethods for their people with m any structural and non-structural counterm easures.
As one of the countermeasures, sectoral response plans based on flood area forecast charts need to be prepared. Alarm and forecast systems, evacuation center capacity, rescue and salvation system, and roles and responsibilities of organizations (adm inistration, local office, com munity, etc.) should be checked proactively. Res- ponse plans for highly vulnerable areas and settling the population and facilities in dam- aged areas into safer areas is also needed.
Furthermore, engineering methods that can minimize environmental impacts, sand transport, and sand loss should be em - ployed. The areas suffering with sand loss and transport due to the changes in wave
and tide flow should control the inward wave and tide with protective facilities and also reduce sand deposition. Erosion con- trol engineering m ethods can be cate- gorized into hard-engineering, such as coastal revetment and groin and detached breakwater, and soft engineering like beach nourishment and vegetation. Hard engineering such as coastal revetment and groin and detached breakwater is effect- ive in the short-term but can create secon- dary erosive effects such as changes in coastal form .
Considering the geographical charact- eristics of Indonesian coasts, the mixture of headland and subm erged breakwater will be m ore effective in minimizing en- vironm ental im pacts. Beach nourishment might not be effective because Indonesia’s coastal erosion is caused by ground sub- sidence rather than sand loss. Eco- friendly methods like mangrove vegetation should be considered to improve the natural resil- ience of coasts. Design guidelines for coast facilities are required to develop coast protection technology should be created
