Abstract
5. Countermeasures to be Taken
5.1 Recommendation for the Legal System and Policy
Since it is very important to maintain the institutional consistency of the coastal area protection policy, such as responding to climate change by cooperation and coor- dination am ong agencies, sectors, and regions, it is needed to establish and oper- ate a consultative body and review com- mittee according to the Law on Manage- m ent of Coastal Zone and Small Islands.
First of all, integration and connection among relevant agencies need to be pursued, and also needed is the estab- lishment of an organization which can co- ordinate the conflicts of interest among different central government agencies and
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those among the central and local gov- ernments. At the local level, a ‘consultative body for the establishment of coastal spatial plan,’ constituted of local governments, NGOs, and experts, needs to be organized in order to discover important issues re- garding coastal protection and prevent possible conflicts among stakeholders.
Indonesia’s long coastline has been a great source of abundant natural resources and enormous economic benefits. However, the lack of consideration over the coastal and oceanic environment’s capacity has destroyed those natural environments, resulting in resource depletion, exposure to great dangers, and mass casualty as natural disaster buffer zones are destroyed.
These problems can be solved with an ecosystem -based integrated coastal management, which requires Indonesia to enact special coastal protection articles in the Law on Management of Coastal Zone and Sm all Island. This law should include articles about the authority right to assess the development and utilization impacts on the sustainability of coasts and oceans, and which would stop the activities upon the detection of negative and harmful impacts on natural environments. Since Indonesia’s Law on Environmental Protection and Managem ent already has the arti- cles related with Strategic Environm ental Assessm ent, the environmental im pact assessm ent can be conducted for dev- elopm ent and utilization behaviors on coastal areas according to the articles of the Law on Environmental Protection and Management. However, it is advisable to
integrate related contents with the Law on Managem ent of Coastal Zones and Small Island for coastal zones that are differ- ent in natural environmental characteristics from inland zones are of significant natural environm ental and socio-econom ic im p- ortance, and therefore an integrated coastal management should be realized.
Mangrove forests are important spawning grounds and habitats for marine organisms which protect coasts from typhoons, tsunamis, and flooding; therefore, a policy needs to be adopted through which maintaining, managing, and restoring the existing mangrove forests can be possible.
In order to respond to the damages of natural disasters caused by climate change, a climate change vulnerability assessment must be conducted in the first place, and in order to enable that, a legal basis which mandates periodical examinations and assessments of climate change vulnerability must be prepared. To perform a vulnerability assessment, it is necessary to build dedi- cated research institutions in order to retain more experts with in-depth knowledge and expertise for long-term data collection, development of scientific models, and app- lication of local characteristics.
Strategy plans, zoning plans, and plans for management prepared according to the Law on Management of Coastal Zone and Small Island should reflect the coastal vulnerability assessm ent results to clim - ate change.
II_An Actual Condition of Coastal-Related Problems and Strategy/Plan of Countermeasures in Indonesia
35 Identify
Potential Flooded Area
Exposure Assessment
Review Adaptive
Capacity
Implement Adaptive
Strategy
Sea level rise based on scenario analysis Storm surge prediction (physical oceanographic model)
Spatial analysis (LIDAR) 3-Dimensional analysis for flooded areas
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Coastal buffer area Review socio-economic activities of flooded area (roads, railways, ports, public facilities, etc.)
Identify vulnerable people
Implement alarm and forecast system Build strong rescue and salvation system Prepare enough evacuation centers and shelters Pre-adjust roles and responsibilities of organization (admimistration, local office, community, etc.) Provide training, education, promotion system Analyze past cases of flood damage areas and lesson leamed
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Figure 8_Flooding Area Forecast Chart and Response Plans for Vulnerable Areas
5.2 Regional Countermeasures
There are many coastal-related disaster problems in Indonesia. In order to reduce the risk and impact of those problems, the Indonesian government has developed and improved their capacity and quality of disaster counterm easure m ethods for their people with m any structural and non-structural counterm easures.
As one of the countermeasures, sectoral response plans based on flood area forecast charts need to be prepared. Alarm and forecast systems, evacuation center capacity, rescue and salvation system, and roles and responsibilities of organizations (adm inistration, local office, com munity, etc.) should be checked proactively. Res- ponse plans for highly vulnerable areas and settling the population and facilities in dam- aged areas into safer areas is also needed.
Furthermore, engineering methods that can minimize environmental impacts, sand transport, and sand loss should be em - ployed. The areas suffering with sand loss and transport due to the changes in wave
and tide flow should control the inward wave and tide with protective facilities and also reduce sand deposition. Erosion con- trol engineering m ethods can be cate- gorized into hard-engineering, such as coastal revetment and groin and detached breakwater, and soft engineering like beach nourishment and vegetation. Hard engineering such as coastal revetment and groin and detached breakwater is effect- ive in the short-term but can create secon- dary erosive effects such as changes in coastal form .
Considering the geographical charact- eristics of Indonesian coasts, the mixture of headland and subm erged breakwater will be m ore effective in minimizing en- vironm ental im pacts. Beach nourishment might not be effective because Indonesia’s coastal erosion is caused by ground sub- sidence rather than sand loss. Eco- friendly methods like mangrove vegetation should be considered to improve the natural resil- ience of coasts. Design guidelines for coast facilities are required to develop coast protection technology should be created
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Type Advantages Disadvantages
C oastal R evetm ent
∙Easy to build on weak ground using rather sim ple equipm ent
∙Effectively reduces tidal flow and keeps the stability of coastal lines
∙Vertical revetm ent blocks inw ard pore w ater and increases w ave height, w hich results in an outflow of land soils.
D etached B reakw ater
∙R educes inw ard w ave and induces offshore soil deposit
∙Possible to build in deep w ater w ith high tides
∙N eeds high cost and long construction tim e
∙Spoils the scenery of coasts Subm erged
B reakw ater
∙Preserves coastal scenery and provides
fish shelters ∙Less effective than detached breakw ater
G roin ∙R educes sand transport and stabilizes beaches
∙Low er utilization of beach
∙C annot effectively reduce w aves and m ight m ove beach sand offshore
H eadland ∙M ore effectively controls w ave and sand
transport than subm erged breakw ater ∙Possibility of environm ental changes
Table 2_Hard-engineering for Coastal Protection
Type Advantages Disadvantages
B each N ourishm ent
∙Supply sands directly to beaches w ithout environm ental im pacts
∙R equires continuous m aintenance
∙Increases the utilization of w aterfront and the pressure on developm ent
Artificial Sand D une
∙Provide sim ilar effects of subm erg-ed breakw ater
∙Low cost
∙Tem porary construction
M angrove R estoration ∙Enhances natural resilience
Table 3_Soft-engineering for Coastal Protection and distributed to protect coasts m ore system atically. Technologies to enhance the safety of coastal defenses like beach nourishment and detached breakwater are required.
Also, to protect coasts continuously, it is necessary to collect basic materials and related data on coast conservation, utilization, and development (e.g., geographical char- acteristics of coasts, socio-economic util- ization, and conflicts) in order to develop integrated coastal management plans. It
is necessary to implement integrated coast information management systems to up- date, maintain, and manage coast data to effectively m anage Indonesia’s coast areas. In addition, information sharing sys- tems are required to proactively prepare response plans based on the results of the coastal vulnerability assessment to minimize the damages from natural disasters.
The protection facilities that protect human lives and properties from natural disasters can guarantee the safety of
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Sustainability of Coastal Environment
Minimization of 2 damages
nd
Positive protection of residential area
Realistic countermeasure
Individualized response by the regions
Improve post-maintenance
· Minimize natural environment damage
· Implement eco-friendly facilities
· Reduce damage of adjacent areas
· Actively protect properties and human lives
· Prepare countermeasures tailored to meet the needs of local resources and land use
· Response customized to reflect area (topography, land uses, damage type, etc.)
· Periodical check-up for facilities
· Assess the effect and feedback into another projects
Figure 9_Basic Strategies of a Response Plan
Source dataset (From Ministries)
Data Bank system (in BAPPENAS)
Real-time captured data
Relevant Develop Plan at National, LGA Inventoried data from previous projects
Spatial Digital Dataset (GIS / Aerial / Satellite) Other Digital Dataset (CAD-DXF / DGN)
Spatial Analog data Other data from Related systems
Data ware house A. Spatial data B. Measured data C. Project inventories
Industrial Environmental Infrastructural
D. Common data Annual Report Human resource Organization
E. Spatial data for Priority area
Information system
Semarang GIS Citarum
GIS LowLand
GIS ETC
Data Administration system Data Distribution system
(intranet)
Dept ADept BDept ...
GIS Applications
Spatial data support system 3D Presentation
Field Work Support
Statistics Import / Export
Data Querty and retrieve Data Download/Viewers Printing/Plotting GIS Common Function Others Map Control Measured/Sensed Date
Surveyed Data
Coastal Management Information System
Establishment of the database system based on the guideline of coastal survey Guideline of coastal survey
Provision of guideline of coastal survey based on the coastal indicator system
Design of DB system: spatial data, Design of geo-spatial DB system
Coastal survey Data gathering
- Environment - Ecosystem - Socio-economy - Policies and Institution
- Statistics - Reports and papers - Satellite images - Digital and paper maps Scenario Space
Stimulation
Figure 10_Indonesian Coastal Databank System
Source: Nurdian & Oh, 2010
coastline residential area. Moreover, res- ponse plans custom ized to reflect area- specific geographical characteristics should be prepared to address various coastal environment factors of damaged areas. After building facilities for coastal protection, regular check-up and assess- ment analysis for facility security and effect- iveness of response plans can be applied,
and the results can be utilized to build new development models for coastal protection.
5.3 Implementing an Integrated Coastal Management Information System
In order to support policy developm ent, it is necessary to im plement integrated coastal information management system
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Coastal Protection and Management
Effective coastal protection and management using precise spatial data can minimize damage from sea level rise and land subsidence
Up-to-date spatial data can be used as base data for other priority projects from RP JMN and MP3EI such as land use, road construction,
Providing base map of other engineering projects that make cost reduction
Establishing the foundation of National Spatial Data Infrastructure by revising law and regulation, introducing technology, and reforming organization
Vitalizing content industry by creating various contents such as thematic map, navigation map or map applications for smart phones Indonesian RPJMN 2010~2014,
RPJP and Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion of Economic Development
Economic Effects
National
Spatial Data Infranstructure
Content Industry
Figure 11_Future Plan for National Developm ent Infrastructure
Source: Nurdian & Oh, 2011
to update, maintain, and manage coastal data in order to effectively manage Indo- nesia’s coast areas. Information-sharing systems are required to proactively pre- pare response plans based on the results of coastal vulnerability assessment to minimize the damages of natural disasters.
The Korean coastal management info- rmation system was built in 1993 and has been playing a pivotal role in managing the coastal information until now. The purposes of implementing coastal management info-
rmation systems are deploying monitoring systems in order to develop more effective coastal management policies and plans that are based on scientific facts, and to introduce user-centric information sharing systems.
The coastal vulnerability index system and coastal status map should be prepared to check the coastal status consistently.
By combining coast surveys with the index system, an integrated coastal vulnerability index system can be implemented to per- iodically check the coastal environment,
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39 socio-economic status, management
effectiveness, and others at the national level. The comprehensive coast survey in- dex system can be developed by combin- ing sectoral approaches (e.g., coastal eco- system environment, coastal hazard and vulnerability, local coastal society enable- ment, coastal governance, etc.) with a cause-effect relationship.
Coastal status m aps created with the coastal management index values can be easily utilized by governm ent officials as well as specialists and general researchers for coastal policy planning.