Mr. Bayarjargal Ganbayar
3. Land Information System in Korea
fram ework data of the NSDI has been continuously set up, and the GIS applic- ation system s have been established.
As for the setup of the framework database, it focused on the improvement of the national standard level, transportation and water resources, and marine spatial data.
Also, each government body has pushed for the establishment of GIS application systems based on the previously completed basic geographic databases. In addition, the NGIS clearinghouse was set up so as to share information among public institutions and provide an easy access to geographic information for the general public.
2.3 The 3rd National Geographic Information System Master Plan (2006~2010)
During the first level of the NGIS project, the government focused on building the NSDI; during the second phase, it aim ed to set up Digital Korea by securing national spatial inform ation. The third level of the NGIS plans to build the necessary NSDI needed in a ubiquitous computing environment a step higher.
The strategies of the third phase of the NGIS are largely to expand and add sub- stance to the NGIS infrastructure, m axi- m ize the application value, build up a user-oriented NSDI, and establish part- nerships with national inform ation bus- inesses.
2.4 The Present Situation
The NGIS master plan of 15 years with three phases has been successfully implemented with the fourth phase of the master plan in the course of its implementation since 2009. The new law on NSDI has been approved and been complied with since then.
3. Land Information System in Korea
Land regulations in Korea can be broadly divided into three parts: cadastral man- agement, ownership registry, and land use m anagem ent. The legal basis and exe- cuting body differs for each part. For this reason, their inform ation system s have been built in an exclusive rather than an integrated manner.
Cadastral management is a system that provides public access to a factual relation- ship of land boundaries, using locational punctuality based on the land survey. The legal foundation is based on the Law of Cadastre and the MOGAHA (The Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs) of the Republic of Korea is in charge of this system. There are two main documents
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agem ent system : the ‘Land Registry,’
which has the attributes of land by parcels such as the Parcel Numbering Unit, legally given land use, area, etc.; and the ‘Cad- astral Map,’ which has the boundaries and X-Y coordinates of each land parcel.
From 1987 to 1990, more than 34 million Land Registry sheets were digitized in a government-funded project to build the Cadastral Information System. This project was completed in early 1990, and has been used to m anage the Land Registry and public provision services. To digitize the Cadastral Map, the Parcel-based Land Inform ation System (PBLIS) project was undertaken from 1996 to 2002 by the MOGAHA and the Korean Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC). Later, the PBLIS was integrated with the Land Managem ent Information Systems (LMIS) controlled by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT), and then was further developed into the Korea Land Information System (KLIS) in 2004.
The Land Ownership Registry is a system that shows the intangible relationship of the ownership of each land parcel, and is controlled by the Suprem e Court based on the Law of Real Estate Registry. The Suprem e Court launched its information system to digitally control its land ownership m anagem ent from 1994, and these sys- tem s becam e com pletely operational in 2002. The second period of the project began from 2003. The public can now apply for and be issued most of the official documents related to land ownership regi-
stry via the Internet.
The Land Use Management is a system related to land use policies, land appraisal, land trading m anagem ent, and land use planning, and it is legally based on several laws executed and authorized by the MOCT. To build this computerized system, the LMIS project was launched in 1998, with a pilot test at Nam -gu in Daegu Metropolitan City. Research into BPR (Business Process Re-engineering), data standardization, and regulations for the project have been undertaken for the pilot project. The LMIS project has been further developed for almost 10 years, and was replaced by the KLIS, which was later supplem ented by the PBLIS.
Thus, the KLIS was an integrated system encompassing the LMIS and the PBLIS, which are mainly operated by the MOCT in cooperation with the MOGAHA. The structure of the KLIS was designed to have a 3-tiered Client-Server architecture. The integration project between the LMIS and the PBLIS was planned in 2003 and the integrated systems (the KLIS) were delivered to the local governments in 2005. Its architecture has been further developed to adjust to the changes in the web environm ent since 2006.
3.1 The System Architecture of the Korea Land Information System
The KLIS was designed to be an ‘open architecture’ in order to support hetero- geneous, distributed com puting environ- ments of local governments consisting of
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CORBA(Orb)- OP Data Provider
Client DB Server
Application Server
Remote Service Visual Application
Visual Basic, Map Object MapOCX(VC++)
Web Browser
Java(Applet, Servlet)
Cgi JPS, ASP Kiosk
Facsimile Editing Application
AutoCAD ARX(C++) C/C++ /
VB Application ORACLE
ORACLE
Native API ZEUSZEUS
Native API Gothic Gothic Native API
Application Server
Local Government MOCT
Edit agent
Map agent Web Server
SDE
Figure 3_System Architecture of the KLIS
Source: KRIHS, 2007
hierarchical 3-tiered system s: the clients, application server, and database server.
The application server was operated on the basis of the CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture), which m ainly consists of the Data Provider, the Edit Agent, and the Map Agent as illustrated in Figure 3.
The Data Provider searches spatial data from the databases using the GIS engine, and relays them to the Map Agent or the Client. The Map Agent creates a map image from the spatial data relayed from the Data Provider, and relays the created m aps to the Client. The role of the Edit Agent is to edit (input, modify, and delete) spatial data. In addition, the web server can be added to the architecture to facilitate applications from the public via the Internet.
3.2 Application Architecture of the Korea Land Information System
The core of the KLIS lies in the management support systems for the land administration of local governm ents. Data produced at the local government level is collected and relayed to the regional and central gov- ernments, to support the decision-making process on land policies. Public services can also be provided at the local, regional, and central governm ent levels via the Internet and through specially designed web portal services. Communication between the public and the administrators of region- al and central governments takes place both via the Internet and the governmental intranet. Other client devices are tightly connected with high-speed governmental intranet, so that data produced and modified for a specific client can be shared and synchronized with others (Figure 4).
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Land Policy Regional Gov DB
Civil Service System Spatial Planning System
- Landuse plan certificate - Land price certificate - Cadastral map
certificate Land Policy
MOCT DB
Decision MakingSystem of Land Policy
PublicService (Internet)
LocalGovernment
KLIS MiddleWare AdministrationMiddleWare
Middleware Connection
Zoning Mgmt.
System Land Admin.
System Spatial DB Mgmt.
System Official Documents
Provision System Cadastral Map Mgmt.
System KLIS DB
KLIS
Spatial DB KLIS Attribute DB
Local Gov General Admin DB
Land Admin
Dept. Civil Engineering
Dept. Civil Appeal
Dept. Cadastral
Dept.
Land/Forest
Attribute DB Finance/Tax Attribute DB Resident
DB
System Summary KLIS Services
Figure 4_Application architecture of the KLIS
Source: KRIHS, 2007
3.3 Database of the Korea Land Information System
Essentially, two kinds of databases were constructed in one physical database server by the local governments: spatial and attribute databases. Spatial databases include cartographic, cadastral, continuous cadastral, edited cadastral, and zoning databases. Rather than including all of the information in the original cartographic maps, only the major spatial features such as roads, buildings, and railways were collected and included in the cartographic databases. Continuous and edited cadastral databases were built by merging tile- based digital cadastral m aps. A zoning database was created using the information gathered from zoning maps maintained by the local and central governments’ individual departments (Figure 4).
Attribute databases contain information on the physical characteristics of lands, land prices, and real estate brokerages.
As the KLIS databases play the role of the main provider of spatial databases to the other information systems in local governments, the KLIS databases were standardized so that the other information systems could easily access them.