Mr. Bayarjargal Ganbayar
4. Land Information System in Mongolia
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Land Policy Regional Gov DB
Civil Service System Spatial Planning System
- Landuse plan certificate - Land price certificate - Cadastral map
certificate Land Policy
MOCT DB
Decision MakingSystem of Land Policy
PublicService (Internet)
LocalGovernment
KLIS MiddleWare AdministrationMiddleWare
Middleware Connection
Zoning Mgmt.
System Land Admin.
System Spatial DB Mgmt.
System Official Documents
Provision System Cadastral Map Mgmt.
System KLIS DB
KLIS
Spatial DB KLIS Attribute DB
Local Gov General Admin DB
Land Admin
Dept. Civil Engineering
Dept. Civil Appeal
Dept. Cadastral
Dept.
Land/Forest
Attribute DB Finance/Tax Attribute DB Resident
DB
System Summary KLIS Services
Figure 4_Application architecture of the KLIS
Source: KRIHS, 2007
3.3 Database of the Korea Land Information System
Essentially, two kinds of databases were constructed in one physical database server by the local governments: spatial and attribute databases. Spatial databases include cartographic, cadastral, continuous cadastral, edited cadastral, and zoning databases. Rather than including all of the information in the original cartographic maps, only the major spatial features such as roads, buildings, and railways were collected and included in the cartographic databases. Continuous and edited cadastral databases were built by merging tile- based digital cadastral m aps. A zoning database was created using the information gathered from zoning maps maintained by the local and central governments’ individual departments (Figure 4).
Attribute databases contain information on the physical characteristics of lands, land prices, and real estate brokerages.
As the KLIS databases play the role of the main provider of spatial databases to the other information systems in local governments, the KLIS databases were standardized so that the other information systems could easily access them.
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to the rapidly growing ‘ger’ (Mongolian tent) districts. To address these issues, the Government of Mongolia implemented the Cadastral Survey and Land Registration Project with the help of the Asian Dev- elopm ent Bank (ADB).
This project’s objective was to create an institutional environment for the efficient issuance and adm inistration of property, land lease certificates, and other land- related docum entation, for the collection of land fee payments and property taxes, support for urban and agriculture development, and operation of a private property market.
Some components of this project were the design, installation, and customization of the National Land Information System (NLIS). At the project com mencem ent, there were a number of problematic issues such that land related law and legal en- vironment were not formulated, land issu- ance processes and registration were m ade com plicated, cadastral m apping was not carried out at all, all statistics and data were produced on paper, and a uni- fied land information system was not dev- eloped.
The project was planned in three phases for six years. The project phases are as follows.
∙ Phase I: Ulaanbaatar, Tuv aim ag
∙ Phase II: Darkhan-Uul, Orkhon, Bulgan and Selenge aim ags
∙ Phase III: Other 16 aim ags
The “Cadastral Survey and Land Registration” project has carried out
cadastral surveys and land registration works in 364,117 unit areas covering 1,549,158 ha of Ulaanbaatar city, 21 aimags (province), 329 soums (sub-province), and 55 settlement land areas during 2002 to 2009 in three phases.
∙ Phase I: The cadastral survey and land registration works in 157,232 parcel areas including 373,035 ha of three rem ote districts, six central districts of Ulaanbaatar city, 27 soums of Tuv aimag settlem ent, and cropland areas were implem ented within five years from 2002 to 2007 for the Phase I of the project.
∙ Phase II: The cadastral survey and land registration works in 61,971 parcel areas including 481,502 ha of 39 soums and settlem ents as well as cropland areas of Bulgan, Selenge, Orkhon, and Darkhan-Uul aimags for the Phase II of the project were carried out in 2006 and 2007.
∙ Phase III: The cadastral survey and land registration works for the Phase III were performed in two parts. The work of the first part was carried out in 41,640 parcel areas including 276,254 ha of 91 soums, settlem ents, and cropland areas of Dornod, Khentii, Sukhbaatar, Gove- sumber, Dornogobi, Um nugobi, and Dundgobi aiamgs in 2008. The second part of the cadastral survey and land registration works was carried out in 103,274 parcel areas including 418,365 ha of 172 soum s and settlem ents, as well as the cropland areas of Uvurkh-
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Source: The Administration of Land Affairs, 2012
angai, Bayankhongor, Zavkhan, Gove- Altai, Khovd, Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, Khuvsgul, and Arkhangai aim ags in 2009.
Thus, the cadastral map of the land parcel area and related textual data totals to 364,117 land possessors, users, occupiers or owners, and economic entities including the organizations that have been uploaded into the cadastral database.
4.2 Cadastral Database
In 2002, at the tim e when the cadastral survey and m apping started to be pro- duced, cadastral mapping processing and software on land registration and database system did not exist at all.
The land cadastral database should
contain the following information and data.
∙ Parcel area cadastral m ap inform ation
∙ Information on legal body
∙ Information on the state registration of land rights
This way, the digitized cadastral data- base has been set under the name of the cadastral survey and the claim form using AutoCad and Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 programs in 2002.
In accordance with the necessity to up- date the database and network issue, the cadastral database has been updated for Information Collection, the Cadastral Data Entry program which works in ArcView 3x in May 2005 and Capital City, Cadastral Text Data Entry program using ArcGIS 8.2 program, and Oracle 9i, ArcSDE 8.2 server in Novem ber 2005, respectively.
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Figure 7_Parsel M ap (UBGIS)
Source: The Administration of Land Affairs, 2012
Since April 2006, the Aimag Cadastre, Cadastral Text program s have been developed, which are being used till now.
These program s com prise of Microsoft Access with the Capital City data, the Cadastral Text program version, which has been em ployed only on the dedicated desktop com puter software.
The online program has been developed in April 2006 and used in the capital city land offices and six central districts land offices. This program has been developed with the purposes of quick and efficient services to the citizens and land regulation in a fast and efficient way am ong the specialists of district land offices as well as the city land office’s information technology specialists. The cadastral database system has been updated regularly with respect
to user requirements.
Since April 2009, the UBGIS and UBText program s have been developed and applied up to date in the city and district land offices. These programs are the latest program s of the capital city. As a result, the old versions that had been used in 2006 could be upgraded to new advanced versions such as the ArcGIS 9.2 geographic database system, ArcSDE 9.2 application server, and the Oracle 10g database system.
These programs resolved the problems which were caused due to not having a unified system; for instance, the user num- ber which was 15 increased to 50, the geographic data history of the database is being registered, and the database design has been elaborated.
By operating the cadastral database
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1. User Management 6. Land Fee
7. Land Tax
9. Digital Archives
10. Law and Legal Documents 8. Land Status and Quaility Inspection 2. Application Management
3. Land State Registry
4. Mapping Database
5. Land Valuation
Figure 8_NLIS Key M odules
Source: Asian Development Bank, 2010
system , the city and district land areas enable carrying out changes in the cadas- tral m apping, registration, parcel m aps printing, to see the changes of the archives of the maps and textual information. Their capacity for providing right and true inform- ation has increased. The cadastral data- base has served as a basis for the estab- lishment of the NLIS.
4.3 Land Information System
This full picture of what actually is a NLIS was not envisioned when the first requirements were written in 2005. At the moment, the Land Administration in Mongolia had a cru- cial need for a reliable Land Registration and Land Taxation application. This will allow the Land Administration to increase land ten- ure security, solve land disputes, and increase tax collection. By increasing tax collection, the government of Mongolia will be able to plan land development more efficiently.
The NLIS is an electronic inform ation system which stores digital maps of land features, including textual attribute information
and data; topographic, geodetic, and thematic maps; datasets; and land man- agem ent and parcels inform ation. The system also provides procedures to ad- minister land transactions and a repository of legal information. Technically, the system is a multipurpose cadastre. Its purpose is to provide tools to enable the efficient adm inistration and m anagem ent of the land in Mongolia. The main objective of this purpose is to provide a condition for an efficient land system and management of Mongolia. It is implemented as an Intranet/
Internet system and relies on network connections.
Land registration processes, together with the cadastral mapping concept, are not replicated in the computerization; there is absolutely no data security and no track- ing on the parcels’ history (at the point to create land disputes), making the system not flexible for future developm ent. Also, this application was designed to fit the only IT infrastructure in place which centralizes all data in Ulaanbaatar and enable the land registration application through high-
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speed internet access. The experience has shown that having a centralized system in Ulaanbaatar is only possible for the land offices that are connected by optical fibers.
In March 2010, the Adm inistration of Land Affairs, Construction, Geodesy and Cartography (ALACGaC) officially received the NLIS. At the time of officially receiving the system, there were a number of issues with the NLIS. The company then provided 12 months of warranty period during which the issues of the NLIS were looked for.
At this time, NLIS activities and facilities for the server are still not operational.