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s

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þ

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$

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“ É

r ŠҖ Ð õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ & h 6   x “ ¦ e ” % 3  .  © œ S !     o\    É r > h¥ Æ  & h 6   x _  { 9 › ' a$ í `  ¦ ì  r$ 3 K ‘ : r   õ , ×  æ

†

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\  ¦  „ ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð F  g † < Ɠ §¹ ¢ ¤ \ " f_  3t  > h‚   ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó`  ¦ ] jƒ   % i  .

Ùþ

˜d”#Q: ynC_ s1lxâ–Ð, š¸>h¥Æ, >h¥Æ_ {9›'a$í

Comparison Between Elementary- and Middle-school Students’ Conceptions of the Propagation Path of Light and the Consistency of Those Conceptions

Gyeong-pil Kwon

Hansung Science High School, Seoul 120-080

(Received 28 April 2011 : revised 15 June 2011 : accepted 30 June 2011)

This study investigated students’ conceptions of the propagation path of light and the consistency of those conceptions by analyzing students’ responses (4th - 7th grade) to three different situations.

To achieve this, students’ responses were classified into three types of conceptions. Based on this classification, students’ conceptions and the consistency of the conceptions applied to each situation were analyzed. As a result, most elementary-school students possessed misconceptions without reference to grade, but middle-school students mainly formed scientific conceptions. Furthermore, Elementary-school students coherently applied the misconceptions to the three different situations.

Compared to elementary-school students, middle-school students applied scientific conceptions more coherently. The results of this study suggest that revisions in optics education in three dimensions are needed.

PACS numbers: 01.40.Ej

Keywords: Propagation path of light, Misconception, Consistency of conception

∗E-mail: [email protected]

-643-

I. " e  ] Ø

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 è  H _  l 0 p x \  @ /ô  Ç s K  Ò7 á ¤ \  e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ t & h  “ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9 Õ ª\    É r “ §Ã º-† < Æ_ þ v _  € 9 כ ¹$ í s  ] jl ÷ &“ ¦ e ”   [1,3].

125" î _  5† < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t`  ¦ @ / © œÜ ¼– Ð ô  Ç Andersonõ  Smith [1] _  ƒ  ½ ¨\  ¦ ¶ ú ˜( R˜ Ѐ   6 %_  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t ë ß –s  è  H _  l 0 p x \ 

@

/ô  Ç õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ t “ ¦ e ” % 3 Ü ¼ 9, @ / Òì  r _  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t

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É r(53 %) è  H õ  y n C  s _   © œ  ñ Œ •6   x`  ¦ s K  t  3 l w “ ¦ e ”

% 3  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç Guesne [2]“ É r r y Œ •\  @ /ô  Ç s K   Ò7 á ¤ s  ) ‡



© œ\  @ /ô  Ç s K ÷  r ë ß –  m   F  g † < Æ_    É r > h¥ Æ [ þ t`  ¦ s K 

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& h  “ ¦ e ”  . Ä ºo 
  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t`  ¦ @ / © œÜ ¼– Ð ô  Ç F  g † < Æ> h

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f– Ð   É r  © œ S ! \ " f y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  ¦ s K    H † < ÆÒ q t“ É r 2 − 5 % – Ð B Ä º & h Ü ¼ 9, s  Qô  Ç # Q 9¹ ¡ §`  ¦ F G4 Ÿ ¤   H ~ ½ Ó î

ß –Ü ¼– Ð è  H _  % i ½ + É\  @ /ô  Ç “ §Ã º-† < Æ_ þ v s  € 9 כ ¹† < Ê`  ¦ ] jl  

%

i  .  Ý ¶ ⠀ 9  ü @ [7]  H 7 † < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t`  ¦ @ / © œÜ ¼– Ð ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨

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"

f { 9 # Q
  H  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x`  ¦ `  ¦  Ø Ô>  Õ ªo “ ¦ { 9 › ' a ÷ &>  & h  6

x “ ¦ e ”   H † < ÆÒ q ts  10 %\  Ô  ¦ õ † < Ê`  ¦ ˜ Г ¦ % i  . s \ 

‘

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´Ò q t Ö ¸ \ " f ™  ¥ y  ] X    H [ j t   © œ S ! `  ¦ ‚  & ñ # Œ y Œ •  â Ä

º\  @ /K " f y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç > h¥ Æ `  ¦ › ¸  # Œ è  H _

 l 0 p x \  @ /ô  Ç † < Æ_ þ v  ’ < H s  F  g † < Ɖ & ³ © œ_  s K \  ´ ú §“ É r # Q

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 ° ú  “ É r ƒ  ½ ¨ë  H ] j\  ¦ ‚  & ñ % i  .

' Í

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 Ç > h¥ Æ s  † < Ƹ  \     # Qb  G>  ² ú ˜ t   H ?

Ñ ü

t P :, [ j t  " f– Ð   É r  © œ S ! \ " f † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r y n C_  s 1 l x

 â

– Ð\  @ /ô  Ç õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ { 9 › ' a ÷ &>  & h 6   x “ ¦ e ”   H ?

Table 1. The number of students in research.

school grade Total

4th (N=27)

elementary 5th (N=32) 84

6th (N=25)

middle 7th (N=67) 67

Fig. 1. (Color online) Situations presented to students.

II. Ž ì ŏ Œ U ê s0 n É

1. Ž ì ŏ Œ 6 V ê s

"

fÖ  ¦ r  ™ èF  œ í1 p x † < Ɠ § 4,5,6 † < Ƹ   84" î (z Œ ™ 40" î , # Œ 44" î )õ  1 l x{ 9  t % i _  œ í1 p x † < Ɠ §\ " f @ / à º ”  † < Æ   H

×

 æ † < Ɠ § 1† < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t 67 " î (z Œ ™ 32" î , # Œ 35" î )`  ¦ @ / © œÜ ¼– Ð

% i  . s  ×  æ 5 † < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r ‘  Ö  ¦ õ  E $ ™Ý ¼’é ß –" é ¶ _  † < Æ_ þ v

`

 ¦  • 2 ;  © œI % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç ×  æ † < Ɠ § 1† < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r 7  “ §

¹

¢

¤ õ & ñ \    É r ‘y n C’é ß –" é ¶ \  @ /ô  Ç † < Æ_ þ v`  ¦ — ¸¿ º  • 2 ;  © œI 

% i  .

2. Ž ì ŏ Œ y ¢ Œ

s

 ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H õ † < Æ “ §õ " f\  ] jr   ) a ‰ & ³ © œ[ þ t ×  æ \ " f

†

< ÆÒ q t[ þ t s  { 9  © œÒ q t Ö ¸ \ " f ™  ¥ y  ] X ½ + É Ã º e ”   H [ j t   © œ S ! 

`

 ¦ ‚  Z >  % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç y Œ •  © œ S ! \ " f y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç

‚

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  H Ä » + þ

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 Ž

ž Ð\  ¦  5 g à º& ñ ·˜ Ðî ß – % i  . † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t \ >  ] jr   ) a [ j  t

  © œ S ! “ É r  6 £ § õ  ° ú   (Fig. 1). ' Í   P :  H  Á º   F  g † < Æ l

½ ¨ \ O s  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ f ” ] X  è  H Ü ¼– Ð › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! (S1), ¿ º    P

:  H ¨ î €   Ö  ¦ \  q • 2 ; Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! (S2), [ j    P

:  H E $ ™Ý ¼\  ¦ : Ÿ x K  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! (S3)s  .

7 † < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t`  ¦ @ / © œÜ ¼– Ð  { 9 ! Á _ …Û ¼à Ô\  ¦ z  ´r  # Œ

‚

 × þ ˜t ü < ‚  × þ ˜ s Ä »\  ¦ q “ § · ì  r$ 3  % i Ü ¼ 9, ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç ? / 6

x`  ¦ ‚ à Г ¦ # Œ à º& ñ · ˜ Ð ¢ - a ô  Ç Ê ê þ j7 á x [ O ë  H ë  H † ½ Ó`  ¦ ½ ¨$ í

% i  . y Œ • ë  H † ½ ӓ É r 5 t _  ‚  × þ ˜t  ×  æ 
\  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ “ ¦

‚

 × þ ˜ô  Ç s Ä »\  ¦ " fÕ ü t • ¸2 Ÿ ¤ ½ ¨$ í % i  .

Table 2. Classification of students’ response about S1.

response type example of students’ explanation

A

· Something goes from eyes to the object.

· When we look at an object, we can always see it regardless of light source.

A A

· When we look at an object, light from a source is reflected through eyes and then goes to the object.

A

· When the light from a source illuminates an object, something which emerges from eyes touches the object simultaneously . Then we can see the object.

B · scientific conception (The light coming from a source reflects off an object, and then comes into eyes.)

C · When we look at an object, the light coming from the eyes meets a beam which reflects off the object.

3. Ä Z ØV Ä U ê s0 n É

[ O

ë  H   õ  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š Ä »+ þ A`  ¦  A ü < ° ú  s  ß ¼>  A, B, C – Ð ½ ¨ì  r % i “ ¦, A ü < C Ä »+ þ A_   â Ä º ‚  ' Ÿ  ƒ  ½ ¨ü <

†

< ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š`  ¦ ‚ à Г ¦ # Œ 0 A Ä »+ þ AÜ ¼– Ð  8 [ jì  r  o 

% i  .

A : ‘è  H \ " f Á º% Á “  (¢ ¸  H y n C)
ü <" f. . .’ <  ʓ É r ‘( F  g " é ¶ õ

 › ' a > \ O s )è  H Ü ¼– Ð ∼`  ¦   ‘ : r  .’    H > h¥ Æ `  ¦ & h 6   x ô  Ç

 â Ä º.

B : ‘F  g " é ¶ \ " f
“ : r y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ì ø Í ÷ &# Q è  H Ü ¼– Ð [ þ t

#

Q“ : r  .’    H õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ & h 6   x ô  Ç  â Ä º.

C : ‘Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f ì ø Í   ) a F  g " é ¶ _  y n Cõ  è  H \ " f
ç ß – y n Cs 

"

f– Ð ë ß –
" f. . .’   H > h¥ Æ `  ¦ & h 6   x ô  Ç  â Ä º

†

< Ƹ  \    É r 6 £ x ² ú š_  : Ÿ x > ì  r$ 3 “ É r SPSS (version 12.0)\  ¦ s

6   x % i “ ¦, y Œ • | 9 é ß – ç ß –   õ \  ¦ q “ § ì  r$ 3  % i  .

III. Ž ì ŏ Œ8 ý + s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í À X Ø8 ý

1. ] K ¡T   Å; c   \ ¥ ö m Í8 ý T Ž Ò Þß O Ëz º; c 6 ” X ¢ 4 G › È

1) F  g † < Æl ½ ¨ \ O s  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! (S1) F 

g † < Æl ½ ¨\  ¦ : Ÿ x t  · ú §“ ¦ f ” ] X  è  H Ü ¼– Ð Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï 



 H  © œ S ! (S1)\ " f † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š Ä »+ þ A“ É r Table 2 ü < ° ú  € Œ ¤



.

A Ä »+ þ A“ É r Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ M : è  H \ " f f ” ] X  y n Cõ  ° ú  “ É r  כ s 

ü <" f Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ² ú ¢ 
 F  g " é ¶ _  y n Cs  è  H \ " f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q Ó ü t

^

‰\  ¦ ‘ : r    H > h¥ Æ Ü ¼– Ð y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð þ j7 á x& h Ü ¼– Ð Ó ü t

^

‰\  ² ú ¢  H  â Ä ºs  . A Ä »+ þ A“ É r A

, A

, A

_  [ j t   0

A Ä »+ þ AÜ ¼– Ð [ jì  r  o % i  . A

\  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  [ O ë  H

`

 ¦ ì  r$ 3 K ˜ Ѐ   ‘è  H \ " f Ó ü t ^ ‰– Ð Á ºƒ  “  
" f Ó ü t ^ ‰\ 

² ú

¢  ˜ Г   .’ F  g " é ¶ _  € 9 כ ¹$ í `  ¦ ¶ n s  H | 9 ë  H \  @ /K " f ‘y n C s

 \ O # Q• ¸ Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ” # Qכ ¹.’ “ ¦ ² ú šÙ þ ¡ . s    > h¥ Æ 

`

 ¦ ”   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r ŠҖ Ð F  g " é ¶ _  % i ½ + É`  ¦ s K  t  3 l w ô  Ç  כ Ü

¼– Ð Ò q ty Œ •  ) a  . A

õ  A

`  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r ‘F  g " é ¶ \ " f

“

: r y n Cs  è  H \ " f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q Ó ü t ^ ‰– Ð ç ß – .’ <  ʓ É r ‘F  g " é ¶ \ " f

“

: r y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ q Æ Ò“ ¦, è  H \ " f
“ : r y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ² ú ¢Ü ¼

€

  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  .’“ ¦ [ O " î % i  . s  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r Ó ü t ^ ‰

\

 ¦ ˜ Ѝ  H õ & ñ \ " f è  H _  % i ½ + É`  ¦ s K  t  3 l w “ ¦ e ” l  M : ë

 H \  F  g " é ¶ _  % i ½ + É ¢ ¸ô  Ç s K  t  3 l w ô  Ç  כ Ü ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a  .

B Ä »+ þ A`  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r ‘ F  g " é ¶ \ " f
“ : r y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰

\

" f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q è  H Ü ¼– Ð [ þ t # Qü < Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  .’    H õ

† < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ”   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s  .

C Ä »+ þ A`  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r ‘ Ä ºo  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ M : è  H \ 

"

f
“ : r y n Cõ  Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f ì ø Í   ) a y n Cs  ë ß –è ß – .’ “ ¦ [ O " î 

Table 3. students’ response about S1. %(Number of student)

A etc. or

response type

A

A

A

B C

no response

4th grade(N=27) 3.7(1) 11.1(3) 48.2(13) 18.5(5) 18.5(5) 0.0(0)

5th grade(N=32) 3.1(1) 18.8(6) 18.8(6) 37.5(12) 18.8(6) 3.1(1)

6th grade(N=25) 8.0(2) 32.0(8) 20.0(5) 28.0(7) 4.0(1) 8.0(2)

7th grade(N=67) 1.5(1) 6.0(4) 6.0(4) 76.1(51) 10.5(7) 0.0(0)

Table 4. Classification of students’ response about S2.

response type example of students’ explanation

A A

· The light which comes from eyes is reflected by a mirror and then goes to an object.

A

· The light which comes from a source is reflected by eyes and then goes to a mirror before the light illuminates an object.

A

· The light which comes from a source illuminates an object.

· Another light which comes from eyes is reflected by a mirror and goes to the object.

B · scientific conception (The light coming from a source is reflected by an object and goes to a mirror before the light comes into eyes.)

C C

· The light coming from a source is reflected by an object and then goes to a mirror, We can see the object on the mirror.

C

· The light which comes from a source is reflected by a mirror and then reflected by the object before the light goes to eyes.(confusing between mirror image and a real object)

#

Œ AÄ »+ þ A_  > h¥ Æ õ  õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ s  ™ D ¥ F ÷ &# Q e ”  
, õ  † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦   + þ Ar &  & h 6   x ô  Ç  â Ä º– Ð K $ 3  ) a   [5].

Table 5. students’ response about S2. %(Number of student)

response A C etc. or

type A

A

A

B C

C

no response

4th grade(N=27) 33.3(9) 14.8(4) 14.8(4) 22.2(6) 11.1(3) 3.7(1) 0.0(0) 5th grade(N=32) 21.9(7) 18.8(6) 9.4(3) 34.4(11) 9.4(3) 6.3(2) 0.0(0) 6th grade(N=25) 12.0(3) 28.0(7) 12.0(3) 32.0(8) 8.0(2) 8.0(2) 0.0(0) 7th grade(N=67) 3.0(2) 5.7(4) 9.0(6) 64.2(43) 13.4(9) 1.5(1) 3.0(2)



© œ S ! (S1)\ " f_  † < Ƹ  \    É r y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç > h

¥ Æ

`  ¦ ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç   õ   H Table 3 õ  ° ú   .

S1  © œ S ! \  @ /ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š`  ¦ Ä »_ à ºï  r p < 0.05 – Ð

“

§  ì  r$ 3  (χ

·  Ž & ñ ) ô  Ç   õ  4-6† < Ƹ  (p = 0.049)õ  4- 7 † < Ƹ  (p = 0.000) x 9  6-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.000)\ " f Ä »_ p ô  Ç

s \  ¦ ˜ Ð% i Ü ¼ 9, œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r B, C Ä »+ þ A˜ Ð  A Ä »+ þ A _

 ‚  × þ ˜ q Ö  ¦ s  Z  } € Œ ¤ . ô  Ǽ #  : Ÿ x > & h Ü ¼– Ð Ä »_ p ô  Ç s 

\

 ¦ ˜ Ðs t   H · ú §€ Œ ¤t ë ß – 5† < Ƹ  \ " f õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ _  ‚  × þ ˜q  Ö

 ¦ s  4, 6† < Ƹ  \  q K  Z  } > 
 è ß –  כ “ É r 5 † < Ƹ  _  ‘ Ö  ¦ õ  E $

™Ý ¼’ é ß –" é ¶ \  @ /ô  Ç † < Æ_ þ v % ò † ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç 5† < Ƹ  

\

" f ˜ Ð  7† < Ƹ  \ " f õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ _  ‚  × þ ˜q Ö  ¦ s  / å L   

>

 7 £ x ô  Ç  כ “ É r 7 † < Ƹ   ‘y n C’ é ß –" é ¶ _  † < Æ_ þ v% ò † ¾ Ó ÷  r ë ß –  m  

†

< ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  “  t µ 1 ϲ ú ˜\    É r    ×  æd ” & h  | K _  y Œ ™™ è M : ë

 H Ü ¼– Ð s K ½ + É Ã º e ”   [3].

2) ¨ î €   Ö  ¦ \  q • 2 ; Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! (S2)



© œ S ! (S2)\  @ /ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š Ä »+ þ A“ É r Table 4 ü < ° ú   s

 ì  r À Ó % i  .

A, B, C > h¥ Æ  Ä »+ þ A“ É r S1  © œ S ! \ " f ] jr   ) a > h¥ Æ õ  ° ú  “ É r Ä

»+ þ A_   כ s  . C Ä »+ þ A“ É r õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦   + þ Ar &  & h 6   x ô

 Ç  â Ä º– Ð C

, C

_  0 A Ä »+ þ AÜ ¼– Ð [ jì  r  o % i  . ‘ F  g " é ¶

\

" f “ : r y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q  Ö  ¦ \  q Æ Ò€   è  H \ " f

“ : r y n Cs   Ö  ¦ \  ² ú ¢  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  .’ “ ¦ [ O " î 



 H  â Ä º\  ¦ C

– Ð, ‘ F  g " é ¶ \ " f “ : r y n Cs   Ö  ¦ \  ì ø Í   ) a Ê ê Ó ü t

^

‰\ " f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q è  H Ü ¼– Ð [ þ t # Q“ : r  .’  “ ¦ [ O " î   H  â Ä º

\

 ¦ C

Ü ¼– Ð ì  r À Ó % i  .  © œ S ! (S2)\ " f † < Ƹ  \    É r y n C_  s

1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç   õ   H Table 5 ü < ° ú   .



© œ S ! S2\  @ /ô  Ç 6 £ x ² ú š`  ¦ Ä »_ à ºï  r p < 0.05 – Ð “ §  ì  r

$ 3

 (χ

·  Ž & ñ )ô  Ç   õ  4-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.000)õ  5-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.004) x 9  6-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.006)\ " f Ä »_ p ô  Ç s \  ¦ ˜ Ð% i 



. 4, 5† < Ƹ  _   â Ä º A

_  ‚  × þ ˜ q Ö  ¦ s  S1 © œ S ! \ " f ˜ Ð  Z

 }  & ’ Ü ¼ 9, 7† < Ƹ  _   â Ä º õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ (B)_  ‚  × þ ˜ q Ö  ¦ s

 ×  ¦ # Q[ þ t% 3  . s  כ “ É r † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s   Ö  ¦ – Ð “  K  “  t ° ú ˜1 p x

`

 ¦   “ ¦ e ” 6 £ §`  ¦
  · p . s   H  © œ S !     o\    É r > h¥ Æ & h  6  

x _  ™ D ¥ ê ø Íõ  [7] { 9  © œÒ q t Ö ¸ \ " f  6   x   H ƒ  # Q_ þ v› ' a(  Ö  ¦

\

 q • 2 ; \ O Ï ã J`  ¦ “‘ : r  .”)\ " f š ¸  H ™ D ¥ ê ø ÍÜ ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a  .

C

Ä »+ þ A“ É r ‘Ó ü t ^ ‰_   © œs   Ö  ¦ 0 A\  Ò q t|   .’ü < ‘Ä ºo 

Õ

ª כ `  ¦ ‘ : r  .’   H > h¥ Æ s  ™ D ¥ ½ + Ë÷ &# Q  u  ‘% ò  o › ' a _  % ò   l

\ " f
“ : r % ò  © œs  Û ¼ß ¼ 2 ;\  _ K  " 3 Æ Ò€   Õ ª כ `  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”

 .’   H > h¥ Æ õ  Ä »    [9]. ¢ ¸ô  Ç C

Ä »+ þ A“ É r ‘ F  g " é ¶ _  y n

Cs   Ö  ¦ \  ì ø Í ÷ &# Q Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ q Æ Ò€  , s  y n Cs  Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f ì

ø Í ÷ &# Q è  H Ü ¼– Ð ç ß – .’ “ ¦ Ò q ty Œ •   H  כ Ü ¼– Ð Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ f ”  ] X

 ˜ Ѝ  H  â Ä ºü <  Ö  ¦`  ¦ : Ÿ x K  Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ˜ Ѝ  H  â Ä º  s \ " f y n

C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  ¦ ™ D ¥1 l x   H  כ Ü ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a   [7]. s   H † < Æ Ò q

t[ þ t s  † < Ɠ § à º\ O `  ¦ : Ÿ x K  š ¸> h¥ Æ `  ¦ “ §& ñ l  ˜ Ð   H š ¸ y

 9 † < Æ_ þ v ô  Ç > h¥ Æ õ  š ¸> h¥ Æ `  ¦   ½ + Ë # Œ ¢ ¸   É r + þ AI _  D

h– Ðî  r š ¸> h¥ Æ `  ¦ + þ A$ í   H  כ `  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ҍ  H  Y V  ½ + É Ã º e ”

  [10].

3) E $ ™Ý ¼\  ¦ : Ÿ x K  Ó ü t ^ ‰_   © œ`  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï   H  © œ S ! 



© œ S ! (S3)\  @ /ô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  6 £ x ² ú š Ä »+ þ A“ É r Table 6 õ  ° ú   s

 ì  r À Ó % i  .

A Ä »+ þ A“ É r ŠҖ Ð ‘E $ ™Ý ¼\  ¦ : Ÿ x K " f Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ ‘ : r  .’   H > h¥ Æ 

\

 _ ô  Ç  כ Ü ¼– Ð S1, S2 © œ S ! \ " fü < ° ú  s  y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð

 è  H \ " f r  Œ •÷ &# Q Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f = å Q
“ ¦ e ”  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç CÄ »+ þ A

“

É r S2  © œ S ! _  C

ü < Ä »  >  ‘E $ ™Ý ¼\  _ K  ë ß –[ þ t # Q”    © œ`  ¦ Ä

ºo  ‘ : r  .’ “ ¦ Ò q ty Œ •   H  â Ä ºs  .  © œ S ! (S3)\ " f † < Æ

¸

 \    É r y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç   õ   H Table 7 õ  ° ú   .

S3  © œ S ! \  @ /ô  Ç 6 £ x ² ú š`  ¦ Ä »_ à ºï  r p < 0.05 – Ð “ §  ì  r

$ 3

 (χ

·  Ž & ñ ) ô  Ç   õ  4-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.000) õ  5-7† < Ƹ  (p

= 0.000) x 9  6-7† < Ƹ  (p = 0.000) \ " f Ä »_ p ô  Ç s \  ¦

˜ Ð% i  .

œ

í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º B, C Ä »+ þ A˜ Ð  A Ä »+ þ A_  6 £ x ² ú š q Ö  ¦ s

  8 Z  } > 
 z Œ ¤Ü ¼ 9 õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ‚  × þ ˜ô  Ç q Ö  ¦“ É r y Œ • y

Œ

• 14.8 %, 25.0 %, 12 %– Ð S1, S2  © œ S ! \ " f˜ Ð  & h > 
 

z Œ ¤ . ¢ ¸ô  Ç 7† < Ƹ  _   â Ä º C Ä »+ þ As  20.9 %– Ð S1, S2  © œ S !

\  q K  Õ ª q Ö  ¦ s  ß ¼>  7 £ x  % i   H X < s  כ “ É r † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t

Table 6. Classification of students’ response about S3.

response type example of students’ explanation

A A

· The light coming from eyes goes to an object through the lens.

· We can see an object through the lens regardless of light source.

A

· The light coming from the source is reflected by eyes and then goes to an object through the lens.

A

· When we look an object, light from source illuminates it and another light coming from eyes goes to the object through the lens.

· We can see an object through the lens because light coming from a source illuminates the object.

B · scientific conception (The light coming from a source is reflected by object and then the light comes into eyes through the lens.)

C · When we look at an object, the light coming from eyes meets a beam which is reflected by the object at the lens.

Table 7. students’ response about S3. %(Number of student)

response A etc. or

type A

A

A

B C

no response

4th grade(N=27) 14.8(4) 25.9(7) 29.6(8) 14.8(4) 11.1(3) 3.7(1)

5th grade(N=32) 3.1(1) 25.0(8) 21.9(7) 25.0(8) 21.9(7) 3.1(1)

6th grade(N=25) 4.0(1) 40.0(10) 16.0(4) 12.0(3) 28.0(7) 0.0(0)

7th grade(N=67) 3.0(2) 4.5(3) 3.0(2) 64.2(43) 20.9(14) 4.5(3)

s

 E $ ™Ý ¼\  _ ô  Ç  © œ_  + þ A$ í x 9  › ' a ¹ 1 Ï  s _  › ' a > \  ¦ õ † < Æ

&

h Ü ¼– Ð s K  t  3 l w “ ¦ e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  . s  כ “ É r E $ ™Ý ¼

\

 ¦ : Ÿ x K  › ' a ¹ 1 Ï÷ &  H  © œs  z  ´] j Ó ü t ^ ‰ü <  H  Ø Ô>  S X ‰ @ /÷ & 

 + '| 9 ) €  H 1 p x  € ª œô  Ç  =/ B G ) a  © œs  ˜ Ðs l  M :ë  H Ü ¼– Ð Æ Ò

&

ñ  ) a  . l   Ä »+ þ AÜ ¼– Ѝ  H ‘Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f ì ø Í   ) a y n Cs  E $ ™Ý ¼\ 

"

f ì ø Í ÷ &# Q è  H Ü ¼– Ð [ þ t # Qç ß – .’ “ ¦ 6 £ x ² ú š # Œ  Ö  ¦ õ  E $ ™ Ý

¼\  ¦ ™ D ¥1 l x   H  â Ä º• ¸ e ” % 3  .

0

A_  ƒ  ½ ¨   õ \  ¦ 7 á x ½ + Ë # Œ œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q tõ  ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t_   © œ S !

Z >  6 £ x ² ú š Ä »+ þ A`  ¦ q “ §ô  Ç   õ   H Table 8 õ  ° ú   .

œ

í1 p x † < ÆÒ q tõ  ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t_  y Œ •  © œ S ! Z >  õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ q “ § K

˜ Ѐ   œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t \  q K  ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  ‚  × þ ˜q Ö  ¦ s   Z 41 p x y

 Z  } € Œ ¤ . s  כ “ É r 7 † < Ƹ   ‘y n C’ é ß –" é ¶ _  † < Æ_ þ v% ò † ¾ Óõ  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _

    ×  æd ” & h  | K _  y Œ ™™ è M :ë  H“    כ Ü ¼– Ð Ò q ty Œ •  ) a   [3].

¢

¸ô  Ç œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q tõ  ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t — ¸¿ º\ " f CÄ »+ þ A_  ‚  × þ ˜q Ö  ¦ s  S1 \ " f S3– Ð ° ú ˜Ã º2 Ÿ ¤ 7 £ x  “ ¦ e ”  . s  כ “ É r  Ö  ¦ s 
 E $ ™ Ý

¼ “  t ° ú ˜1 p x`  ¦ { 9 Ü ¼&  { 9  © œÒ q t Ö ¸ \ " f % 3 “ É r  â + « >õ  F  g

†

< Æl ½ ¨\  @ /ô  Ç ‚  { 9 | s    ½ + ˝ ) a   õ – Ð ˜ Г   . 7 £ ¤,   Ö

 ¦“ É r Šҁ    Ó ü t`  ¦ q 2 X ˜ Ѝ  H X <, ^  ¦2 Ÿ ¤E $ ™Ý ¼  H Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ S X ‰ @ / K

 ˜ Ѝ  H X <  6   x ) a  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç { 9  © œÒ q t Ö ¸ \ " f  6   x   H ƒ  # Q

%

i r  ‘∼`  ¦  Ö  ¦ \  q 2 X ‘ : r  .’, ‘∼`  ¦ ^  ¦2 Ÿ ¤E $ ™Ý ¼– Ð S X ‰ @ /K 

Table 8. Comparison of students’ response type between elementary and middle school. %(Number of student)

Situation A B C etc. or no response

elementary (N=84) 53.6(45) 28.6(24) 14.3(12) 3.6(3)

S1 middle (N=67) 13.4(9) 76.1(51) 10.5(7) 0.0(0)

elementary (N=84) 54.8(46) 29.8(25) 15.5(13) 0.0(0)

S2 middle (N=67) 17.9(12) 64.2(43) 14.9(10) 3.0(2)

elementary (N=84) 59.5(50) 17.9(15) 20.2(17) 2.4(2)

S3 middle (N=67) 10.5(7) 64.2(43) 20.9(14) 4.5(3)

Table 9. Analysis of consistency in response type. %(Number of student)

response A

type A

A

A

B C total

4th grade(N=27) 0.0(0) 7.4(2) 7.4(2) 0.0(0) 3.7(1) 18.5(5)

5th grade(N=32) 0.0(0) 6.3(2) 3.1(1) 9.4(3) 0.0(0) 18.8(6)

6th grade(N=25) 0.0(0) 20.0(5) 0.0(0) 12.0(3) 4.0(1) 36.0(9)

7th grade(N=67) 0.0(0) 1.5(1) 1.5(1) 50.8(34) 3.0(2) 56.7(38)

‘

: r  .’ü < ° ú  s   u   Ö  ¦ \  q • 2 ;  כ `  ¦ ˜ Ð 
 E $ ™Ý ¼– Ð S X ‰

@

/  ) a  כ `  ¦ ˜ Ѝ  H  כ Ü ¼– Ð š ¸“   l  ~ 1 >   6   x ÷ &l  M :ë  H \ 

†

< ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  ‚  × þ ˜q Ö  ¦ s  7 £ x ô  Ç  כ Ü ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a  .

2. ö m Í8 ý T Ž Ò Þß O Ëz º; c 6 ” X ¢ 4 G › È8 ý ø m Çå ¾ ËV R Ë R w ‹

y

Œ

• † < Ƹ  Z >  > h¥ Æ _  { 9 › ' a$ í `  ¦ q “ § l  0 AK  [ j t   © œ S !

\ " f — ¸¿ º ° ú  “ É r Ä »+ þ A_  6 £ x ² ú š`  ¦ ˜ Г    â Ä º\  ¦ ì  r$ 3  % i 



(Table 9).

[

j  © œ S ! \ " f — ¸¿ º ô  Ç t  Ä »+ þ AÜ ¼– Ðë ß – { 9 › ' a$ í e ” >  6 £ x

² ú

šô  Ç † < ÆÒ q t“ É r 4 † < Ƹ   18.5 % (5" î ), 5† < Ƹ   18.8 % (6" î ), 6† < Æ

¸

  36.0 % (9" î ), 7† < Ƹ   56.7 % (38" î )– Ð
 z Œ ¤ . : £ ¤ y , 7 † < Ƹ  _   â Ä º\   H   É r Ä »+ þ A\  q K  BÄ »+ þ A`  ¦  8 { 9 › ' a ÷ &

>

 & h 6   x “ ¦ e ” % 3  . s  כ “ É r l ” > r _  ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f
 è ß –    õ

% ƒ! 3  õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ _  & h 6   x s   8 { 9 › ' a& h e ” `  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r   [11]. ì ø ̀   6 £ x ² ú š\  ‚ à Ð# Œô  Ç œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t @ / Òì  r õ  49 % & ñ • ¸ _

 7† < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t“ É r y Œ •  © œ S ! Z >  y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  ¦ " f– Ð   Ø

Ô>  ó ø Íé ß – “ ¦ e ” % 3  . s  כ “ É r F  g † < Ɖ & ³ © œ_  @ / Òì  r s  y n C _

 s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç s K \  ¦ l ì ø ÍÜ ¼– Ð ô  Ç   H & h `  ¦ “ ¦ 9

½

+ É M : # Œ Q F  g † < Æ ‰ & ³ © œ[ þ t`  ¦ Ä ºo _  è  H õ  ƒ  › ' a r &  “ §¹ ¢ ¤ K 



½ + É € 9 כ ¹$ í s  e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”   [2,4].

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø õ m Í < gŽ ¹ Å

s

 ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ f ” ] X  ^  ¦ M :,  Ö  ¦ \  q • 2 ;  © œ`  ¦

^

 ¦ M :, E $ ™Ý ¼\  _ ô  Ç  © œ`  ¦ ^  ¦ M : y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç 4

∼ 7 † < Ƹ   † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ › ¸  ì  r$ 3  % i  . s \  ¦  „ ½ Ó Ü

¼– Ð † < Ƹ  \    É r y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç > h¥ Æ  x 9  > h¥ Æ  _

 { 9 › ' a$ í `  ¦ ì  r$ 3  % i  . ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f µ 1 ß) €”     õ   H  6 £ § õ

 ° ú   .

' Í

P :, œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º y n C_  s 1 l x ⠖ Ð è  H \ " f r  Œ •

# Œ Ó ü t ^ ‰\ " f = å Q
  H    ×  æd ” & h  > h¥ Æ s , ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä

º õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ _  & h 6   x q Ö  ¦ s  Z  } € Œ ¤ . Ó ü t ^ ‰\  ¦ f ” ] X  ˜ Ѝ  H



© œ S ! \ " f 4† < Ƹ  , 6† < Ƹ    s \ " fë ß – Ä »_ p ô  Ç s \  ¦ ˜ Ð { 9

 ÷  r œ í1 p x † < Ɠ § † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º † < Ƹ  \    É r Ä »_ p ô  Ç s 



 H \ O % 3  . t ë ß – œ í1 p x † < Ɠ §ü < ×  æ † < Ɠ §_  q “ §\ " f  H [ j

t   © œ S !  — ¸¿ º\ " f Ì º§  ô  Ç s \  ¦ ˜ Ð% i  . s  כ “ É r † < Ɠ §

†

< Æ_ þ v \  _ ô  Ç % ò † ¾ Ә Ð   H † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t _  “  t 0 p x§ 4  µ 1 ϲ ú ˜\   

 É

r   õ – Ð K $ 3 ½ + É Ã º e ”  .   " f œ í1 p x † < Ɠ § F  g † < Ɠ §¹ ¢ ¤ õ 

&

ñ `  ¦ 7 á §  8 ^ ‰> & h Ü ¼– Ð ½ ¨$ í K   ½ + É  כ Ü ¼– Ð ó ø Íé ß –  ) a  .

Ñ ü

t P :, > h¥ Æ _  { 9 › ' a$ í `  ¦ q “ § ì  r$ 3 ô  Ç   õ  ×  æ † < ÆÒ q ts   8

¹

¡

¤ > h¥ Æ `  ¦ { 9 › ' a$ í e ” >  & h 6   x % i  . œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º A Ä »+ þ A_  > h¥ Æ `  ¦, ×  æ † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ 7 á §  8 { 9

› ' a$ í e ” >   6   x % i  . Õ ª Q
 ´ ú §“ É r † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s  y n C_  s  1

l x ⠖ Ð\  @ /ô  Ç Ô  ¦S X ‰ z  ´ô  Ç > h¥ Æ `  ¦ t “ ¦ e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 

% 3  .

!

Ó P :, œ í1 p x † < ÆÒ q t_   â Ä º ´ ú §“ É r † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s   © œ S ! \     õ 

†

< Æ& h  > h¥ Æ õ  q õ † < Æ& h  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ™ D ¥6   x K " f  6   x “ ¦ e ” 6 £ §

`

 ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  .

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨ " fÖ  ¦ _  { 9 Â Ò t % i  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t \  ² D G ô  ǝ ) a t % i & h  ô

 Ç> & h `  ¦ ° ú “ ¦  H e ” t ë ß –  © œ{ © œÃ º_  † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s  y n C_  s 1 l x

 â

– Ð\  @ /ô  Ç õ † < Æ& h  s K   Ò7 á ¤    H  כ õ  õ † < Æ& h  > h

¥ Æ

`  ¦ _ þ v1 p q l  0 Aô  Ç “ §¹ ¢ ¤ õ & ñ s  € 9 כ ¹    H  כ `  ¦ " î Ñ þ ˜

y

 ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  .   " f s \  F  g † < Ɠ §¹ ¢ ¤ \  @ /ô  Ç Y >   t

 ] jƒ  `  ¦ €    6 £ § õ  ° ú   .

' Í

P :,  € ª œô  Ç  © œ S !  5 Å q \ " f_  y n C_  s 1 l x  ⠖ Ð\  ¦ f ” ] X  Õ ª

9˜ Ѝ  H  Ö ¸1 l x`  ¦ : Ÿ x K  [7] † < ÆÒ q t[ þ t s  ‘ F  g " é ¶-Ó ü t ^ ‰-è  H’  s _ 

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