Lesson 5. A New Way of Thinking
1. 접속사가 있는 분사구문분사구문은 “접속사 + 주어 + 동사”의 부사절을 부사구로 바꾼 표현이다. 접속사와 ‘주절의 주어와 같을 경우’ 주어를 생략 하고 동사를 현재분사로 바꾸어 만든다. 이 경우 의사소통의 원활함을 위해 접속사를 밝혀 적어줄 수도 있다.
• Visiting her house, he got a phone call from his company.
(그녀의 집을 방문하기 전에(or 하면서 or 후에), 그는 그의 회사에서 온 전화를 받았다.)
• Before visiting her house, he got a phone call from his company.
(그녀의 집을 방문하기 전에, 그는 그의 회사에서 온 전화를 받았다.)
• While visiting her house, he got a phone call from his company.
(그녀의 집을 방문하면서, 그는 그의 회사에서 온 전화를 받았다.)
• After visiting her house, he got a phone call from his company.
(그녀의 집을 방문한 후에, 그는 그의 회사에서 온 전화를 받았다.)
< Study More >
1 분사구문 만들기
① 접속사 생략 : 접속사를 유추 가능하다면 생략이 가능하다. 그러나 의미 전달상 필요한 경우 생략하지 않는다.
② 부사절 주어 생략 : 주절의 주어와 부사절의 주어가 일치하다면 생략한다. 그러나 다른 경우는 생략하지 않는다.
③ 부사절의 동사를 현재분사로 바꾼다.
When my sister arrived in Seoul, she met Shelly.
-> Arriving in Seoul, she met Shelly. (접속사와 주어 모두 생략) (내 여동생은 서울에 도착했을 때, 그녀는 Shelly를 만났다.)
While Jin-ho studied English, I studied math.
-> Jin-ho studying English, I studied math
(Jin-ho가 영어공부를 하는 동안, 나는 수학공부를 했다.)
주절의 주어(=I)와 부사절의 주어(=Jin-ho)가 다르기 때문에 부사절의 주어를 생략하지 않았다.
④ 분사구문에서 be동사의 분사형인 Being은 생략이 가능하다.
When she was left alone, the baby began to cry.
-> (Being) left alone, the baby began to cry.
(그 아이는 혼자 남겨졌을 때 울먹이기 시작했다.)
⑤ 분사구문의 부정형은 Ving(현재분사) 앞에 Not 혹은 Never를 붙인다.
As he didn’t feel well, Kelly stayed home all day.
-> Not feeling well, Kelly sayed home all day.
(몸이 좋지 못했던 Kelly는 하루 종일 집에 머물렀다.)
Because she didn’t know what to say, my sister was just listening.
-> Never knowing what to say, my sister was just listening.
(뭘 말해야할지 몰랐던 내 여동생은 그저 듣고만 있었다.)
⑥ 부사절이 there+be동사일경우의 분사구문
: 부사절 주어 There는 주절의 주어와 같지 않으므로 there를 생략하지 않는다.
Because there was no train to Jeonju then, I couldn’t go to my friend.
-> There being no train to Jeonju then, I couldn’t go to my friend.
(그때 전주로 향하는 기차가 없었기 때문에, 나는 나의 친구에게 갈 수가 없었다.)
⑦ 주절의 시제보다 부사절의 시제가 앞선 경우 부서절의 동사는 “Having+p.p.”로 쓴다.
Since I had seen that movie star face to face, I became his fan.
-> Having seen that movie star face to face, I became his fan.
(그 영화배우를 직접 본 이후로 나는 그의 팬이 되었다.)
부사절의 동사는 had seen(과거완료), 주절의 동사는 became(과거)로 부사절과 주절의 시제가 다르다. 이럴 경우 분사구문을 만들 때, having p.p.를 이용해서 만든다.
만약, 위 경우처럼 시제가 다를 때, “having been p.p.”(수동태)인 경우 “having been”은 생략이 가능하다.
Because he was raised in the city, I don’t know anything about the country life.
-> (Having been) raised in the city, I don’t know anything about the country life.
< 접속사가 있는 분사구문 Simple Test >
Q1. 다음 문장을 접속사가 있는 분사구문으로 바꾸시오.
(1) While she was cooking, she listened to the radio.
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) After he wrote the article, the reporter sent the file to his boss.
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3) When I opened the door, I found that my cat was sleeping there.
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4) Since she wasn’t able to arrive in time, she had to cancel the appointment.
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(5) As he listened to her favorite music, James drank a glass of wine.
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q2. 다음 알맞은 단어를 선택하시오.
(1) After ( finishing / finished ) my homework, I’ll play my favorite game.
(2) ( Studying / Studied ) in America, Miran missed her parents a lot.
(3) ( Not / No ) remembered to turn off the light, I was scolded by my wife for it.
(4) ( Crossed / Crossing ) the street, you should look both ways.
(5) ( Parking / parked ) my car in the parking lot, I bumped into another car.
(6) ( Not knowing / Not known ) how to use the device, he asked me to explain it.
Q3. 다음 문맥상 가장 알맞은 접속사를 구하시오.
(1) ( After / Though / While ) picking upthe pencil, the artist began drawing me rapidly.
(2) ( If / Thought / Because ) having a positive attitude, you can come up with positive solution in difficult situation.
(3) ( If / Though / Before ) taking a short nap during the day, you can improve productivity.
(4) ( As / After / Before ) waiting to be served, we had to stand in a long line in front of the restaurant.
(5) ( While / If / Because ) a good reader are reading books, they try to focus on comprehension.
(6) ( After / Though / Because ) not knowing what to do, she came to ask for my advice.
Q4. 다음 문장을 우리말로 해석하시오.
(1) Found in large numbers in Amazon River, these fish sometimes attack people and animals in the water.
(2) Raised in a rich family, he knows how to spend money efficiently.
(3) Not having a car in the remote countryside, she was not able to visit her mother often.
Q5. 주어진 단어들을 활용해서, 다음 우리말을 영작하시오.
(1) 지난밤 끔직한 화재가 발생했고, 10채의 집을 불태웠다.
( last night / down / out / ten / burning / a terrible fire / broke / houses)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3) 가난한 가정에서 자랐기 때문에, 공자는 사람들의 고통을 진정으로 이해했다.
( growing / of the people / Confucius / in a poor family / truly / the suffering / understood ) -> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4) 박물관에 도착했을 때, 우리는 출입구에 막대한 줄을 보았다.
( the museum / saw / for the entrance / arriving at / we / an enormous queue )
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 조동사 Have P.P(과거분사)
“Should have P.P.(과거분사)” 구문은 “~했어야만 했다”는 의미로 과거에 대한 후회를 나타낸다.
참고로 “should 동사원형” 구문은 “~했어야만 했다”로 현재 해야 하는 의무를 나타낸다.
• I knew that she doesn’t eat meat.
(나는 그녀가 고기를 먹지 않는다는 것을 알았다.)
• I Should have known that she doesn’t eat meat.
(나는 그녀가 고기를 먹지 않는다는 것을 알았어야 했다.)
<Study More>
1. should(ought to) have p.p. : ~했어야 했다. (하지만 그러지 못했다.) -> 과거에 하지 못한 일에 대한 현재의 유감이나 후회를 표현
ex) You should(ought to) have studied English harder.
(너는 영어공부를 더 열심히 했어야 했는데.)
2. must have p.p. : ~했음에 틀림없다.
-> 과거에 대한 확실한 추측을 표현
ex) The woman must have mistaken me for somebody else.
(그 여인은 나를 다른 사람으로 착각한 것이 분명하다.)
3. cannot have p.p. : ~했을 리가 없다.
-> 과거에 일에 대한 강한 부정적 추측을 표현 (must have p.p. 의 반대) ex) She cannot have been honest.
(그녀는 정직했을 리가 없다.)
3. could have p.p. : ~할 수 있었을 텐데 (결국 하지 못함) -> 과거 일에 대해 반대로 추측
ex) I could have hold my tongue then.
(나는 그때 입을 다물고 있을 수 있었을 텐데.)
4. may(mihgt) have p.p. : ~이었을 것이다
< Simple Test >
Q1. 알게 된 것을 바탕으로, 주어진 단어를 이용하여 문장을 완성하시오.
(1) He was caught in a heavy rain without an umbrella.
-> He ______________________________________ the weather forecast. (check)
(2) I failed to finish my science report in time.
-> I ______________________________________ my science report earlier. (start)
Q2. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 알맞은 단어를 고르시오.
(1)
He did it wrong, He ______________ have followed my advice.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
(2)
If you spend time thinking about what you ______________ have done, you lose valuable time.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
(3)
I’m really hungry now. I ______________ have eaten lunch.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
(4)
The movie was fantastic! You ______________ have come with me.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
(5)
I can’t find my wallet anywhere, I ______________ have cleaned my room before you came.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
(6)
Brian kept coughing. He ______________ have had a cold.
① must ② should ③ could ④ can ⑤ may
Q3. 주어진 단어를 활용해서 다음을 영작하시오.
(1) 그녀는 매우 무서웠을 것임에 틀림없다. (frighten)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2) 그는 그 문제에 대해서 나에게 더 일찍 말했어야 했다. (tell)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3) 당신은 그 책을 제 시간에 반납했어야 했습니다. (return)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4) 그 팀은 그때 그 프로젝트를 끝냈어야만 했다. (finish)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(5) 나는 그녀의 집에 오기 전에 그녀에게 전화했어야만 했다. (call)
-> _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
< 접속사가 있는 분사구문 Simple Test Answer >
Q1.
(1) While being cooking, she listened to the radio.
(2) After writing the article, the reporter sent the file to his boss.
(3) When Opening the door, I found that my cat was sleeping there.
(4) Since Not able to arrive in time, she had to cancel the appointment.
(5) As listening to her favorite music, James drank a glass of wine.
Q2.
(1) finishing (2) Studying (3) Not (4) Crossing (5) Parking (6) Not knowing
Q3.
(1) After (2) If (3) If (4) As (5) While (6) Because
Q4.
(1) 아마존 강에서 많은 수로 발견되는 이 물고기들은 물속에 있는 사람들과 동물들을 가끔 공격한다.
(2) 부유한 가정에서 자란 그는 돈을 효율적으로 사용하는 방법을 안다.
(3) 먼 시골에서 차가 없었던, 그녀는 그녀의 엄마를 자주 방문할 수 없었다.
Q5.
(1) A terrible fire broke out last night, burning down ten houses.
(2) Unable to find teaching work, he drifted into a writing career.
(3) Growing in a poor family, Confucius truly understood the suffering of the people.
(4) Arriving at the museum, we saw an enormous queue for the entrance.
< Must have p.p simple test Answer >
Q1.
(1) should have checked (2) should have started
Q2.
(1) ② (2) ② (3) ② (4) ② (5) ① (6) ①
Q3.
(1) She must have been very frightened.
(2) He should have told me the problems.
(3) You should have returned the book on time.
(4) The team should have finished the project then.
(5) I should have called her before I came to her house.
