중국원예산업의 발전과 대응방안

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(1)연구보고 R555 | 2007. 12.. 중국 원예산업의 발전과 대응 방안. 어 김 김 전 리. 명 연 윤 형 경. 근 중 식 진 호. 선임연구위원 연 구 위 원 부 연 구 위 원 전 문 연 구 원 연 구 원.

(2) 연구 담당 어 명 근 김 연 중 김 윤 식 전 형 진 리 경 호. 선임연구위원 연구위원 부연구위원 전문연구원 연구원. 연구총괄, 정책분석, 대응방안 채소 수급, 교역, 전망 과일, 화훼 수급, 교역 친환경농산물 생산 동향, 전망 자료 수집 및 공동연구 관리.

(3) i. 머 리 말. 중국은 1978년 개혁개방을 실시하면서 가장 먼저 채소, 과일 등 원예작 물의 가격을 자율화하였다. 그 결과 만성적인 공급 부족에 시달리던 중국 의 원예산업은 시장의 가격기능이 되살아나면서 생산이 크게 늘어나는 성 과를 거두었다. 원예산업은 곡물류에 비해 농가 소득률이 높아 농민들에게 경제작물로 인식되고 있다. 또한 본질적으로 노동집약적인 원예산업은 중국이 세계 최 고 수준의 경쟁력을 확보하고 있어 최근 곡물과 축산물을 제치고 수출전략 품목으로 등장하였다. 3농 문제 해결책의 하나로 농산물 수출 증대를 추진 하고 있는 중국은 과일 등 원예작물에 대한 선진국들의 검역상 수입규제를 극복함으로써 수출을 획기적으로 확대하기 위하여 친환경 농산물 생산을 장려하고 있다. 그에 따라 전반적으로 품질 우위를 점한 우리나라와의 무 한경쟁이 불가피해질 전망이다. 그뿐 아니라 대표적인 원예작물 주산지인 산동성은 우리나라와 거리가 가깝고 작부체계도 비슷하여 국내 원예산업 에 커다란 위협으로 대두되고 있다. 중국산 원예작물이 전체적으로는 품질 이 높지 않지만 기업형 농장 등 선도농가의 수출용 농산물 품질은 상당히 높은 수준으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구는 21세기 들어 성장세가 더욱 가속화되고 있는 중국 원예산업 의 동향과 경쟁력을 분석하고 향후 발전 방향을 전망함으로써 우리나라 원 예산업에 대한 시사점을 도출하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이 보고서가 향후 중국의 원예산업과 관련하여 관심 있는 분들에게 유용한 정보가 되고 토론 의 기회를 제공할 수 있기를 기대하며, 많은 관심과 조언을 바란다.. 2007. 11. 한국농촌경제연구원장 최 정 섭.

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(5) iii. 요. 약. 중국은 세계 육지 면적의 약 7%에서 세계 인구의 22%를 부양하고 있을 만큼 성공적으로 농업 정책을 수행하고 있다. 특히 개혁개방 정책으로 기 아로부터의 해방을 경험한 중국은 시장경제를 기반으로 하면서도 정부 주 도로 문제를 해결하려는 성향을 가지고 있다. 1988년 “채람자 공정”과 일 련의 후속 조치 등 원예산업 관련 정책도 당면 문제 해결을 위한 대책 위 주로 수립, 시행되면서 많은 현안을 해결하였다. 중국의 채소류 재배면적과 생산량은 개혁개방 이후 지속적으로 증가하 였다. 재배면적보다 품종개량과 재배기술 발달로 생산성이 더 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 그러나 인건비 상승과 연작 피해 등으로 인해 채소 주산지가 이동하고 있고, 채소의 주년 공급을 위해 시설재배 면적이 증가하고 있다. 일인당 채소 소비량은 감소 추세지만 우리나라의 관심품목인 5종 채소 소비량은 늘어나는 추세이다. 고소득층의 채소 소비패턴은 고급화, 다양화 되고 있으며 외래종 채소와 고품질, 브랜드 채소 등으로 전환되고 있다. WTO에 가입한 2001년 이래 채소류가 축산물을 제치고 최대의 수출 농 산물로 부상했다. 최근 채소류 수출시장은 다변화되어 건고추는 말레이시 아, 냉동고추는 한국, 건조마늘은 미국 등지로 수출하고 있다. 과일류 생산 역시 증가하고 있다. 재배면적은 별로 확대되지 않았으나 생산성 증대로 생산량이 크게 늘었다. 중국 정부는 사과와 감귤을 ‘우위농 산물지역배치계획’에 의한 지역특화 대상 품목으로 지정하고 품질과 생산 성 향상을 위해 중점적으로 지원하고 있다. 일인당 과일 소비량은 증가하고 있지만 세계 수준보다는 아직 낮은 상 태이다. 중국은 국내 생산 과일의 90% 이상이 내수용으로 저급품 중심이 며, 고급품은 고소득층을 대상으로 출하하거나 수출하고 있다. 국내에서 소비되는 고품질 과일은 식용보다는 선물용 수요가 대부분이며 맛과 색상, 크기, 브랜드와 이미지 등이 중요한 구매 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 중국의 과일 수출은 지속적으로 증가하였으며, WTO 가입 이후 신선과.

(6) iv 일과 함께 사과주스와 감귤통조림 수출이 급증하였다. 주요 수출 품목은 사과와 감귤이며 포도는 수입량이 더 많은 품목이다. 최근 국제시장에서 중국산 과일의 가격 및 품질 경쟁력이 빠르게 상승하고 있다. 중국의 화훼산업은 광동성과 절강성, 복건성에서 운남성으로 이동되고 있다. 운남성의 화훼산업은 1990년 후반 이후 절화를 중심으로 급성장하여 중국 전체 절화 생산량의 70%를 생산하고 있다. 화훼농가는 전반적으로 규모가 영세하고 낙후되어 있어 지적재산권 등에 대한 인식이 낮은 실정이 다. 정부는 최근 신품종 자체 개발에 주력하여 운남성은 현재 25개 화훼 품종에 대한 특허를 보유하고 있다. 중국산 원예작물 135개(HS-6단위 기준)를 대상으로 시장비교우위 (MCA)를 계측한 결과, 우리나라 시장에서 중국이 수출경쟁력을 갖고 있는 품목은 63개, 중국 시장에서 우리나라가 수출경쟁력을 가진 품목은 3개에 불과하였다. 품질경쟁력은 우리나라가 전반적으로 우위를 지키고 있지만, 중국산 품질 향상으로 격차가 점차 줄어들고 있다. 향후 중국의 원예작물 생산과 소비, 수출은 모두 증가할 것으로 전망된 다. 원예농가의 수익성이 증가하면서 수익성이 낮은 곡물 등의 농지가 원 예작물 생산지로 전환되기 때문이다. 또한 소득 증가에 따라 원예작물의 소비가 고급화, 다양화될 것으로 전망된다. 품질과 안전성 향상이 가장 시급한 과제인 중국의 원예산업은 고급화와 안전성 제고를 위하여 친환경 농산물 생산 확대에 주력하고 있다. 그에 따 라 우리나라와의 품질 경쟁이 불가피할 것으로 전망된다. 중국산 고품질 원예작물과 경쟁하기 위해서는 유기농 원예작물 생산 확대 등으로 품질과 안전성을 제고해야 할 것이다. 또한 원예작물의 시장경쟁력 강화를 위해 유통시스템 선진화와 첨단 마케팅 기법 도입을 확대함으로써 생산비 절감 과 동시에 중국의 고소득 소비자를 대상으로 고품질 원예작물 수출시장을 개척할 필요가 있다. 아울러 국민 생명과 안전을 위하여 중국산 원예작물 수입 시 위생 검사와 검역을 더욱 강화해야 할 것이다..

(7) v ABSTRACT. Development of Chinese Horticultural Industry and its Implications China has been playing an important role in the world agricultural production; China feeds 22% of the world population with its territory covering 7% of the world's land area. The cultivation area and production of Chinese vegetables and fruit have rapidly grown since the late 1970s and vegetables overtook livestock products in export amount after the country's entry into the WTO. The increase in the production of vegetables and fruit was caused mainly by productivity growth with the development of new varieties and production technologies rather than by an increase in cultivation area. Low wages and rents accelerated the development of the vegetable and fruit industry. The average quality level of vegetables and fruit produced in China, however, is still low. For example, some 90% of total fruit produced in China are mostly low quality and are consumed within China. The per capita consumption of fruit is also much lower than that of developed countries while the consumption per person has increased over time. The Chinese flower industry has also grown rapidly. The growth of the cut flower industry of Yunnan Province is remarkable. Yunnan Province produces about 70% of total cut flowers in China even though 15 years have not passed since the cut flower industry was introduced in Yunnan Province. However, the cut flower industry faces some challenges not only because farm sizes are relatively small but also because farmers do not have the perception of intellectual property rights. One of the features of the Chinese vegetable and fruit industry is that the industry is most affected by the government. For example, the "Green Basket Policy," which was initiated in 1988, well exemplifies the government-driven policies to solve the problems in the vegetable industry. The.

(8) vi. other example can be found in the fruit industry. To improve the quality of fruit, the Chinese government initiated a reallocation program for apples and oranges in 2004. The program was designed to concentrate the production of apples and oranges on specific regions to enhance competitiveness. Despite many advantages, the Chinese vegetable and fruit industry faces new challenges; wages and rents spiraled up, and some vegetables experienced low production because of consecutive cultivation. Furthermore, consumers, particularly the residents in coastal provinces, tend to purchase higher quality products and more diverse food, so it is not easy for the Chinese farmers to meet the needs of high income consumers. To see the price competitiveness, the MCA indices are calculated. The indices indicate that 63 items of Chinese vegetables and fruit have competitiveness in the Korean market while only 3 items of Korean products have competitiveness in the Chinese market. This result shows that the Korean products are not price-competitive against the Chinese products, which implies that the Korean growers should not compete with the Chinese growers in terms of price but quality. It is generally recognized that the Korean products are still competitive in terms of quality against the Chinese products. However, it is also a fact that the Chinese products have caught up with the quality of the Korean products. As a result, the distinction in quality between the two products is not large. To compete with the Chinese products in the Korea market, the Korean growers should produce safer and higher quality products than the Chinese products. Additionally, producers should reduce costs by enforcing efficiencies in marketing. If the Korean growers can produce safer and higher quality products and reduce marketing costs, the Chinese market may offer good opportunities for the Korean products because the demand for safe and high quality products in China is very promising. Researchers:. Myong-Keun Eor, Yean-Jung Hyoung-Jin Jeon, Jing-Hu Li E-Mail address: myongeor@krei.re.kr. Kim,. Yun-Shik. Kim,.

(9) vii. 차. 례. 제1장 서론 1. 연구의 필요성과 목적 ·········································································· 1 2. 연구 방법과 연구 범위 ········································································· 3 3. 선행연구 검토 ························································································ 4 제2장 중국의 원예산업 정책 개요 1. 원예산업 관련 정책의 주요 내용 ························································ 9 1.1. 생산 및 품질 관련 정책 ································································ 9 1.2. 가공 및 유통 관련 정책 ······························································ 22 1.3. 수출지원 정책 ··············································································· 27 2. 원예산업 정책 기조 변화와 특징 ······················································ 31 제3장 원예작물 수급 동향 1. 채소류 생산 및 소비 동향 ································································· 35 1.1. 채소류 생산 동향 ········································································· 35 1.2. 소비 동향 ······················································································ 47 1.3. 유통 현황 ······················································································ 50 2. 과일류 생산 및 소비 동향 ································································· 52 2.1. 과일류 생산 동향 ········································································· 52 2.2. 과일류 소비 및 유통 실태 ·························································· 70 3. 화훼류 생산 및 소비 동향 ································································· 74 3.1. 화훼류 생산 동향 ········································································· 74 3.2. 화훼류 소비 및 유통 현황 ·························································· 79.

(10) viii. 제4장 원예작물 교역 동향 1. 채소류 수출입 동향 ············································································ 83 1.1. 채소류 수출 추이 ········································································· 83 1.2. 주요 품목별 수출 동향 ································································ 83 2. 과일류 수출입 동향 ············································································ 93 2.1. 과일류 수출입 추이 ····································································· 93 2.2. 주요 품목별 수출 동향 ································································ 96 3. 화훼류 수출입 동향 ·········································································· 102 제5장 중국의 원예산업 경쟁력 분석 1. 가격경쟁력 분석 ················································································ 107 1.1. 도매가격 비교 ············································································· 107 1.2. 한국시장 판매가격 비교 ···························································· 109 2. 시장비교우위(MCA) 분석 ································································ 112 3. 품질경쟁력 분석 ················································································ 115 3.1. 채소류 ·························································································· 115 3.2. 과일류 ·························································································· 119 제6장 중국의 원예산업 발전 전망 1. 원예작물 수급 전망 ·········································································· 123 1.1. 채소류 ·························································································· 123 1.2. 과일류 ·························································································· 125 2. 중국 농업의 여건 변화와 원예산업 전망 ······································ 127 2.1. 대내적 여건 변화 ······································································· 128 2.2. 국제적 여건 변화 ······································································· 131 3. 친환경 원예작물 생산 확대 ····························································· 132 3.1. 친환경농산물의 생산 현황 ························································ 133 3.2. 친환경농산물의 발전 전망 ························································ 137.

(11) ix 3.3. 우리농업에 대한 시사점 ···························································· 139 4. 원예산업 실태와 전망: 중국 진출 농가 조사 결과 ······················ 140 4.1. 조사 개요 ···················································································· 141 4.2. 경영 형태와 영농 방식 ······························································ 142 4.3. 경쟁력 수준 ················································································· 143 4.4. 향후 원예산업의 전망에 대한 견해 ········································· 144. 제7장 요약 및 결론 1. 요약 ····································································································· 147 2. 결론: 우리나라의 대응 방안 ···························································· 150 부록 1. 산동성 수광시 시설채소 ··························································· 157 부록 2. 절강성의 감귤산업 ···································································· 164 부록 3. 운남성의 화훼산업 ···································································· 166 부록 4. 중국의 친환경농산물 분류와 인증제도 ·································· 174 부표 1. 한국 농산물 중국시장비교우위 ················································ 178 부표 2. 중국 농산물 한국시장비교우위 ················································ 181 참고 문헌 ···································································································· 184.

(12) x. 표 차 례 제1장 표 1- 1. 중국 원예산업 관련 선행연구 ················································ 5 제2장 표 2- 1. 중국의 원예산업 관련 정책 ·················································· 34 제3장 표 3- 1. 중국의 채소 재배면적과 생산량 추이 ································· 37 표 3- 2. 주요 채소류의 주산지 변화 ·················································· 40 표 3- 3. 중국의 시설형태별 면적, 2003년 ········································· 42 표 3- 4. 중국의 종자회사수 및 매출액 수준 ····································· 43 표 3- 5. 중국의 품목별 종자 시장 규모 ············································· 44 표 3- 6. 고추 품종변화 요인 ······························································· 45 표 3- 7. 마늘 품종변화 요인 ······························································· 46 표 3- 8. 양파 품종변화 요인 ······························································· 46 표 3- 9. 수입 채소 종자의 시장 점유율 ············································· 46 표 3-10. 중국의 주요 채소류 소비 추이 ············································ 48 표 3-11. 중국의 집무시장 규모 ···························································· 51 표 3-12. 중국의 과일류 재배면적 ························································ 53 표 3-13. 중국의 과일류 생산량 ···························································· 54 표 3-14. 사과의 지역별 생산량 ···························································· 57 표 3-15. 감귤의 재배면적과 생산량 ···················································· 58 표 3-16. 감귤의 지역별 생산량 ···························································· 60 표 3-17. 감귤류별 생산 현황 ······························································· 60 표 3-18. 감귤류 단위 면적당 생산비 ·················································· 62 표 3-19. 배의 지역별 생산량 ······························································· 67.

(13) xi 표 3-20. 포도의 지역별 생산량 ···························································· 68 표 3-21. 일인당 과일 소비량 ······························································· 71 표 3-22. 중국 화훼산업의 기본 현황 ·················································· 75 표 3-23. 중국의 화훼류 재배면적과 판매량 추이 ····························· 75 표 3-24. 중국의 화훼류 시설재배 면적 추이 ····································· 76 표 3-25. 주요 지역별 시설화훼 재배면적 추이 ································· 77 표 3-26. 중국 주요 절화류의 재배면적 추이 ····································· 78 제4장 표 4- 1. 중국의 고추 수출 현황 ·························································· 84 표 4- 2. 중국 고추 대한국 수출 현황 ················································ 85 표 4- 3. 중국의 마늘 수출 현황 ·························································· 86 표 4- 4. 중국의 마늘 국별 수출 단가 ················································ 87 표 4- 5. 중국 성별 마늘 수출 현황 ···················································· 87 표 4- 6. 중국의 마늘 유형별 수출 현황, 2006년 ······························ 88 표 4- 7. 중국 마늘 기업 성격별 수출 현황 ······································· 88 표 4- 8. 중국의 양파 수출 현황 ·························································· 89 표 4- 9. 중국의 신선/냉장 양파의 수출 현황 ·································· 89 표 4-10. 중국의 신선/냉장 양파의 국별 수출 현황 ························ 90 표 4-11. 중국의 신선/냉장 양파의 성별 수출 현황 ························ 91 표 4-12. 중국의 배추류 및 기타 채소식품 수출 동향 ······················ 92 표 4-13. 중국의 과일류 수출입 동향 ·················································· 94 표 4-14. 주요 과일에 부과되는 중국 관세, 2007년 ·························· 96 표 4-15. 중국의 감귤류 수출 ······························································· 98 표 4-16. 중국의 포도 수출액 ····························································· 101 표 4-17. 중국의 포도 수입액 ····························································· 101 표 4-18. 중국의 화훼류 수출액 추이 ················································ 102 표 4-19. 중국의 국가별 화훼류 수출 현황, 2005～06년 ················ 104 표 4-20. 중국의 주요 지역별 화훼류 수출 현황, 2005～06년 ······· 105.

(14) xii 표 4-21. 중국의 기업 성격별 화훼류 수출 현황, 2005～06년 ······· 105 제5장 표 5- 1. 주요 원예작물 도매가격 비교, 2006년 ······························ 108 표 5- 2. 건고추 한국 시장 판매가격 비교 ······································· 110 표 5- 3. 마늘 한국시장 판매가격 비교 ············································ 111 표 5- 4. 양파 중국산, 미국산 및 국내산과의 가격경쟁력 비교 ···· 111 표 5- 5. 원예작물 시장비교우위(MCA) 계측 결과, 2004~06년 평균 ···· 114 제6장 표 6- 1. 채소류 수급 전망, 2015년 ··················································· 125 표 6- 2. 과일류 수급 전망, 2015년 ··················································· 126 표 6- 3. 고추(익도산) 생산비 변화와 가격 차이 ····························· 129 표 6- 4. 사과 생산비 변화와 가격 차이 ··········································· 130 표 6- 5. 중국의 녹색식품 생산 현황 ················································ 134 표 6- 6. 중국 친환경농산물의 분류 ·················································· 135 표 6- 7. 녹색식품의 상품 구성, 2006년 ··········································· 136 표 6- 8. 중국의 유기식품 생산 현황 ················································ 137 표 6- 9. 경영 형태별 규모 ································································· 141 표 6-10. 토지 임차규모 및 계약형태 ················································ 143 표 6-11. 농촌 노임의 변화 ································································· 143.