동물관련법제의 개선방안 연구

전체 글

(1)동물관련법제의 개선방안 연구 A Study on Improvement for Animal Protect Legislations. 연구자 : 김 수 진 (한국법제연구원 부연구위원). 2004. 11..

(2) 국문요약 인간과 동물의 관계에 대한 인식은 종교에 따라 또 철학적 소신에 따 라 변화해오고 있다. 이러한 인식의 변화에 맞춰 세계 각국은 동물보호 의 최저기준을 정한 입법을 해오고 있다. 이러한 현상의 가장 큰 이유는 우리가 동물을 감각이 있는 생명체로 인식하고 있기 때문이다. 한국은 1991년에 동물보호법을 제정하였지만, 사실 이 법의 실효성은 극히 미 미하다. 특히 농장동물이나 실험동물에 대한 법의 정비는 거의 전무하다. 이는 이해집단과의 협상이 필요한 부분이기 때문이긴 하지만, 동물을 인 도적으로 다루는 것이 곧 인간의 건강과도 직결되고, 실험결과의 인증을 위한 국제적인 요구이기도 하다는 점에서 관련법제정을 더 이상 미룰 수 없을 것이다. 이 보고서는 한국의 동물보호법의 개정과 관련하여 기본적인 정보를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 우선, 인간과 동물의 관계를 역사적, 철학 적으로 고찰하고, 현재 논의되고 있는 동물복지론과 동물권리론에 대하 여 살펴보고, 실정법상 어떻게 투영되고 있는지를 살펴본다. 다음으로 비 교법적 고찰로 미국, 독일과 스위스의 동물관련법제를 동물의 이용형태 에 따라 분류하여 고찰한다. 즉 동물보호법의 일반내용, 농장동물관련법 제, 실험동물관련법제, 반려동물관련법제로 나누어본다. 그 후 우리나라 의 동물보호법의 내용과 현재 개선방안으로 제시되고 있는 내용을 비교 해보겠다. 개선안으로 제시되고 있는 내용은 농림부의 1999년 동물보호 법개정안, 2002년 동물보호법개정안 및 2004년도의 동물보호법개정취 지와 동물보호단체들이 구성한 2002년과 2004년 동물보호법추진위원회 의 안이다. 마지막으로, 외국의 동물관련법제의 비교와 우리나라의 도입 가능한 정도, 2005년 동물보호법에서 농장동물, 실험동물, 반려동물과 관련하여 정비되어야 할 내용을 제시하도록 하겠다. ※ 키워드 : 동물보호, 동물복지, 동물권, 농장동물, 실험동물, 반려동물, 동물보호법, 동물복지법.

(3) Abstact Over world. the. last. have. standards forces. decades. begun. of as. this. countries. promulgate. to. protection.. animal. behind. animals. few. sentient. beings.. In. all. regions. legislation. One. is. legislation. form. the. of. the. growing. 1991,. for. Korea. in. the. minimum. largest. driving. understanding. enacted. of. the. Korea. to. animal. Protection of Animals Law, but in reality is a paper tiger. This. Paper. will. the. highlights. strategies lay. to. sources. historical. historical. out. some. that. animal. relations. animal. of. animal,. animal this. one. in. central of. for Paper. on. and. most this. other. general. aims. propose. will. and. Paper. the. address the. protection,. companion. of. human/-. will in. to. attempt. points. controvesal. of. Through. introduction. report. animal. and. to. an. countries,. research. overview. protection.. This. Second, in. an. considerations. the. legislation focus. animal. players.. relating. First,. movement,. key. the. information. Korea.. the. dilemmas.. welfare. Swiss,. in. the. by. shape. Germany, conclusion,. basic. of. of. used. debate the. the. legislations. protect(welfare) the. give. animal.. improvements. US, farm In in. the current legislation comparing with other jurisdictions.. ※ Key Word : animal welfare act, animal right, animal in Farm, animal in Laboratory, pet.

(4) 목 차 국문요약 ·············································································································· 3 Abstact ············································································································· 5 제 1 장 서 론 ································································································· 11 제 2 장 동물보호의 연혁과 사상적 배경 ······································ 15 제 1 절 동물보호의 연혁과 배경 ·························································· 15 1. 역사적 고찰 ························································································ 15 (1) 종교적 논의 ··················································································· 15 (2) 철학적 논의 ··················································································· 15 2. 최근의 동물보호논의 ········································································ 17 (1) 동물복지주의 ················································································· 19 (2) 동물권 ····························································································· 21 (3) 신동물복지주의 ············································································· 24. 제 2 절 실정법상의 동물보호 ································································· 25. 제 3 장 외국의 동물관련법제 ····························································· 29 제 1 절 외국의 동물보호법과 관련법령 ············································· 29 1. 미 국 ···································································································· 29 (1) 동물복지법의 연혁 ······································································· 29 (2) 동물복지법의 체제와 주요내용 ················································· 30 (3) 동물복지관련 연방법 ··································································· 35 (4) 각 주의 반학대법 ········································································· 35 2. 독 일 ···································································································· 37 (1) 동물보호법 ····················································································· 37 (2) 기타 법령 ······················································································· 42 3. 스위스 ·································································································· 42.

(5) (1) 동물보호법의 연혁 ······································································· 43 (2) 주요내용 ························································································· 44. 제 2 절 농장동물관련법제 ······································································· 45 1. 미 국 ···································································································· 46 (1) 농장동물에 대한 처우 ································································· 46 (2) 동물의 운송 ··················································································· 46 (3) 인도적 도살방법에 관한 법 ······················································· 48 2. 독 일 ···································································································· 50 (1) 농장동물에 대한 처우 ································································· 50 (2) 동물의 운송 ··················································································· 52 (3) 인도적 도살 ··················································································· 54 3. 스위스 ·································································································· 56 (1) 농장동물의 처우와 운송 ····························································· 56 (2) 인도적 도살 ··················································································· 56. 제 3 절 실험동물관련법제 ······································································· 59 1. 미 국 ···································································································· 59 (1) 동물복지법 ····················································································· 60 (2) 보건연구연장법 ············································································· 63 2. 독 일 ···································································································· 63 3. 스위스 ·································································································· 65. 제 4 절 반려동물관련법제 ······································································· 66 1. 미 국 ···································································································· 66 2. 독 일 ···································································································· 67 3. 스위스 ·································································································· 68. 제 4 장 우리 나라의 동물관련법제 ·················································· 69 제 1 절 동물보호법의 개정논의 ···························································· 69 1. 동물보호법의 목적, 대상 및 보호의무 ········································· 69.

(6) (1) 동물보호법의 목적 ······································································· 69 (2) 동물보호법의 대상 ······································································· 70 (3) 소유자등의 의무와 일반인의 동물학대금지 ··························· 72 2. 국가의 역할 ························································································ 76 (1) 국가의 계획수립, 지원 및 처벌방안 ······································· 76 (2) 동물보호단체의 개정안 ······························································· 76 (3) 동물보호감시관제도의 도입 ······················································· 77. 제 2 절 농장동물관련법제 ······································································· 78 1. 농장동물의 사육 ················································································ 78 (1) 동물보호법상의 해당조문 ··························································· 78 (2) 축산법의 해당조문 ······································································· 79 (3) 동물보호단체의 개선안 ······························································· 82 2. 농장동물의 운송 ················································································ 82 (1) 우리나라의 현황 ··········································································· 82 (2) 동물보호단체의 개선안 ······························································· 83 3. 인도적인 도살 ···················································································· 84 (1) 동물보호법상의 해당조문 ··························································· 84 (2) 축산물가공처리법 ········································································· 85 (3) 동물보호단체의 개선안 ······························································· 86. 제 3 절 실험동물관련법제 ······································································· 88 1. 동물보호법상의 해당조문 ································································ 88 2. 2002년의 실험동물법안의 내용 ···················································· 89 3. 동물보호단체의 개선안 ···································································· 90 (1) 연구자면허 및 정보공개 ····························································· 90 (2) 동물실험의 원칙 ··········································································· 91 (3) 동물실험 윤리위원회설치 ··························································· 92 (4) 금지되는 실험 ··············································································· 92 (5) 동물실험시설 및 실험동물공급자 ············································· 93.

(7) 제 4 절 반려동물관련법제 ······································································· 93 1. 반려동물의 소유자의 의무 ······························································ 94 (1) 농림부 개정안 ············································································· 94 (2) 동물단체개정안 ············································································· 95 2. 반려동물의 판매업 ············································································ 96 (1) 농림부 개정안 ··············································································· 96 (2) 동물보호단체의 개선안 ······························································· 97 3. 유기동물의 처리 ················································································ 98 (1) 동물보호법의 해당조문 ······························································· 99 (2) 동물보호단체의 개선안 ····························································· 100. 제 5 절 요약 및 검토 ············································································· 101 1. 동물보호법의 정의규정 ·································································· 102 2. 보호의무의 이원화 ·········································································· 102 3. 국가의 역할 ······················································································ 103 4. 농장동물 ···························································································· 103 5. 실험동물 ···························································································· 104 6. 반려동물 ···························································································· 104. 제 5 장 결 론 ······························································································· 105 참 고 문 헌 ······································································································ 111.

(8) 제1장 서 론. 제1장 서 론 1. 연구의 목적 동물관련법제의 연구는 인간과 동물의 관계를 규정하는 것에서 출발해 야 할 것이다. 힌두교와 불교는 윤회라는 과정을 통해 인간과 동물의 동 질성을 암시한 반면, 기독교는 인간의 다스림을 받는 동물로 상하관계를 규정하였다. 이러한 견해는 인간의 필요에 따라 동물이 희생되는 것이 당연하다는 견해, 인간의 필요에 의해 동물을 다루는데 있어서 인도적이 어야 한다는 견해로부터 더 나아가 동물에게도 인간과 같은 생존에 대한 권리를 인정해야 한다는 주장까지 발전해오고 있다. 이러한 인식의 변화는 법에도 투영된다. 과거 동물에게 불필요한 학대 를 한 자를 처벌한 것은 동물을 학대함으로써 인간이 느끼게되는 평안하 지 못함을 야기했기 때문이었고, 소유주의 재산에 손해를 끼쳤기 때문이 었다. 이는 형법에서 동물학대를 처벌하던 것이 동물보호법으로 발전되 었다는 점에서도 잘 드러난다. 현대로 넘어오면서 동물사용에 대한 인식 변화는 동물에 대한 도덕적인 고려도 포함한다. 국가에 따라서 이러한 변화의 속도는 다르다. 미국의 경우는 동물이 도덕적 고려의 가치가 없 는 재산이라는 사고에 기초하는 경향이 강해 보이나, 유럽에서는 동물 자체의 이익을 위해서 동물을 법적으로 보호하는 경향이 강해, 헌법에 같은 생명체로서의 동물보호의 이념이 명시되기도 하고, 동물의 민법상 지위를 물건이 아니라 인간과 물건 사이의 특별한 제3의 위치를 부여하 고 있다. 동물관련법제는 우선 동물을 보호하는, 즉 입법, 기타 명령과 모든 종 류의 보호조치를 통해 동물의 고통이나 불필요한 성가심을 줄여주려는 모든 노력을 언급한 동물보호법이 그 기본법이 된다. 그러나 동물보호법 이 모든 동물들에게 똑같이 적용되는 것이 아니다. 반려동물이 다루어지 는 방법과 농장동물과 실험동물이 다루어지는 방법은 서로 다르다. 따라 서, 동물보호법은 동물을 그 기능에 따라 분류하고, 동물보호법의 적용을. 11.

(9) 제1장 서 론. 제한하고 있는데, 농장동물, 실험동물, 반려동물, 서커스나 동물원의 동 물이 바로 그것이다. 이 개별동물들과 관련된 문제는 동물보호의 측면만 이 강조되는 것이 아니라, 다면적인 인간의 이익과 동물의 이익의 형량 을 고려하도록 한다. 예를 들어 가축당 필요면적, 사육방법 및 동물에게 자유롭게 활동할 수 있고, 적절한 먹이, 물, 햇빛, 공기를 누릴 수 있도 록 규정한 경우 이는 농장동물보호를 위한 측면도 고려한 것이지만, 소 비자의 입장에서는 인간의 먹거리로서의 위생문제가 고려되고, 축산업자 에게는 비용상승의 요인 및 내지 등록업체가 되기 위해 충족시켜야 할 기준이 되기도 한다는 것이다. 이러한 개별법령도 동물보호법과 관련하 여 동물관련법제에 포함된다. 우리나라의 동물관련법제는 1991년에 제정된 동물보호법을 필두로, 야생동․식물보호법, 자연환경보전법, 가축전염병예방법, 축산법, 한국진 도개보호육성법, 전통소싸움경기에관한법률, 수의사법 등을 들 수 있다. 1991년 12개의 조문으로 선언적이고 윤리적인 권고사항을 담은 동물보 호법은 1998년, 2002년 개정안이 입법예고 되었음에도 불구하고, 동물 보호단체와 각 이익집단들의 이해가 분분하여 통과되지 못하였다. 2004 년 현재 농림부는 2005년 동물보호법의 개정을 위하여 각 단체와 의견 조정을 거치고, 국민의 여론을 수렴하는 중이다. 동물관련법제의 각론이 라 할 수 있는 농장동물, 실험동물, 반려동물과 관련된 내용들이 정비되 기를 바라는 동물보호단체의 목소리도 높아지고 있으나 현재는 반려동물 관련법제를 정비하려는 노력만이 보일 뿐이다. 그러나 실험동물의 사용 기준 및 농장동물의 사육 및 도살에 관한 내용도 세계화시대를 맞이하여 국제적 기준을 참조하여 법제화하여야 할 것으로 보인다. 이 보고서는 인간과 동물의 관계, 동물보호의 개념변화를 살펴봄으로 써 현재 동물보호의 이념적 토대를 적시하여, 앞으로 동물관련법제의 방 향을 예측하고, 외국의 법제를 살펴봄으로써 그 역사적 경과와 동물관련 법제의 구성 및 내용을 소개하고자 한다. 이로써 현재 우리나라의 동물 보호법개정에 외국의 입법례를 참조하도록 하고, 우리 실정에 맞는 시의 적절한 내용이 담긴 동물보호법의 개정이 이루어지는데 일조할 것을 목 적으로 한다. 12.

(10) 제1장 서 론. 2. 연구의 범위 이미 언급한 동물관련법제의 모든 것을 다루는 데는 제약이 따르므로, 이 보고서에서는 동물관련법제의 기본법이라 할 수 있는 동물보호법을 주요 연구대상으로 한다. 동물관련법제의 경우는 동물보호의 목적, 주체, 동물학대금지조항의 열거유무, 처벌조항 등을 다룬 동물보호법총론과 각론 이라 할 수 있는 농장동물, 실험동물 및 반려동물에 대한 내용을 다룬 동 물보호법조문과 관련법령으로 나눌 수 있는데, 이 연구에서는 동물보호 를 위한 조직이나 실효성강화부분에 치중하기보다는 현재 우리나라 동물 보호법에서 다루지 않거나 극히 미흡하게 다루고 있지만 글로벌시대를 맞이하여 세계적으로 인정되는 표준안을 정비해야 할 필요성이 요구되는 농장동물, 실험동물 및 반려동물과 관련된 법제에 중점을 두겠다. 이 연구의 구성은 다음과 같다. 제1장은 연구목적과 연구의 범위를 서술한다. 제2장에서는 동물관련법제의 기저가 되는 동물보호의 연혁과 사상적 배경을 살펴보도록 한다. 역사적으로 철학적으로 인간과 동물의 관계가 상하종속관계인지, 아니면 동물에게도 인간과 같은 권리가 존재하는지에 대한 각각의 논의와 이러한 내용들이 현실의 법에는 어떻게 녹아들고 있 는지에 대하여 살펴보겠다. 제3장에서는 비교법적 연구로서 그 대상국가를 미국과 유럽연합규정의 적용을 받는 독일과 스위스로 한정하겠다. 미국의 경우는 반려동물 및 실험동물을 대상으로 하는 연방동물복지법 및 실험동물관련법제와 동물 복지의 일반이라 할 수 있는 동물학대의 금지를 다룬 각 주의 학대금지 법을 살펴보도록 하겠다. 독일의 경우는 거의 모든 동물을 대상으로 하 는 동물보호법과 개별동물의 취급에 관한 유럽지침을 국내법화한 독일개 별법령들을 소개한다. 스위스의 경우는 연방동물복지법과 동물복지법시 행령을 살펴본다. 제4장은 우리나라의 동물관련법제와 개선방안을 살펴보겠다. 우선 현 행 동물보호법의 내용을 살펴보고, 현재 운용되고 있는 농장동물, 실험동 13.

(11) 제1장 서 론. 물, 반려동물과 관련된 실상과 규제현황을 살펴본 후, 문제점을 제시하 고, 그 개선안을 내도록 한다. 이와 관련하여 2005년의 동물보호법개정 을 앞두고 발표된 농림부의견과 동물보호법추진위원회의 법안도 같이 검 토될 것이다. 제5장에서는 결론으로서 우리 나라의 현실에 필요한 동물보호법의 개 정내용, 특히 농장동물, 실험동물과 반려동물과 관련된 동물보호법상의 법조문안과 관련법의 정비방안을 제시하고자 한다.. 14.

(12) 제1절. 동물보호의 연혁과 배경. 제 2 장 동물보호의 연혁과 사상적 배경 동물에 대한 인간의 태도는 종교에 따라, 시대적인 철학적 논의에 바 탕을 두고 변화해오고 있다. 과거 인간의 도구로서의 역할이 강조되던 인간과 동물의 관계에서 벗어나, 최근에는 동물보호의 목적에 대한 새로 운 논의가 대두되고 있다. 즉 인간중심적으로 동물을 인도적으로 보호하 는 문제인가, 아니면 동물에게도 고유의 권리를 인정하여 인간으로부터 의 침해를 배척할 수 있는 동물권을 인정하자는 논의까지도 존재한다.. 제 1 절 동물보호의 연혁과 배경 1. 역사적 고찰 (1) 종교적 논의 동물에 대한 인식은 종교에 따라 상이하게 받아들여지고 있다. 힌두교 의 믿음에 의하면 동물들은 인간과 같이 불멸의 영혼을 지니고 있다고 보아 많은 동물들을 신과 같이 숭배한다. 부활의 끊임없는 과정, 윤회라 불리는 과정에서 영혼은 동물이나 혹은 사람으로 다시 태어날 수 있다고 믿는다. 불교의 제1계명이 불살생(不殺生)인 점도 그와 괘를 같이 한다. 반면에, 유럽 기독교사회는 동물에 대한 인간의 우월성을 오랫동안 믿어 왔다. 창세기 1장 28절에 의하면 인간은 신을 닮아 창조되었으며, 인간 이 동물을 포함한 지구상의 모든 것을 지배하는 우주 전체에서 특별한 지위를 가진 우월한 존재로 보고 있다.1) (2) 철학적 논의 1) 인간의 동물에 대한 우월성을 강조한 이론 고대 그리스 철학자인 아리스토텔레스(384∼322 B.C.)는 ‘자연의 사다 리(Scala. Naturae,. Ladder. of. Nature)’라는. 1) Marna Owen, Animal Rights - yes or no -, pp. 13∼17.. 15. 개념으로. 자연. 세계를.

(13) 제 2 장 동물보호의 연혁과 사상적 배경. 파악하여, 인간이 사다리의 맨 꼭대기에 있고 동물과 식물은 그 지성의 크 기에 따라 그 아래 단계를 각각 차지하는 일종의 계층적인 체계를 이루고 있다고 보았다. 즉 자연은 분명하고 특정한 목적에 따라 생물체들을 설계 하며, 낮은 등급에 있는 생물체의 목적은 그보다 높은 등급에 있는 생물체 의 먹이가 되거나 노동으로 봉사하는 데 있으므로, 사고의 능력을 가진 인 간은 올바르게 식물이나 동물을 지배하거나 통치할 수 있다고 여겼다.2) 합리적 이성의 시대라 불리운 계몽시대(1600∼1700년대)의 유럽 철 학자들은 이성의 사용을 진리를 얻을 수 있는 가장 최상의 방법이라고 강조하였다. 그들은 인간이 이성 - 합리적인 의지, 계획을 세우고 실행하기 위한 능력 - 을 가질 수 있기 때문에, 모든 다른 창조물들보다 유리한 이점 을 가진다고 생각했다. 특히 17세기 프랑스 철학자이자, 수학자, 과학자 였던 르네 데카르트(René Descartes)는『방법서설』에서 동물과 사람 의 몸을 단순한 기계적 원리에 따라 움직이는 시계와 같은 장치에 비유 했다. 그러나 인간은 이 위에 이성적인 불멸의 영혼과 진정한 언어능력 을 갖춘 반면, 동물은 본질적으로 생각과 영혼이 없는 자동 기계와 다를 바가 없으며 여기에 동물과 사람의 근본적인 차이가 있다고 보았다.3) 1780년 독일 철학자인 임마누엘 칸트는 동물들에 관한 한 우리에게는 직접적인 의무가 없다고 했다. 그는 모든 인간존재의 생명은 본질적인 가치를 가지며, 오직 인간만이 생에 대한 권리를 가진다고 믿었다. 동물 은 자의식도 없고, 단지 목적에 대한 수단으로서만 존재할 뿐이며 그 목 적이 곧 인간이라고 주장했다.4) 이렇듯 근대 초기 철학자들이 인간과 동 물 사이에 확고한 경계선을 그으려 노력한 주된 목적은 사냥, 사육, 육 식, 생체해부, 해충과 맹수 박멸 등의 행동을 정당화하는 것이었다. 이는 가축을 객체와 상품으로 볼 수 있게 해주었으며 자연에 대해 공격적이고 2) 제임스 서펠(윤영애 옮김),『동물, 인간의 동반자』, 들녘 2003, 209∼211면. 고 전학자 리처드 소랍지는 자신의 저서인『동물의 마음과 인간의 도덕』에서 동물(사림 이 아닌)에 대한 중세의 부정적인 시각이 일차적으로 그리스 철학자 아리스토텔레스 의 영향이라고 언급했다. 3) 마크 롤랜즈(윤영삼 옮김),『동물의 역습』, 달팽이 2004, 20∼23면; 제임스 서펠 (윤영애 옮김),『동물, 인간의 동반자』, 들녘 2003, 214∼215면. 4) Marna Owen, supra, p. 15.. 16.