임산물 비관세 협상 및 수출확대 기초자료 구축

전체 글

(1)C2010-40 | 2010. 12.. 임산물 비관세 협상 및 수출확대 기초자료 구축. 장 민 석 이 김. 철 경 현 장 진. 수 택 덕 호 경. 연 구 위 원 부연구위원 선임연구위원 초빙연구위원 위촉연구원.

(2)

(3) 머 리 말. 목제품은 우리 생활 여러 곳에 사용되고 있으며 생활환경에 큰 영향을 미친다. 이 러한 이유로 목제품에 대한 품질과 안전성 기준이 점차 강화되고 있다. 또 국민들의 환경의식이 높아지면서 목제품에도 친환경에 대한 요구가 높아졌다. 이 때문에 주요 선진국에서는 목제품의 품질인증, 에코라벨, 합법성 등에 대하여 규제를 만들고 점 차 강화해가고 있다. 이러한 규제는 소비자에게 올바른 정보를 제공하고 산업의 발 전을 도모한다는 측면도 있지만 때로는 외국 제품을 자국시장에서 배제하는 무역 의 기술장벽이 되기도 한다. 목재무역의 비관세장벽이 강화되면 우리나라 목제품의 수출이 어려워질 뿐만 아니라 국제 무역질서도 왜곡된다. DDA협상과 FTA 타결로 관세장벽이 크게 낮아졌기 때문에 앞으로의 통상협상은 이러한 비관세장벽에 대한 논의로 옮겨갈 것이 예상되는바 이에 대한 정보를 수집하고 대응방안을 마련하는 것이 필요하다. 한편, 중국의 임산물 생산과 수출이 증대하면서 국제 시장에서 우리 임산물의 경 쟁위치는 위축되고 있는 실정이다. FTA의 확대 등 무역자유화의 진전은 이러한 경 향을 더욱 가속화하고 있다. 그러나 바꾸어 생각하면 무역자유화의 진전은 우리 임 산물에도 수출 시장이 넓어지고 새로운 기회의 창이 열리는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 기회를 활용하여 임산물 수출시장을 다변화하고 보다 적극적인 수출 마케팅을 전개 해야 하는 시점이라 할 수 있겠다. 이 보고서는 목제품 수출과 관련하여 비관세장벽 현황을 조사하여 대응방안을 제 시하는 것과 임산물 수출시장 다변화를 위하여 유망 해외시장을 조사하는 것을 목 적으로 하고 있다. 주요 선진국의 목제품 관련 인증제도, 에코라벨, 기술표준, 불법 벌채 목제품 수입규제 등을 조사하였고 수출유망 시장을 대상으로 임산물의 수급동 향, 가격과 유통, 수입제도에 대하여 조사하였다. 이 연구가 향후 예상되는 목재무역의 비관세장벽 통상협상에 대비하고 임산물 수 출확대를 도모하는 데에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다. 아울러 이 연구 를 위해 해외시장조사를 맡아준 KOTRA 해외 비즈니스 센터 관계자와 유익한 조언 을 해준 관련 전문가들께 깊이 감사드린다. 2010. 12. 한국농촌경제연구원장 오 세 익.

(4)

(5) 요. 약. 1. 연구의 목적 이 연구는 목제품에 관한 주요 국가의 기술규제, 수입규제 등 비관세장벽 현황을 조사하여 이에 대한 대응방안을 제시하는 것과 주요 임산물의 수출시장 다변화를 위하여 유망 해외시장을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.. 2. 연구개발 내용 첫째, 목제품 수출 확대에 장애요인이 되는 주요 수출대상국의 비관세장벽을 조사 하였는데, 구체적으로 목제품관련 표준, 품질인증제도, 에코 라벨링, 불법벌채 목제 품 수입규제, 원목수출규제 등을 조사하고 이에 대한 대응 방안을 제시하였다. 둘째, 목질판상재, 표고버섯, 밤, 떫은감, 대추, 분재 등 주요 임산물의 수출시장 다변화를 위하여 신흥 유망시장에 대한 시장조사를 실시하고, 이에 근거하여 우리 임산물의 수출경쟁력 평가 및 시장진출 방안을 제시하였다.. 3. 연구결과 가. 목제품 무역의 주요 비관세장벽과 대응방안 목제품 무역에서 비관세장벽이 될 수 있는 규제에는 품질인증, 포름알데히드 방출 량 규제, 환경 라벨, 불법벌채 목제품 수입규제, 원목수출규제 등이 있다. 미국, 일본, 유럽 등 주요선진국은 목제품의 포름알데히드 방출량에 대한 엄격한 관리표준을 만들고 이 기준을 충족하지 못하는 목제품은 시장에 출하되지 않도록 관리하고 있는데 이 규제는 점차 강화되는 추세이다. 이 규제는 개발도상국 목제품 수출업체에게는 시장접근을 제한하는 비관세장벽이 되고 있다. 그리고 선진국에서 는 친환경제품의 생산과 소비가 널리 권고되고 있고 다양한 환경라벨제도가 운영되 고 있다. 환경라벨은 법적 강제성을 가지고 있지 않으며 자발적인 제도이지만 시장 에서 외국산 제품을 차별화는 무역장벽이 된다..

(6) 최근 미국과 유럽은 불법벌채 목제품의 수입을 금지하는 법안을 제정하였고, 일본 은 합법 목제품을 공공조달에 사용하도록 조치하고 있다. 불법벌채의 위험이 있는 목제품은 수출이 불가능하게 되는 것이다. 목제품 수출업체들은 원재료부터 제품까 지의 공급망 관리를 철저히 해야 한다. 이외 목재무역에서 중요한 비관세장벽은 원목수출규제 조치이다. 우리나라 목재 산업은 원목을 수입하여 가공하는 구조이지만 산림자원 보유국의 원목수출규제 조 치에 의해 쇠퇴하고 있는 실정이다. 원목수출규제는 자국의 목재산업 진흥, 환경보 호를 목적으로 하고 있지만 실제로는 비효율적인 목재산업에 의한 자원낭비, 목재무 역의 불법화, 산림 전용 등의 원인이 되고 있는바 정부간 협상으로 해결해야 하는 과제가 되고 있다. 선진국 시장에 목제품을 수출하기 위해서는 선진국이 정하고 있는 품질기준, 환경 기준, 합법성 등의 기준을 충족하고 이와 관련한 인증을 획득하는 것이 중요하다. 그러나 이러한 인증을 취득하는 데에는 많은 비용과 시간이 소요되기 때문에 중소 기업에게는 부담이 될 수밖에 없다. 이 문제를 극복하기 위해서 목제품의 품질과 환 경기준을 심사하고 인증할 수 있는 인증기관을 설립해야 하며 상대국 인증기관과 상호인정하여 비용과 시간을 절약하는 방안이 필요하다. 목제품 인증제의 도입은 저 급 수입제품의 범람을 제한하여 소비자를 보호하고 국내 목재산업의 경쟁력을 높여 저탄소 녹색성장에 기여할 수 있다.. 나. 품목별 해외시장 조사 및 시진출방안 목질판상재는 세계 경기침체와 함께 건설경기의 위축으로 수요도 크게 위축되어 있는 실정이다. 목질판상재의 수출 확대를 위한 과제는 품질인증, 환경인증, 합법성 증명 등 기술규제를 극복하는 것이다. 인증 취득없이 선진국 시장으로 진입하는 것 은 현실적으로 불가능하며 인증을 취득하였을 때 개발도상국 시장에 진출하는 데에 도 유리하다. 이와 함께 불법벌채목재 규제에 대응하기 위해서 철저한 공급망 관리 가 필요하다. 표고버섯은 동북아 지역에서 주로 생산·소비되며 그 외 지역의 소비는 미미한 실 정이다. 그러나 아시아식(食)에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 수요가 증대할 가능성도 있 다. 표고버섯 수출을 증대하려면 품질과 가격에서 중국산과 차별적이고 경쟁력을 갖 추어야 하며 안정적인 수출물량을 공급할 수 있어야 한다. 밤은 품질에서 중국산이나 유럽산보다 우위에 있다고 평가된다. 미국과 유럽시장.

(7) 을 적극 공략할 수 있겠지만 가격에서 다소 낮게 평가되고 있으므로 품질우위를 바 탕으로 높은 가격을 수취할 수 있도록 마케팅해야 할 것이다. 호주에서도 가격 경쟁 력이 있으므로 시장진출을 추진할 수 있으며 사전에 검역문제를 해결해야 한다. 떫은감과 대추는 다른 지역에서 익숙한 과일이 아니고 장거리 유통에 애로가 많 으므로 가공품 개발로 진출하는 편이 바람직하다. 분재는 동양문화에 관심이 많은 미국과 유럽에서 높은 수요가 있다. 국제 시장에 진출하려면 고급의 일본산, 저가의 중국산과 차별화할 수 있는 고유의 특징이 있어 야 한다. 완성품보다 소재가 되는 분재와 함께 분재 가이드북, 장비 등과 함께 공급 하며 다양한 이벤트와 함께 진출하는 방안이 필요하다. 그러나 분재수출의 가장 큰 장애요인은 검역인데 수출전문 양묘장을 지정하여 철저히 관리하는 방안이 필요하 다..

(8)

(9) ABSTRACT. Basic Study for Non Tariff Barriers Negotiation and Export Increasement of Forest Products This study was designed to build basis data to prepare NTBs(Non Tariff Barriers) negotiation of wood products trade and support export increasement policy of forest products. Firstly, we investigated the present situations of NTBs in wood products trade and made some policy suggestions to cope with them. Secondly, we surveyed the overseas markets to diversify the export market of forest products. In developed countries like U.S., Japan and EU, a variety of wood products standards, technical regulation, and eco-labelling are working. To access to the market, it is required to get certification from the 3rd party certification authorities. These schemes are working to provide the correct informations to induce the consumers to choose the preferred products. At the same time, they are serving as technical barriers in trade keeping foreign products from the market, because it is too costly of small and medium business to be certified. To cope with this hurdle, we suggested to establish the own wood products certification scheme and push ahead with mutual recognition with partner authorities. Recently, prohibition of importing illegally logged wood is legislated in U.S. and EU, which is also regarded as new NTB in wood products trade. Wood products exporters have to check and administer their own supply chain from raw wood to finished products. Log export restrictions are typical NTB in wood products trade, which should be settled by intergovernmental negotiation. Expansion of free trade is challenge and chance for forest product export. Market diversification is needed to boost the forest products export. We surveyed some overseas markets of forest products, evaluated price competitiveness of Korean forest products at the market and suggested some market plan on the basis of the survey results. To increase the export of wood-based panels, acquisition of certification and eco-label is indispensible, warranting that the products are high-quality, harmless to humans and environment-friendly. To increase oak mushroom export, it is important to discriminate against Chinese oak mushroom. It should be appealed that Korean oak mushroom are cultivated with natural logs unlike Chinese oak mushroom. Chestnut turned out to be competitive in Europe and Australia. Aggressive marketing strategy should be implemented along with co-branding, quality control, and strict insect disinfestation. Jujube and bitter.

(10) persimmons is difficult to export as fresh state for reason of weak quality preservation and not eating habits, so processing should be preceded. Bonsai is thought to be one of the Oriental culture in the Occident, and bonsai export is also possible. Insect disinfestation is crucial in living plants export to clear the quarantine conditions.. Researchers: Cheol-Su Chang, Kyung-Taek Min, Hyun-Deok Seok, Jin-Kyung Kim and Jang-Ho Lee Research period: 2010. 1. - 2010. 12. E-mail address: [email protected].

(11) 차. 례. 제1장 서 론 ················································································································· 1 1. 연구의 필요성과 목적 ··························································································· 1 2. 국내외 연구동향 ···································································································· 3 3. 연구범위와 방법 ·································································································· 4 제2장 임산물 수출입 현황과 과제 ·········································································· 6 1. 임산물 수출입 개황 ······························································································· 6 2. 주요 품목별 수출입 동향 ····················································································· 6 3. 임산물 수출확대를 위한 주요 과제 ···································································· 8 제3장 목제품 무역의 주요 비관세장벽과 대응방안 ·········································· 22 1. 무역기술장벽 ········································································································ 26 2. 일본의 목제품 기술규제 ····················································································· 26 3. 유럽의 목제품 기술규제 ····················································································· 31 4. 미국의 목제품 기술규제 ····················································································· 62 5. 중국의 목제품 기술규제 ····················································································· 77 6. 대만의 목제품 기술규제 ····················································································· 98 7. 우리나라의 목제품 인증제도 ············································································ 101 8. 목제품 무역에서 기술장벽 대응방안 ······························································ 104 9. 원목수출규제 ······································································································ 110 제4장 품목별 해외시장 조사 및 진출방안 ························································ 121 1. 목질판상재 ·········································································································· 121 2. 표고버섯 ·············································································································· 154 3. 밤 ························································································································· 184 4. 대추 ····················································································································· 205 5. 떫은감 ················································································································· 214 6. 분재 ····················································································································· 222 제5장 요약 및 결론 ······························································································ 241 참고문헌 ····················································································································· 246.

(12) 표 차례. 제2장. 표 2- 1. 최근 5년간 임산물의 수출입 개황 ·························································· 7 표 2- 2. 목재류의 국가별 수출동향 ········································································ 8 표 2- 3. 주요 목제품의 수출동향 ··········································································· 9 표 2- 4. 목재류의 주요 수입국 동향 ···································································· 11 표 2- 5. 주요 목제품의 수입동향 ········································································· 12 표 2- 6. 석재류의 국가별 수출동향 ······································································ 14 표 2- 7. 석재류의 국가별 수입동향 ······································································ 15 표 2- 8. 단기소득임산물의 국가별 수출동향 ······················································· 16 표 2- 9. 단기소득임산물의 품목별 수출동향 ······················································· 16 표 2-10. 밤의 제품별 수출추이 ············································································· 18 표 2-11. 표고버섯의 국가별 수출동향 ·································································· 18 표 2-12. 송이의 국가별 수출동향 ········································································· 19 표 2-13. 단기소득임산물의 국가별 수입동향 ······················································· 20 표 2-14. 단기소득임산물의 주요 품목 수입동향 ················································· 21 제3장. 표 3- 1. 최근 5년간 WTO에 통보된 기술규제 제⋅개정 건수(회원국 전체) · 28 표 3- 2. 최근 5년간 WTO에 통보된 주요국의 기술규제 제⋅개정 건수 ········ 28 표 3- 3. 일본 목질판상재의 포름알데히드 방출량 규격 ···································· 33 표 3- 4. 일본 건축기준법의 내장마감재 사용제한 ············································· 33 표 3- 5. 임산물 관련 JAS 등록인정기관 ····························································· 41 표 3- 6. 목질 판상재에 대하여 JIS 인정이 가능한 등록인정기관목록 ·········· 45 표 3- 7. 4VOC 확산속도기준치 ·········································································· 52 표 3- 8. AQ 마크의 인증실적 ··············································································· 54 표 3- 9. 에코마크 인정상품의 추정판매량 점유율 ············································· 57 표 3-10. CE 마킹 절차 ··························································································· 62 표 3-11. CE마크 관련 국내진출 외국인증기관 ··················································· 66 표 3-12. 유럽 목질판상재에 대한 포름알데히드 방출기준 ································ 70 표 3-13. 인증 산림의 산업용재 공급 ···································································· 73 표 3-14. CARB의 목질판상재 포름알데히드방출규제 및 실행일정 ················· 79 표 3-15. CARB 규제에 의한 보드류 생산비용의 증가 ······································ 80.

(13) 표 3-16. ANSI의 포름알데히드 방출량 기준치 ··················································· 83 표 3-17. 그린가드의 실내공기 오염물질 배출허용 기준 ···································· 85 표 3-18. LEED 평가항목과 점수 배분 ································································· 91 표 3-19. 포름알데히드 방출량 기준 ···································································· 101 표 3-20. 대만 목질판상재의 포름알데히드 방출량 기준 ·································· 103 표 3-21. 목질판상제품의 포름알데히드 등급별 생산량(2009년) ····················· 104 표 3-22. 한국산업규격에서 목제품의 포름알데히드 방출량에 따른 구분 ····· 106 표 3-23. 기술표준원의 가구 안전기준 ································································ 107 표 3-24. 환경부의 가구류 방출 오염물질 평가기준 ········································· 108 표 3-25. 공기청정협회의 건축자재 인증 등급 ··················································· 109 표 3-26. 각국의 원목수출규제 현황 ···································································· 117 제4장. 표 4- 1. 연도별 미국 주요 경제 지표 ································································ 121 표 4- 2. 최종 제품을 기준으로 미국 목제품의 용도별 이용 (2008년 기준) 123 표 4- 3. 미국의 목제품 생산에 대한 통계 및 전망 ········································· 125 표 4- 4. 수입 목질판상재 평균가격현황 ···························································· 128 표 4- 5. 유럽의 목질판상재 수급 ······································································· 130 표 4- 6. 카자흐스탄의 파티클보드 수입동향 ····················································· 133 표 4- 7. 파티클보드 1000시트 EXW가격 ·························································· 134 표 4- 8. 중국의 섬유판 관세 ··············································································· 139 표 4- 9. 베트남 용도별 목재 사용량, 2003-2008 ·············································· 140 표 4-10. 베트남의 목질판상재 수입추이 ···························································· 142 표 4-11. 타이의 Nguyenv 파티클보드 회사에서 제조된 파티클보드 견적 ···· 143 표 4-12. 베트남의 목질판상재 관세 ···································································· 143 표 4-13. 호주의 목재류 시장규모 ······································································· 144 표 4-14. 호주의 파티클보드 수입 실적 ······························································ 145 표 4-15. 호주의 섬유판 수입 실적 ····································································· 145 표 4-16. 섬유판과 파티클보드의 도매 공급가격 ··············································· 146 표 4-17. 호주의 포름알데히드 방출량 기준 ······················································ 148 표 4-18. 인도 파티클보드 시장 규모 ·································································· 149 표 4-19. 인도 목질판상재 시장 성장추이 ·························································· 149 표 4-20. 인도의 목제품 수입 ··············································································· 150 표 4-21. 수입산 파티클보드, 합판 등의 시장 가격 ·········································· 150 표 4-22. 인도의 파티클보드와 섬유판 관세율 ··················································· 151 표 4-23. 세계 표고버섯 생산량(추정치, 생표고 환산 기준) ···························· 155.