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로드 중.... (전체 텍스트 보기)

전체 글

(1)



P c lß f Ä  T Ç S Ë{ ¢] k ù8 ý Æ k È4 X ì ÈÊ Ý ° ‚ Ǖ  ×Y 8 ÄU • ¤

™

»Š û Ba : @

² D

Gw n Ø  æÅ Ò@ /† < Ɠ § “ §€ ª œõ & ñ  Ò, Ø  æÅ Ò 380-702 (2009¸   4 Z 4 2{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §)

"

f– Ð   É r ¿ º t  ~ ½ ÓZ O “   q \ P \   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H „  : Ÿ x& h “   ~ ½ ÓZ O õ  ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H ~ ½ Ó Z

O

`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  e ” > & h (y

c

)õ  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º(y

t

)\  ¦ > í ß –Ù þ ¡ . q \ P – РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.414224(64)ü < y

t

= 0.995(20)`  ¦ % 3 % 3 Ü ¼ 9 ì  rC † < Êà º   HÜ ¼– РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.41421358(482)ü < y

t

= 1.00000(9)`  ¦ % 3 % 3  . 1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º\ " f Ø  ¦µ 1 ÏÙ þ ¡6 £ §\ • ¸ Ô  ¦½ ¨ “ ¦ ì  rC † < Êà º   H`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç   õ   Z 4 1

p

x >  8 A# Qz Œ ¤ .

PACS numbers: 05.50.+q, 05.70.−a, 64.60.Cn, 75.10.Hk Keywords: e”>&h, \P»¡¤'‘tú, q\P, ìrC†<Êú H

I. " e  ] Ø



©

œ„  s (phase transitions)ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ(critical phe- nomena)“ É r  ƒ  > \ " f  © œ ˜ м # & h “   ‰ & ³ © œs  .  © œ„  s  ü

< e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ s K  l  0 Aô  Ç  © œ ç ß –é ß –ô  Ç s  : r“ É r ¨ î ç  H



©

œ s  : r(mean-field theory)s  . ¨ î ç  H © œ s  : r“ É r  © œ ç ß – é

ß

– l  M :ë  H\   € ª œô  Ç  ƒ  > \  & h 6   x÷ &# Q M ® ot ë ß – & ñ S X ‰

•

¸ ´ ú §s  b  # Qt Ù ¼– Ð { 9     H (first approximation)– Ð

"

f_  % i ½ + É`  ¦ K M ® o  [1,2].



©

œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ ‘ : r  & h Ü ¼– Ð s K  >   ) a

 כ

“ É r / å Là º„  > h(series expansion) ~ ½ ÓZ O õ  F ½ ©   o ç



H(renormalization group) ~ ½ ÓZ O  ü ì  rs   [1, 2]. s  ¿ º

t  s  : r`  ¦ : Ÿ x # Œ  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ_    Hç ß –“   » ¡ ¤' ‘  Z

O

g Ë :(scaling law)õ  ˜ м # $ í (universality)`  ¦ s K  >  ÷ &

% 3

 . s  ¿ º t  s  : r`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ   õ \  ¦ 6   xs  >  % 3 

#

Qè ­ q à º e ”   H Ó ü to > [ þ t\  @ /ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨  H 1980¸  @ / t    _

 ¢ - a$ í ¿ ƒ –Ü ¼ 9, ‰ & ³F \   H õ  % ƒ! 3   Å Ò s 6   x÷ &“ ¦ e ” t 





H · ú § . : £ ¤y  F ½ ©   oç  H s  : r_   â Ä º  © œ„  s ü < e ” > 

‰

&

³ © œ\  @ /ô  Ç : Ÿ x½ + Ë& h “   s K \  ¦ ] j/ B N t ë ß – & ñ S X ‰• ¸ b  

#

Qt l  M :ë  H\  s     H (second approximation)– Ð" f_ 

% i

½ + É`  ¦ ô  Ç . 7 £ ¤ F ½ ©   oç  H s  : r“ É r ¨ î ç  H © œ s  : r˜ Ð   H 7

á

§  8 > h‚   ) a   õ \  ¦ ] j/ B NK ï  r  [1,2].



©

œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ s K  l  0 Aô  Ç   É r s  : rÜ ¼– Ð





H ³ ðï  r „  ² ú ˜' Ÿ § > =(canonical transfer matrix) ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s  6

 

x # Œ : £ ¤& ñ Ó ü to > _  & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç K (exact solution)\  ¦ ¹ 1 Ô





H  © œ % 3 x 9 ô  Ç(rigorous) ] X   HZ O s  e ”   [1–3]. s  ~ ½ Ó

E-mail: [email protected]

Z O

s   © œ ’  ø @½ + É Ã º e ”   H   õ \  ¦ Å Òt ë ß –, 65¸   „  \  “ : r



 (Onsager) ü @Â Ò  l  © œ(external magnetic field)s 

\ O

  H  â Ä º\   y Œ •   (square lattice) s f ç — ¸+ þ A(Ising model)_  & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç K (exact solution) [4]\  ¦ ¹ 1 ԓ É r s Ê ê– Ð Z

>

  É r ”  „  s  \ O % 3   [1–3]. “ : r  _  K (Onsager solu- tion)  H  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ ] j@ /– Ð s K ½ + É Ã º e ”   H U  ´

`



¦ \ P % 3 Ü ¼ 9 ¨ î ç  H © œ s  : r_    õ  ß ¼>  d  ¦§ 4 6 £ §`  ¦ " î S X ‰

>  ˜ Ð# ŒÅ Ò% 3   [1–4]. ‰ & ³F _  õ † < Æ [ þ t“ É r s  Qô  Ç õ 

&

ñ

`  ¦ “ : r   + À :" î (Onsager revolution)s  “ ¦  ҏ É r  [1].

“ :

r   + À :" î `  ¦ > l – Ð K " f / å Là º„  > h ~ ½ ÓZ O õ  F ½ ©   o ç



H ~ ½ ÓZ O • ¸ ò ø ÍÒ q t >  ÷ &% 3   [1].



©

œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ s K  l  0 Aô  Ç ¢ ¸   É r s  : rÜ ¼

–

Ѝ  H 1952¸  \  € ª œ(Yang)õ  o (Lee) ] jî ß –ô  Ç 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º   l

 © œ ¨ î €  (complex magnetic-field plane)\ " f_  ì  rC † < Ê Ã

º   H(partition function zeros) s  : rs  e ”   [5]. ì  rC † < Ê Ã

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Œ

™`  ¦ 7 £ x" î K Í Ç x  [6]. s  7 £ x" î “ É r o -€ ª œ " é ¶ & ñ o (Lee-Yang circle theorem) “ ¦ Ô  ¦o “ ¦ e ”  .  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ ì  r



\ " f o -€ ª œ " é ¶ & ñ o   H “ : r   K ü < † < Êa  ¿ º t _  



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œ ×  æכ ¹ô  Ç % 3 x 9 ô  Ç   õ – Ð · ú ˜ 94 R e ”  . ì  rC † < Êà º   H s 

 :

r“ É r ³ ðï  r „  ² ú ˜' Ÿ § > = ~ ½ ÓZ O % ƒ! 3   © œ ’  ø @½ + É Ã º e ”   H   õ 

\



¦ Å Òt ë ß – & h 6   x_  # Q 9¹ ¡ § M :ë  H\  % 3 x 9 † < Ê`  ¦ Æ Ò½ ¨   H à º

†

<

Æ   à ºo Ó ü to † < Æ ë ß – ŠҖ Ð s 6   x % i Ü ¼ 9 { 9 ì ø Í& h “   Ó ü t o

† < Æ [ þ t“ É r € ª œõ  o _  ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r`  ¦  6   x½ + É Ã º

\ O

% 3  .

1964¸  \  x 3 9(Fisher) 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º “ : r• ¸ ¨ î €  (complex

temperature plane)\ " f_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H_  > h¥ Æ `  ¦ ] jî ß –

-660-

(2)

“ ¦ [7], 1983¸  \  ì  rC † < Êà º   H_  Ä »ô  Ç-ß ¼l  » ¡ ¤' ‘ (finite- size scaling) Z O g Ë :s  • ¸{ 9 ÷ &€  " f [8] { 9 ì ø Í& h “   Ó ü to † < Æ  [

þ

ts  ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r`  ¦  6   x½ + É Ã º e ”   H U  ´s  \ P o l  r

 Œ •Ù þ ¡ . 1990¸  @ /\  [ þ t# Qü <" f ( Ž É Ó'  × ¼J ?# Q x 9 ™ è á

Ôà ÔJ ?# Q q €  •& h Ü ¼– Ð µ 1 τ   # Œ 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º “ : r• ¸ ¨ î €  \ " f _

 ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t`  ¦ z  ´6   x& h Ü ¼– Ð > í ß –   H  כ s  0 p x > 

÷

&€  " f ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ

\

 @ /ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨  7 Hë  H[ þ ts  ´ ú §s  µ 1 ϳ ð÷ &l  r  Œ • % i  . : £ ¤y  2000¸  @ /\  [ þ t# Qü <" f  H ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç ƒ  

½

¨  7 Hë  H[ þ t_  à º q €  •& h Ü ¼– Ð Z þ t# Qz Œ ¤Ü ¼ 9 Ó ü to † < Æ_  „   ì



r (™ èw n  \ " f Ò q tÓ ü t>  t )\    5 g  7 Hë  H[ þ ts  µ 1 ϳ ð÷ &

“

¦ e ”  . ‰ & ³F   H 50¸  `  ¦ l   2 ; ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : rs   © œ

„



s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ\  @ /ô  Ç  € ª œô  Ç s  : r[ þ t ×  æ\ " f  © œ ´ ú § s

 s 6   x÷ &“ ¦ e ”   H ~ ½ ÓZ O  : rs  ÷ &% 3   [9].

‘ :

r“ ¦\ " f  H  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  e ” > & h (critical point)õ  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º(thermal scaling exponent)\  ¦ " f– Ð



 É r ¿ º t  ~ ½ ÓZ O  - q \ P (specific heat)õ  ° ú  “ É r \ P % i † < Æ

†

<

Êà º\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H „  : Ÿ x& h “   ~ ½ ÓZ O õ  ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : r\ 



„ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H ~ ½ ÓZ O  - Ü ¼– Ð ½ ¨ # Œ ¿ º t  ~ ½ ÓZ O _  ´ òÖ  ¦$ í `  ¦ q

“ §  9“ ¦ ô  Ç . 7 £ ¤  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ s K    HX <

e

”

# Q" f ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : rs  \ P % i † < Æ † < Êà º\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H „   :

Ÿ

x& h “   ~ ½ ÓZ O ˜ Ð   = Ä ºÃ ºô  Çt \  ¦ ^ ‰> & h Ü ¼– Ð ¶ ú ˜( R˜ Е ¸2 Ÿ ¤

 9“ ¦ ô  Ç . ‰ & ³F  t  s  Qô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨  H ô  Ç   • ¸ ^ ‰> & h s 

“

¦ ½ ¨^ ‰& h Ü ¼– Ð Ã º' Ÿ  ) a & h s  \ O  .

II. Ä Z Ø9 0] K ¤• ¤

þ

j  H] X  s Ö  ©  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x(  ½ + Ë[ jl  J)õ  N

s

> h_     & h 

`



¦ ”   s f ç — ¸+ þ A“ É r  A _  K x 9 ž Ðm î ß –\  _ K " f & ñ _ 

 ) a .

H = −J X

hi,ji

σ

i

σ

j

(1)

d

”

 (1)\ " f σ

i

  H    & h  i(= 1, 2, ..., N

s

)\ " f s f ç — ¸+ þ A s

 | 9  à º e ”   H Û ¼— 2 ; ° ú כÜ ¼– Ð +1õ  −1`  ¦ 2 [½ + É Ã º e ”  .

Õ

ªo “ ¦ ½ + ˓ É r — ¸Ž  H N

b

> h_  þ j  H] X  s Ö  ©[ þ t(nearest neigh- bors)\  @ /ô  Ç ½ + Ës  .  6 £ §õ  ° ú  s  \  -t  E\  ¦ & ñ _  

€





E = 1 2

X

hi,ji

(1 − σ

i

σ

j

) (2)

s

f ç — ¸+ þ A_  K x 9 ž Ðm î ß –`  ¦  A ü < ° ú  s  j þ t à º e ”  .

H = 2JE − JN

b

(3)

d

”

 (2)ü < ° ú  s  \  -t \  ¦ & ñ _ ô  Ç s Ä »  H \  -t  % ò ¢ ¸





H € ª œ_  & ñ à º ° ú כë ß –`  ¦ 2 [½ + É Ã º e ” Ü ¼Ù ¼– Ð s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  ì  rC 

†

<

ÊÃ º\  ¦  Ò  ¦ M :  Å Ò Ä »6   x l  M :ë  Hs  .

s

f ç — ¸+ þ A_  ì  rC † < Êà º Z  H  6 £ § d ” \  _ K " f & ñ _  ) a



.

Z = X

n}

e

−βH

(4)

#

Œl \ " f ⍠ H k

B

T _  % i à º– Ð & ñ _ ÷ & 9 k

B

  H ^  ¦Þ Ôë ß –  © œ Ã

ºs “ ¦ T   H “ : r• ¸s  . Õ ªo “ ¦ ½ + ˓ É r — ¸Ž  H 0 p xô  Ç  © œI \ 

@

/ô  Ç ½ + Ës  . d ”  (2)\  ¦ s 6   x €   ì  rC † < Êà º\  ¦  6 £ §õ  ° ú   s

 j þ t à º e ”  .

Z(y) = e

βJNb

Nb

X

E=0

Ω(E)y

E

(5)

#

Œl \ " f Ω(E)  H  © œI x 9 • ¸(density of states)s “ ¦   à º  H e

−2βJ

– Ð & ñ _  ) a . d ”  (5)  H ì  rC † < Êà º Z(y)   à º y\  @ /ô  Ç  † ½ Ód ” e ” `  ¦  Å Ò ~ 1 “ ¦ " î S X ‰ >  ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ” 



.





º y  H T = 0\ " f 0s “ ¦ T = ∞\ " f 1s l  M :ë  H

\

 Á ºô  Çô  Ç „  ^ ‰ “ : r• ¸ % ò % i `  ¦ 0õ  1 s _  Ä »ô  Çô  Ç ½ ¨ç ß –Ü ¼

–

Ð ³ ð‰ & ³K  ï  r .   à º y\  ¦  6   x €   Á ºô  Çô  Ç „  ^ ‰ “ : r• ¸ ½ ¨ ç

ß

–\ " f_  \ P % i † < Æ † < Êà º[ þ t_  ' Ÿ 1 l x`  ¦ ~ 1 >  € Œ •½ + É Ã º e ” l  M

:ë  H\    à º y  H  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f E 6   x÷ &# Q M

®

o . „  : Ÿ x& h Ü ¼– Ð   à º y  H $ “ : r   à º(low-temperature variable) “ ¦ Ô  ¦o 0 > M ® o .

III. V ê s? 0õ m Çy ¢



©

œI x 9 • ¸ Ω(E)\  ¦ · ú ˜€   d ” (5)\  _ K  “ : r• ¸_  † < Êà º– Ð" f _

 ¢ - a„  ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º Z(y)\  ¦ % 3 `  ¦ à º e ”  . $ “ : r   à º(7 £ ¤

“ :

¸) y_  † < Êà º– Ð" f ì  rC † < Êà º Z(y) % 3 # Qt €   > _  — ¸

Ž



H \ P % i † < Æ& h  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ € Œ •½ + É Ã º e ”  .   " f > _  : £ ¤$ í

`



¦ € Œ • l  0 AK " f  H þ jÄ º‚  & h Ü ¼– Ð  © œI x 9 • ¸ Ω(E)\  ¦

· ú

˜   ô  Ç .  © œI x 9 • ¸_  ×  æכ ¹$ í \ • ¸ Ô  ¦½ ¨ “ ¦ s  © œl 

^

‰ü < ° ú  “ É r F Gy  é ß –í  Hô  Ç(trivial) > \  ¦ ] jü @ô  Ç ˜ Ð: Ÿ x_ (non- trivial)  ƒ  > \ " f  © œI x 9 • ¸\  ¦ ½ ¨   H { 9 s   Å Ò # Q§ >  l

 M :ë  H\ ,  © œI x 9 • ¸\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H   H‘ : r " é ¶o & h “   ~ ½ ÓZ O  : r

“ É

r š ¸Ï ? @1 l xî ß – “ §õ " f x 9 ƒ  ½ ¨ 7 Hë  H\ " f ¸ ú ˜  À Òs t t  · ú §



 M ® o .

t ë ß – þ j  H\  × ¼J ?# Q(( Ž É Ó' ) x 9 ™ èá Ôà ÔJ ?# Q(· ú ˜“ ¦ o

1 p u)_  q €  •& h “   µ 1 τ  M :ë  H\   © œI x 9 • ¸\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H ~ ½ Ó Z

O

 : rs  ² D G] j† < Æ> \ " f 8 £ § @ /×  æ o÷ &“ ¦ e ”   H Æ Ò[ j\  e ” 



. : £ ¤y  2000¸  @ /\  [ þ t# Qü <" f  H  © œI x 9 • ¸\  ¦ % 3 l  0 Aô  Ç

(3)

Table 1. The density of states Ω(E) of the 4 × 4 square- lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary condi- tions. Here, E denotes the given energy values.

E

Ω(E)

0 2

4 32

6 64

8 424

10 1728

12 6688

14 13568

16 20524

18 13568

20 6688

22 1728

24 424

26 64

28 32

32 2

ƒ



½ ¨,  © œI x 9 • ¸_  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ € Œ • l  0 Aô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨,  © œI x 9 • ¸

–

РÒ'  % 3 # Q”   (“ : r• ¸_  † < Êà º– Ð" f_ ) ¢ - a„  ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º\  ¦ s

6   xô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨ 1 p x  © œI x 9 • ¸\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H ƒ  ½ ¨õ ] j[ þ ts  õ 

†

<

Ƃ  ”  ² D G_  ƒ  ½ ¨h Ë >[ þ t  s \ " f  â Ô q t& h Ü ¼– Ð Ã º' Ÿ ÷ &“ ¦ e ” 



 [10]. ì ø ̀  \  ² D G? /† < Æ> \ " f  H  © œI x 9 • ¸\   „ ½ Ó`  ¦ é  H

ƒ



½ ¨  f ” “ É r p €  •ô  Ç ¼ # s  .  © œI x 9 • ¸– РÒ'  % 3 # Q”  

¢ -

a„  ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º\  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨[ þ t ×  æ\ " f  © œ ×  æכ ¹ô  Ç 0

Au \  ¦ t  “ ¦ e ”   H ~ ½ ÓZ O  : r“ É r ‘ : r“ ¦\ " f  À ғ ¦ e ”   H



©

œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ\  @ /ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º   H s  : rs  .

‘ :

r“ ¦\ " f  H Å Òl & h “    â > › ¸| (periodic boundary conditions)`  ¦ ”   L × L  y Œ •    0 A\ " f_  s f ç — ¸+ þ A

`



¦  ê  r . Å Òl & h “    â > › ¸| `  ¦ ”    y Œ •    s f ç — ¸ +

þ

A\ " f  H “ : r  _  & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç K  [4]– РÒ'   © œI x 9 • ¸\  ¦ 6   x s

 >  % 3 `  ¦ à º e ”   [11]. Table 1“ É r Å Òl & h “    â > › ¸| 

`



¦ ”   4 × 4  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_   © œI x 9 • ¸\  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ Ò

“

¦ e ”  . Å Òl & h “    â > › ¸| \ " f  H ‹ Œ •à º_  \  -t  ° ú כë ß –



š ¸  H ì ø ̀  \    É r  â > › ¸| \ " f  H f . Ëà º_  \  -t  ° ú כ

•

¸   è ß – .  © œI x 9 • ¸ Ω(E)\   ƒ  – ÐÕ ª\  ¦ 2 [ €   & ñ S X ‰ ô



Ç  ' pà Ԗ Ðx  ° ú כ[ þ t`  ¦ % 3 `  ¦ à º e ”  .

s(E) = k

B

N

s

ln Ω(E) (6) 4 × 4  y Œ •   _   â Ä º þ j@ /  © œI x 9 • ¸  H Ω(E = 16) = 20524s  9 s \  K { © œ   H þ j@ /  ' pà Ԗ Ðx  ° ú כ(é ß –0 A: k

B

)“ É r s(E = 16) = 0.620584s  . Table 1\ " f  © œI x 9 • ¸_  ì  r

Ÿ

í\  ¦ ˜ Ѐ   þ j@ /  © œI x 9 • ¸ ° ú כ`  ¦ ×  æd ” Ü ¼– Ð @ /g Ae ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e

”

  HX <, s  Qô  Ç : £ ¤$ í “ É r s f ç — ¸+ þ As  t “ ¦ e ”   H “ ¦Ä »ô  Ç

@

/g A$ í \ " f l " é ¶ô  Ç  כ s  .

Å

Òl & h “    â > › ¸| `  ¦ ”   12 × 12  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A _

  â Ä º þ j@ /  © œI x 9 • ¸_  ° ú כ“ É r  6 £ §õ  ° ú   .

Ω(E = 144) = 210617849536013584696

9626203312181960643744 (7) s

 à º  H @ /| Ä Ì 2.106 × 10

42

\  K { © œ  9, s \  @ /ô  Ç  ' pà Ô

–

Ðx  ° ú כ“ É r s(E = 144) = 0.676760s  . 4 × 4  y Œ •  



 s f ç — ¸+ þ Aõ  q “ §Ù þ ¡`  ¦ M : þ j@ /  © œI x 9 • ¸ ° ú כs  / å L   

>

 7 £ x(@ /| Ä Ì 10

38

C  7 £ x)Ù þ ¡6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . ì ø ̀  \   ' p à

Ԗ Ðx  ° ú כ“ É r › ¸F K 7 £ xÙ þ ¡ . Å Òl & h “    â > › ¸| `  ¦ ”   20 × 20  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_   â Ä º þ j@ /  © œI x 9 • ¸_  & ñ S

X

‰ô  Ç ° ú כ“ É r  A _  & ñ à º– Ð Å Ò# Q”   .

Ω(E = 400) = 145916367657976914091291029266 939624665706509760113262582394 239627245146534733535045522041 938093696201894688206008705944 (8) s

 à º  H @ /| Ä Ì 1.459 × 10

119

\  K { © œ   H …  ;ë  H† < Æ& h Ü ¼– Ð



H à ºs  . s \  K { © œ   H þ j@ /  ' pà Ԗ Ðx  ° ú כ“ É r s(E = 400) = 0.685964s  . 12 × 12 — ¸+ þ Aõ  q “ §Ù þ ¡`  ¦ M : þ j@ /



©

œI x 9 • ¸ ° ú כ“ É r @ /| Ä Ì 10

77

C  7 £ xÙ þ ¡Ü ¼ 9,  ' pà Ԗ Ðx  ° ú כ“ É r

€



•ç ß –ë ß – 7 £ xÙ þ ¡6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

IV. R  ° ‚ Ç



©

œI x 9 • ¸ Ω(E) Å Ò# Qt €   \ P % i † < Æ † < Êà º[ þ t_  Ø  ¦~ à Ð& h 

\

 K { © œ   H  Ä »\  -t  f (y)  H  6 £ §õ  ° ú  s  ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ” 



.

f (y) = − k

B

T

N

s

ln Z(y)

= − k

B

T N

s

h

βJN

b

+ ln X

E

Ω(E)y

E

i

(9)

1 l

xr \  q \ P  C(y)“ É r  A ü < ° ú  s  ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  .

C(y) = (N

s

k

B

T

2

)

−1

2

∂β

2

ln Z(y)

= k

B

N

s

(ln y)

2

(hE

2

i − hEi

2

) (10) Fig. 1“ É r d ” (10)\  _ K  % 3 # Q”   4×4, 12×12 x 9 20×20   y

Œ

•    s f ç — ¸+ þ A[ þ t_  q \ P [ þ t\  @ /ô  Ç „   “ : r• ¸ ½ ¨ç ß –\    

• 2

;    o\  ¦ " î S X ‰ >  ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . Õ ªa Ë >Ü ¼– РÒ'  > _  ß

¼l  Ls  & f ” \     q \ P _  þ j@ /& h _  0 Au  ± ú “ É r “ : r

•

¸ A á ¤Ü ¼– Ð s 1 l x “ ¦, þ j@ /& h _  Z  }s  7 £ x €  " f q \ P  _

 — ¸_ þ vs  þ j@ /& h    H% ƒ\ " f & h & h   8 ± ú ˜  Q0 >t “ ¦ e ” 6 £ §

(4)

0.0 0.2 0.4 y 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

specific heat

L=4 L=12 L=20

Fig. 1. The specific heat (in unit of k

B

) of the L × L square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions, as a function of y = e

−2βJ

, for L = 4, 12, and 20.

`



¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . > _  ß ¼l    K • ¸ $ “ : r % ò % i “   y = 0.3 s

 \ " f  H „  ) €    o \ O    H & h s  < É ªp \  v .

“ :

r   % ƒ6 £ § ˜ Ð% i Ñ ü ws  \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç(thermo- dynamic limit)\ " f  H  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  q \ P s  e ” 

>

& h 

y

c

= e

−2J/kBTc

=

2 − 1 = 0.41421356... (11)

\

" f – ÐÕ ªµ 1 Ïí ß –(logarithmic divergence) >   ) a  [4]. e ” 

>

& h (y

c

)“ É r “ : r• ¸– Ð ¨ 8 Ší ß – €   T

c

= −2J/k

B

ln( 2 − 1) = 2.26919(J/k

B

)\  K { © œô  Ç . s  " é ¶ s f ç — ¸+ þ A

\

" f µ 1 ÏÒ q t   H  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ_  : £ ¤$ í “   ˜ м # 

$ í

 ÒÀ Ó(universality class)\  ¦   & ñ K Šҍ  H \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º y

t

  H & ñ S X ‰ >  y

t

= 1s  . \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º y

t

  H  © œ› ' a  o

(correlation length) e ” > t à º(critical exponent) ν(=

1/y

t

= 1)\  ¦   & ñ K Šҍ  H 1 l xr \  q \ P  e ” > t à º α(=

2 − 2/y

t

= 0)• ¸   & ñ K ï  r  [4].

Table 2_  ¿ º   P : \ P “ É r L × L  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A\ 

"

f > _  ß ¼l  L_     o\    É r q \ P _  þ j@ /& h _  0 Au  y

peak

(L)_     o\  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . s   « і РÒ'  BST ~ ½ Ó Z

O

 [12]`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç(L → ∞)\ " f_  e ” > 

&

h

`  ¦ Æ Ò& ñ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . s X O >  % 3 # Q”   ° ú כ“ É r 0.414224(64)s  9 & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç ° ú כ

2 − 1õ  ™ èà º& h  W 1   P :  o  t  { 9 u ô  Ç



.

L × L  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A\ " f > _  ß ¼l  Ls  & f ” \ 



  q \ P _  þ j@ /& h _  0 Au  y

peak

(L)  H Ä »ô  Ç-ß ¼l  » ¡ ¤' ‘  Z

O

g Ë : [1]

y

peak

(L) − y

c

∼ L

−yt

(12)

Table 2. The locations y

peak

(L) of the specific-heat peaks of the Ising model on L × L square lattices with fully periodic boundary conditions. Here, y

t

(L) denotes the thermal scaling exponents for finite lattices. The last row indicates the extrapolated values in the limit L → ∞.

L ypeak

(L)

yt

(L)

4 0.440421 0.815577

6 0.433042 0.885500

8 0.428807 0.910881

10 0.426123 0.924964

12 0.424275 0.934460

14 0.422925 0.941503

16 0.421896 0.946992

18 0.421085 0.951432

20 0.420430

0.414224(64) 0.995(20)

\

    \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç\  • ¸² ú ˜ô  Ç .   " f d ”  (12)`  ¦ s  6

 

x €   Ä »ô  Ç> \ " f_  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º y

t

(L)\  ¦

y

t

(L) = − ln[{y

peak

(L + 2) − y

c

}/{y

peak

(L) − y

c

}]

ln[(L + 2)/L]

(13)

–

Ð & ñ _ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . Table 2_  [ j   P : \ P “ É r d ”  (13)\  _  K

" f % 3 # Q”   (Ls  & f ” \    É r) \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º y

t

(L)_    



o\  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . > _  ß ¼l  & t €  " f \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º _

 ° ú כ• ¸ " f" fy  7 £ x† < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . s   « і РÒ'  BST

~

½

ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ L → ∞ F Gô  Ç\ " f_  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º ° ú כÜ ¼

–

Ð y

t

= 0.995(20)`  ¦ % 3 e ”  . s X O >  % 3 # Q”   BST Æ Ò& ñ u 





H & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç ° ú כ y

t

= 1õ   © œ{ © œy  ¸ ú ˜ { 9 u ô  Ç .

V. Ä Z Ø9 0] K ¤• ¤ ¿ R <

&

ñ

S X ‰ô  Ç  © œI x 9 • ¸ Ω(E)_  ° ú כ[ þ t`  ¦ · ú ˜€   d ”  (5)– РÒ'  Z(y = y

i

) = 0_  › ¸| `  ¦ ë ß –7 á ¤   H ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t {y

i

} (i = 1, 2, ..., N

b

)`  ¦ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  . ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t {y

i

}`  ¦ s

6   x €   ì  rC † < Êà º Z(y)\  ¦  6 £ §õ  ° ú  s  ç ß –   >  ³ ð‰ & ³

½ +

É Ã º e ”  .

Z(y) = A

Nb

Y

i=1

(y − y

i

) (14)

#

Œl \ " f A  H   à º y\  Á º› ' aô  Ç  © œÃ ºs  . d ” (5)– РÒ'  ì



rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t“ É r 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º ¨ î €  \  Z  ~s >  H † d`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 



. ì  rC † < Êà º Z(y) z  ´Ã ºs l  M :ë  H\  ì  rC † < Êà º   H\  @ / ô



Ç 4 Ÿ ¤™ è / B NÓ  o(complex conjugate)   Hs  † < Êa  ” > rF ô  Ç .

(5)

Table 3. The exact partition function zeros of the 4 × 4 square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions. These zeros satisfy the condition Z(y = e

−2βJ

= y

i

) = 0. The total number of the zeros is 32.

yi

−1.910700 ± 0.805201i

−1.381949 ± 1.361865i

−0.754917 ± 1.191990i

−0.489852 ± 1.432957i

−0.444440 ± 0.187294i

−0.379214 ± 0.598767i

−0.367104 ± 0.361769i

−0.213599 ± 0.624839i

0.213599 ± 0.624839i 0.367104 ± 0.361769i 0.379214 ± 0.598767i 0.444440 ± 0.187294i 0.489852 ± 1.432957i 0.754917 ± 1.191990i 1.381949 ± 1.361865i 1.910700 ± 0.805201i

ì



rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t {y

i

}`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ d ”  (14)– РÒ'   Ä »\ 



-t  f (y)ü < q \ P  C(y)\  @ /ô  Ç ³ ð‰ & ³d ” `  ¦  6 £ §õ  ° ú  s  % 3 

`



¦ à º e ”  .

f (y) = − k

B

T N

s

h ln A +

Nb

X

i=1

ln(y − y

i

) i

(15)

C(y) = k

B

N

s

(ln y)

2

Nb

X

i=1

"

y y − y

i

³ y y − y

i

´

2

#

(16)

d

”

 (16)“ É r ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t {y

i

}\ " f q \ P  C(y = y

i

)s  µ 1 Ï í

ß

–† < Ê`  ¦ " î S X ‰ >  ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  .

Table 3“ É r 4×4  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t(8 ú x 32> h)`  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . Table 1_   © œI x 9 • ¸ ° ú כ[ þ t`  ¦ s  6

 

x €   Table 3_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  ° ú כ`  ¦ (# QÖ ¼ ¾ º½ ¨ )

~ 1

>  % 3 `  ¦ à º e ”  . Fig. 2  H 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º y = e

−2βJ

¨ î €  \ " f 12 × 12  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t(8 ú x 288> h)

`



¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r . Fig. 2 ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”   H  © œ ×  æכ ¹ô  Ç : £ ¤$ í

“ É

r ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ ts  4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º ¨ î €  \ " f Y  J“ ¦À Ò f  ­# Q4 R e ”  t

 · ú §“ ¦ : £ ¤& ñ t % i \ ë ß – ” > rF ô  Ç   H & h s  .  À ғ ¦ e ”   H Ó

ü

to >   7 €   4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º “ : r• ¸(¢ ¸  H $ “ : r   à º y) ¨ î €  \ 

"

f_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  ì  rŸ í• ¸  7 >   ) a . 7 £ ¤ : £ ¤& ñ Ó ü t o

> _  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  ì  rŸ í  H K { © œ Ó ü to > _  \ P % i † < Æ

&

h

 $ í | 9 [ þ t`  ¦ — ¸¿ º ? /Ÿ í “ ¦ e ”   H t ë  H(fingerprints)_  % i 

½ +

É`  ¦ ô  Ç .

-2.5 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5

Re(y) -1.8

-1.2 -0.6 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8

Im(y)

Fig. 2. The exact partition function zeros in the complex y = e

−2βJ

plane of the 12 × 12 square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions. The number of the zeros is 288 in the figure. The distributions of the partition function zeros of the model on larger lat- tices show similar patterns to those in the figure. As the lattice size becomes larger, the number of the zeros increases. For example, the 20 × 20 square-lattice Ising model has 800 zeros.

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Re(y) 0.0

0.1 0.2

Im(y)

L=20 critical point

L=4

L=12

Fig. 3. The first zeros y

1

(L) in the complex y = e

−2βJ

plane of the L × L square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions for L = 4 ∼ 20 (even sizes only).



©

œ„  s  ” > rF    H  â Ä º \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç\ " f { 9  Ò_  ì  r C

† < Êà º   H[ þ ts  (Ó ü to & h Ü ¼– Ð _ p  e ”   H) € ª œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤`  ¦

– Ðt Ø Ô>   ) a . 7 £ ¤ ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ ts  € ª œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤`  ¦ 

–

Ðt Ø Ô  H 0 Au  e ” > & h _  ° ú כ`  ¦   & ñ ô  Ç . Fig. 2\  ¦ ˜ Ð

€



 ´ ú §“ É r ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ ts  † < Êa  — ¸# Œ t (branch)\  ¦ s  À

Ҁ  " f e ” > & h  y

c

= 0.41421356...`  ¦ † ¾ ӆ < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

(6)

Table 4. The finite-size values of the first zeros y

1

(L) and the thermal scaling exponents y

t

(L) for the L × L square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions. The last row indicates the extrapolated val- ues in the limit L → ∞.

L y1

(L)

yt

(L)

4 0.444440 + 0.1872942i 1.083893 6 0.436184 + 0.1206869i 1.044078 8 0.431356 + 0.0893747i 1.028711 10 0.428257 + 0.0710431i 1.020743 12 0.426105 + 0.0589791i 1.016042 14 0.424525 + 0.0504287i 1.012972 16 0.423316 + 0.0440487i 1.010830 18 0.422360 + 0.0391045i 1.009261 20 0.421586 + 0.0351597i

0.41421358(482) − 0.0000001(6)i 1.00000(9)

>

_  ß ¼l  & f ” \     ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  à º(20 × 20   y

Œ

•    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_   â Ä º 8 ú x 800> h)  H Z þ t# Q  9 € ª œ_  z  ´ Ã

º» ¡ ¤   H% ƒ\  e ”   H   H[ þ t“ É r € ª œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤\  ] X   HK  ç ß – .

20 × 20  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A\  @ /ô  Ç ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  „  

^

‰& h “   ì  rŸ í  H Fig. 2\   _  Ä »   .

€ ª

œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤\   © œ  î  r ì  rC † < Êà º   H`  ¦ ' Í   P :





H(first zero)s  “ ¦ Â ÒØ Ô 9 y

1

s  “ ¦ ³ ðr ô  Ç . 4 × 4



y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_   â Ä º ' Í   P :   H“ É r y

1

(L = 4) = 0.444440 + 0.187294is¦ 12 × 12 s f ç — ¸+ þ A_   â Ä º  H y

1

(L = 12) = 0.426105 + 0.0589791is  . 20 × 20   y

Œ

•    — ¸+ þ A_  ' Í   P :   H“ É r y

1

(L = 20) = 0.421586 + 0.0351597is  . Fig. 3“ É r 4 Ÿ ¤™ èà º y ¨ î €  \ " f L × L  y Œ •





  s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  ' Í   P :   H y

1

(L)_  (> _  ß ¼l  L &  f

”

\    É r)    o\  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . > _  ß ¼l  & t €  

"

f ' Í   P :   H_  ) ‡Ã ºÂ Ò(imaginary part)  Ø Ô>  y Œ ™™ è

†

<

Ê(7 £ ¤ € ª œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤\  & h & h  ] X   H† < Ê)`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . 1 l xr \  '

Í

  P :   H_  z  ´Ã ºÂ Ò(real part)  H e ” > & h `  ¦ † ¾ ÓK “ ¦ e ” 



.

Table 4_  ¿ º   P : \ P “ É r L × L  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A_  '

Í

  P :   H_  ° ú כ[ þ t`  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . ¿ º   P : \ P _  z  ´ Ã

ºÂ Ò  « і РÒ'  BST ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ L → ∞ F Gô  Ç

\

" f_  e ” > & h `  ¦ Æ Ò& ñ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . s X O >  % 3 # Q”   ° ú כ“ É r y

c

= 0.41421358(482)s  9 & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç ° ú כ

2 − 1õ  ™ èà º& h  {

9

Y  L   P :  o  t  { 9 u ô  Ç . \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç\ " f ' Í    P

:   H_  ) ‡Ã ºÂ Ò   | 9  M :  © œ„  s   H ” > rF ô  Ç . 7 £ ¤ ' Í





P :   H_  ) ‡Ã ºÂ ҍ  H  © œ„  s _  Ä »Á º\  ¦   & ñ K Šҍ  H B Ä º

×



æכ ¹ô  Ç ³ ðr  (indicator)s  . Table 4_  ¿ º   P : \ P \  e

”

  H ' Í   P :   H_  ) ‡Ã ºÂ Ò  « і РÒ'  BST ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x

# Œ L → ∞ F Gô  Ç\ " f Z  t Ö  ¦ & ñ • ¸_   Å Ò  Œ •“ É r ° ú כ“  

−1.3 × 10

−7

i ± 6.1 × 10

−7

i`  ¦ % 3 `  ¦ à º e ” % 3  . s  Æ Ò& ñ u 

–

РÒ'   © œ„  s  µ 1 ÏÒ q t† < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

L × L  y Œ •    s f ç — ¸+ þ A\ " f > _  ß ¼l  Ls  & f ” \ 



  ' Í   P :   H_  ) ‡Ã ºÂ Ò Im[y

1

(L)]  H Ä »ô  Ç-ß ¼l  » ¡ ¤' ‘  Z

O

g Ë : [8]

Im[y

1

(L)] ∼ L

−yt

(17)

\

    \ P % i † < Æ& h  F Gô  Ç\ " f   ”   . d ”  (17)– РÒ'  Ä » ô



Ç> \ " f_  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º y

t

(L)\  ¦  6 £ §õ  ° ú  s  & ñ _ ½ + É Ã º e

”

 .

y

t

(L) = − ln{Im[y

1

(L + 2)]/Im[y

1

(L)]}

ln[(L + 2)/L] (18) Table 4_  [ j   P : \ P “ É r d ”  (18)\  _ K " f % 3 # Q”   \ P » ¡ ¤ '

‘

t à º y

t

(L)_  ° ú כ[ þ t`  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . > _  ß ¼l  &  t

€  " f \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º_  ° ú כs  " f" fy  y Œ ™™ è† < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

s

  « і РÒ'  BST ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ L → ∞ F Gô  Ç\ " f _

 \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º ° ú כÜ ¼– Ð y

t

= 1.00000(9)`  ¦ % 3 e ” Ü ¼ 9 & ñ S X ‰ ô



Ç ° ú כ y

t

= 1õ  ¢ - a„  y  { 9 u ô  Ç . s X O >  & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘  t

à º\  @ /ô  Ç Æ Ò& ñ u   H ‘ : r“ ¦\ " f % ƒ6 £ §Ü ¼– Ð % 3 # Q& ’  .

VI. + s Ç Â ] Ø

L × L  y Œ •   (L = 4, 6, ..., 20)\ " f_  & ñ S X ‰ô  Ç ì  rC 

†

<

Êà º Z(y)– РÒ'  q \ P õ  ì  rC † < Êà º   H`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ s  f

ç

— ¸+ þ A_  e ” > & h (y

c

)õ  \ P » ¡ ¤' ‘ t à º(y

t

)\  ¦ > í ß – % i  .

„



: Ÿ x& h “   ~ ½ ÓZ O “   q \ P – РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.414224(64)ü <

y

t

= 0.995(20)`  ¦ % 3 % 3 Ü ¼ 9 ì  rC † < Êà º   HÜ ¼– РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.41421358(482)ü < y

t

= 1.00000(9)`  ¦ % 3 % 3  . ° ú  “ É r ì  rC 

†

<

Êà º\ " f Ø  ¦µ 1 ÏÙ þ ¡6 £ §\ • ¸ Ô  ¦½ ¨ “ ¦ ì  rC † < Êà º   H`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç





õ   Z 41 p x >  8 A# Qz Œ ™`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

Ls  f . Ëà º“    y Œ •   (L = 3, 5, ..., 19)  « і РÒ' 

•

¸ Ä » ô  Ç   õ \  ¦ % 3 `  ¦ à º e ” % 3  . q \ P – РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.414231(17)ü < y

t

= 0.994(13)`  ¦ % 3 % 3 Ü ¼ 9 ì  rC † < Êà º   H Ü

¼– РÒ'   H y

c

= 0.41421358(242)ü < y

t

= 0.99999(5)`  ¦

% 3

% 3  . # Œl \ " f• ¸ ì  rC † < Êà º   H`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç   õ  Ä ºÃ º

†

<

Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

s

   s  µ 1 ÏÒ q tô  Ç s Ä »  H d ”  (16)`  ¦ ˜ Ѐ   s K ½ + É Ã º e

”

 . d ”  (16)\   Ø Ô€   q \ P “ É r — ¸Ž  H ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t_  ½ + Ë Ü

¼– Ð s À Ò# Q4 R e ”  . 7 £ ¤ q \ P `  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç > í ß –\ " f  H — ¸Ž  H





H[ þ t_  / B N‰  ³`  ¦ † < Êa  “ ¦ 9 “ ¦ e ”  . ì ø ̀  \  ì  rC † < Êà º   H s

 : r`  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç > í ß –\ " f  H  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ\ " f  © œ

×



æכ ¹ô  Ç % i ½ + É`  ¦   H ' Í   P :   Hë ß –`  ¦ s 6   x % i  . Fig. 2\  ¦

˜

Ѐ   @ / Òì  r_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t“ É r (Ó ü to & h Ü ¼– Ð _ p  e ” 

(7)





H) € ª œ_  z  ´Ã º» ¡ ¤Ü ¼– РÒ'  Y O o  b  # Q4 R e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 



. 7 £ ¤ @ / Òì  r_  ì  rC † < Êà º   H[ þ t“ É r  © œ„  s ü < e ” > ‰ & ³ © œ\ 

„



) € / B N‰  ³`  ¦ “ ¦ e ” t  · ú §Ü ¼ 9 š ¸y  9 ¸ ú š6 £ §(noise)_  % i 

½ +

É`  ¦ “ ¦ e ”  . q \ P `  ¦ s 6   xô  Ç > í ß –\ " f  H s    ¸ ú š6 £ §  t

• ¸ — ¸¿ º “ ¦ 9Ù þ ¡l  M :ë  H\   © œ@ /& h Ü ¼– Ð a % ~t  3 l wô  Ç   õ 

\



¦ % 3 >   ) a  כ s  .

Y c

p w Š à U Ø ”  ô

[1] C. Domb, The Critical Point (Taylor and Francis, London, 1996).

[2] G. A. Baker, Quantitative Theory of Critical Phe- nomena (Academic Press, San Diego, 1990).

[3] R. J. Baxter, Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics (Academic Press, London, 1982).

[4] L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 65, 117 (1944).

[5] C. N. Yang and T. D. Lee, Phys. Rev. 87, 404 (1952).

[6] T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. 87, 410 (1952).

[7] M. E. Fisher, in Lectures in Theoretical Physics, edited by W. E. Brittin (University of Colorado Press, Boulder, 1965), Vol. 7c, p. 1.

[8] C. Itzykson, R. B. Pearson and J.-B. Zuber, Nucl.

Phys. B 220, 415 (1983).

[9] I. Bena, M. Droz and A. Lipowski, Int. J. Mod.

Phys. B 19, 4269 (2005) and references therein.

[10] D. H. E. Gross, Microcanonical Thermodynamics (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001).

[11] P. D. Beale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 78 (1996).

[12] W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in Fortran 77, 2nd edition (Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, 1992), p. 104.

Critical Point and Thermal Scaling Exponent of the Square-lattice Ising Model

Seung-Yeon Kim

School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chungju National University, Chungju 380-702 (Received 2 April 2009)

The critical point (y

c

) and the thermal scaling exponent (y

t

) of the square-lattice Ising model were evaluated by using two different approaches - the traditional approach based on the specific heat and the method of partition function zeros. Estimated values of y

c

= 0.414224(64) and y

t

= 0.995(20) were obtained from the specific heat, and y

c

= 0.41421358(482) and y

t

= 1.00000(9) resulted from partition function zeros. The results obtained from the partition function zeros are much better than those obtained from the specific heat.

PACS numbers: 05.50.+q, 05.70.−a, 64.60.Cn, 75.10.Hk

Keywords: Critical point, Thermal scaling exponent, Specific heat, Partition function zeros

E-mail: [email protected]

수치

Table 1. The density of states Ω(E) of the 4 × 4 square- square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary  condi-tions
Table 2. The locations y peak (L) of the specific-heat peaks of the Ising model on L × L square lattices with fully periodic boundary conditions
Fig. 2. The exact partition function zeros in the complex y = e −2βJ plane of the 12 × 12 square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions
Table 4. The finite-size values of the first zeros y 1 (L) and the thermal scaling exponents y t (L) for the L × L square-lattice Ising model with fully periodic boundary conditions

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