영어의 은유표현과 미국문화

13주차. 은유 (I)

들어가기

은유

강의내용

강의목표

영어의 은유표현과 미국문화

영어의 은유표현에 나타나는

미국문화의 특징을 이해한다.

학습하기 1.

13주차. 은유 (I)

은유

1

은유와 개념

metaphors: 언어현상? 사고와 행동?

“우리의 개념적인 구조는 은유로 되어 있다”

“우리의 개념이 우리의 생활방식을 결정한다”

“우리의 개념체계는 언어에 잘 반영되어 있다.”

은유

1

은유와 개념

Your claims are indefensible.

He attacked every weak point in my argument.

His criticisms were right on the target.

I demolished his argument.

I've never won an argument with him.

You disagree? Okay, shoot!

If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.

He shot down all of my arguments. … [예] Concept: ARGUMENT

Metaphor: ARGUMENT IS WAR.

은유

You're wasting my time.

This gadget will save you hours.

I don't have the time to give you.

How do you spend your time these days?

That flat tire cost me an hour.

2

은유개념의 체계성

“은유적 개념은 체계적이고 우리의 언어도 체계적이다.”

[예] TIME IS MONEY.

은유

I've invested a lot of time in her

.

I don't have enough time to spare for that.

You're running out of time.

Put aside some time for ping pong.

Is that worth your while?

Do you have much time left?

2

은유개념의 체계성

[예]

은유

He's living on borrowed time.

You don't use your time profitably.

I lost a lot of time when I got sick.

Thank you for your time.

2

은유개념의 체계성

>> TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A LIMITED RESOURCE, TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY....

은유

- Argument: cooperation/aggression?

highlighting vs hiding - Michael Reddy: "conduit metaphor"

 IDEAS (OR MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTS.

 LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS.

 COMMUNICATION IS SENDING.

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

은유

 It is hard to get that idea across to him.

 I gave you that idea.

 Your reasons came through to us.

 It's difficult to put my ideas into words

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

[예] Conduit Metaphor

은유

 When you have a good idea, try to capture it immediately in words.

 Try to pack more thought into fewer words.

 You can't simply stuff ideas into a sentence any old way.

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

[예] Conduit Metaphor

은유

 The meaning is right there in the words.

 Don‘t force your meanings into the wrong words.

 His words carry little meaning.

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

[예] Conduit Metaphor

은유

 The introduction has a great deal of thought content.

 Your words seem hollow.

 The sentence is without meaning.

 The idea is buried in terribly dense paragraphs.

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

[예] Conduit Metaphor

은유

>> Metaphorical concepts provide us with a

partial understanding of what communication, argument, and time are and that, in doing this, they hide other aspects of these concepts.

A concept is structured by a metaphor –

partially structured, extendable in some ways but not others.

3

은유적 체계성: 부각전략과 은폐전략

은유

① I'm feeling up.

② That boosted my spirits.

③ My spirits rose.

④ You're in high spirits.

⑤ Thinking about her always gives me a lift.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

Orientational metaphor: spatial orientation (up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep- shallow, central-peripheral...)

[예] HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN

은유

[예] HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN

4

오리엔테이션 은유

① I'm feeling down.

② I'm depressed.

③ He's really low these days.

④ I fell into a depression.

⑤ My spirits sank....

은유

① Get up.

② Wake up.

③ I'm up already.

④ He rises early in the morning.

⑤ He fell asleep.

⑥ He dropped off to sleep.

⑦ He's under hypnosis.

⑧ He sank into a coma...

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN

은유

① He's at the peak of health.

② Lazarus rose from the dead.

③ He's in top shape.

④ As to his health, he's way up there.

⑤ He fell ill.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP;

SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN

은유

⑥ He's sinking fast.

⑦ He came down with the flu.

⑧ His health is declining.

⑨ He dropped dead.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP;

SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN

은유

① I have control over her.

② I am on top of the situation.

③ He's in a superior position.

④ He's at the height of his power.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] HAVING CONTROL or FORCE IS UP;

BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL or FORCE IS DOWN

은유

⑤ He's in the high command.

⑥ He's in the upper echelon.

⑦ His power rose.

⑧ He ranks above me in strength.

⑨ He is under my control.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] HAVING CONTROL or FORCE IS UP;

BEING SUBJECT TO CONTROL or FORCE IS DOWN

은유

① The number of books printed each year keeps going up.

② My income rose last year.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN

은유

① All up coming event are listed in the paper.

② What's coming up this week?

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (and AHEAD)

은유

① He has a lofty position.

② She'll rise to the top.

③ He's at the peak of his career.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN

은유

① Things are looking up.

② We hit a peak last year, but it's been downhill ever since.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN

은유

① He is high-minded.

② She has high standards.

③ She is upright.

④ She is an upstanding citizen.

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] VIRTUE IS UP; DEPRAVITY IS DOWN

은유

① The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the rational

plane.

※ Experiential Basis of Metaphors

4

오리엔테이션 은유

[예] RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN

평가하기

13주차. 은유 (I)

은유

1. 다음 중에서 영어의 “Argument is War”라는 은유에서 파생된 것으로 보기 어려운 표현은?

① He attacked every weak point in my argument.

② His criticisms were right on the target.

③ I don't like his shaky argument.

④ I've never won an argument with him.

은유

2. 다음 중에서 영어의 “Time is Money”라는

은유에서 파생된 것으로 보기 어려운 표현은?

① I don't have enough time to spare for that.

② I don't want to waste the time with you.

③ That flat tire cost me an hour.

④ This machine can help you with house

chores.

은유

3. 영어의 은유표현에 Good is Up, Bad is Down 등과 같은 표현들이 있는 이유로 보기에 가장 어울리는 것은?

① 우리의 경험에서 온 것이다.

② 우리의 교육의 산물이다.

③ 영어사용자가 영어에 의해 세뇌되었기 때문이다.

④ 영어권 문화가 가지는 단순한 특징일

뿐이다.

적용하기

13주차. 은유 (I)

은유

 한국어에서 시간을 나타내는 은유적인

표현들이 무엇이 있는지 찾아보고 영

어의 은유표현과 비교해 보세요.

은유

 한국어에서 위, 아래, 앞, 뒤 등과 관련

된 은유적인 표현들이 무엇이 있는지

찾아보고 영어의 은유표현과 비교해

보세요.

정리하기

13주차. 은유 (I)

은유

1. 은유는 단순히 언어를 멋있게 꾸미려는 장 치 정도가 아니라 우리의 의식세계를 구성하 고 있는 체계이다.

2. 우리는 어떤 개념이 머리 속에 구조화되어 있고, 그 구조에 따라 행동한다. (논쟁은 전쟁 이다)

3. 은유개념은 매우 체계적이어서 일관성이 있다. (시간은 돈: 제한적, 귀하다, 아껴써야)

은유

4. 은유는 체계를 갖추기 위해서 어떤 부분을 부각시키고 어떤 부분은 은폐한다.

5. 오리엔테이션 은유는 우리 생활 속에서 우리 몸이 오리엔테이션 되어 있는 것에 기초해서 다양한 표현들로 구성되어 있다.

6. 모든 은유는 우리의 체험에 바탕을 두고 있다.

13주차. 은유 (II)

학습하기 2.

은유

영어의 은유표현과 미국문화

영어의 은유표현에 나타나는 미국문화의 특징을 이해한다.

강의내용

강의목표

은유

1

은유와 문화적 일관성

"More is better" is coherent with MORE IS UP and GOOD IS UP.

"Less is better" is not coherent with them.

"Bigger is better" is coherent with MORE IS UP and GOOD IS UP.

"Smaller is better" is not coherent with them...

그러나 가치란 개인적인, 문화적인, 그룹적인 문제이다.

은유

 가장 존재론적으로 분명한 은유

 인간적인 동기, 특징, 자질, 활동 등을 비인간에게 부여

① His theory explained to me the behavior of chickens raised in factories.

② This fact argues against the standard theories.

2 의인화

은유

③ Life has cheated me.

④ Inflation is eating up our profits.

⑤ His religion tells him that he cannot drink fine French wines.

⑥ The Michelson-Morley experiment gave birth to a new physical theory.

⑦ Cancer finally caught up with him.

2 의인화

은유

 의인화는 단순하고 통합된 일반적인 과정

이 아님 > 특정한 양상을 부각시킴

① Inflation has attacked the foundation of our economy.

② Inflation has pinned us to the wall.

③ Our biggest enemy right now is inflation.

④ The dollar has been destroyed by inflation.

2 의인화

은유

⑤ Inflation has robbed me of my savings.

⑥ Inflation has outwitted the best economic minds in the country.

⑦ Inflation has given birth to a money- minded generation.

2 의인화

은유

※ cover metaphor:

INFLATION IS A PERSON. (?) INFLATION IS AN ADVERSARY.

이런 은유를 통해서 인플레이션의 특정 양 상을 보여주고 이에 대한 우리의 태도를 결 정한다.

2 의인화

은유

 의인화는 실제인물을 가리키지는 않음.

 환유는 그럴 수 있음.

"The ham sandwich is waiting for his check"

3 환유

은유

 환유는 인간의 자질을 비인간에게 주지는

않음.

 특정대상을 통해서 그와 관련된 다른 것

을 가리킴.

① He likes to read the Marquis de Sade.

② He's in dance.

③ Acrylic has taken over the art world.

3 환유

은유

④ The Times hasn't arrived at the press conference yet.

⑤ Mrs. Grundy frowns on blue jeans.

⑥ New windshield wipers will satisfy him.

3 환유

은유

 synecdoche (part-whole metonymy)

① The automobile is clogging our highways.

② We need a couple of strong bodies for our team.

③ There are a lot of good heads in the university.

3 환유

은유

 synecdoche (part-whole metonymy)

3 환유

④ I've got a new set of wheels.

⑤ We need some new blood in the organization.

은유

 은유와 환유의 비교

- 은유는 주로 이해의 기능 - 환유는 주로 지시의 기능

3 환유

은유

 은유, 환유 모두 선택적이다.

cf. head-intelligence

cf. The Times has not yet arrived for the press conference. vs. Steve Roberts has not yet arrived for the

press conference.

3 환유

은유

 은유와 환유 모두 체계적이다.

THE PART FOR THE WHOLE

① Get your butt over here!

② We don't hire longhairs.

③ The Giants need a stronger arm in right field.

3 환유

은유

 은유와 환유 모두 체계적이다.

PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT

① I'll have a Löwenbräu.

② He bought a Ford.

③ He's got a Picasso in his den.

3 환유

은유

 OBJECT USED FOR USER

① The gun he hired wanted fifty grand.

② The buses are on strike.

 CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLED

① Nixon bombed Hanoi.

② Napoleon lost at Waterloo.

③ A Mercedes rear-ended me.

3 환유

은유

 INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE

① Exxon has raised its prices again.

② You'll never get the university to agree to that.

 THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION

① The White House isn't saying anything.

② Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.

3 환유

은유

 THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT

① Let's not let Thailand become another Vietnam.

② Watergate changed our politics.

3 환유

은유

 환유도 체계적이고 특정한 양상이 부각된

다.

① a Picasso (may be simply a matter of association, but value attached)

② the ham sandwich (may be dehumanizing)

③ Nixon bombing Hanoi (responsibility)

3 환유

은유

 종교적 상징: 환유의 특수한 예

① DOVE FOR HOLY SPIRIT.

(not arbitrary)

3 환유

13주차. 은유 (II)

평가하기

은유

1. 다음 중에서 의인화 (personification)의 예로 보기 어려운 것은?

① Unemployment threatens our economy.

② Our biggest enemy now is the oil price.

③ The poem touched my heart.

④ We need some fresh blood in the company.

은유

2. 영어의 인플레이션이 의인화된 여러 표현 방식들을 고려해 볼 때 인플레이션의 여러 양상 중에 부각되지 않는 부분은?

① 인플레이션은 해롭다.

② 인플레이션은 물리쳐야 한다.

③ 인플레이션은 이론적인 개념이다.

④ 인플레이션은 경제를 파괴한다.

은유

3. 다음 영어 표현 중에 환유 (metonymy)에 해당하는 예로 보기 어려운 것은?

① A BMW lives next door.

② Mrs Kim frowns on blue jeans at church.

③ The club got some new faces at the counter.

④ My love is a red rose in the garden.

적용하기

13주차. 은유 (II)

은유

 한국어에서 흔히 의인화되어 사용되

는 표현들을 찾아보세요.

은유

 한국어에서 자주 사용되는 환유의

예들을 찾아보세요.

정리하기

13주차. 은유 (II)

은유

1. 은유는 매우 일관성이 있다.

2. 은유는 가치를 부여하고, 이 가치는 개인적 으로 문화적으로 다르다.

3. 의인화는 매우 자주 사용된다. 인간의 특 성을 비인간에게 부여한다.

4. 의인화도 특정 양상을 부각시킨다.

은유

5. 환유는 어떤 대상물을 가지고 그와 관계된 다른 대상물을 가리킨다.

6. 은유와 환유는 모두 선택적으로 특정 양상이 부각된다.

7. 은유와 환유 모두 체계적이고 매우 일반적 으로 사용된다.

은유