고3 유형_어법(2018)

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1. (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현으로 가장 적절한 것은? [3월 서울시]¹

(A) (B) (C)

① Adopt --- them --- where

② Adopt --- themselves --- where

The old maxim “I’ll sleep when I’m dead” is unfortunate. (A) [Adopt / Adopting] this mind- set, and you will be dead sooner and the quality of that life will be worse. The elastic band of sleep deprivation can stretch only so far before it snaps. Sadly, human beings are in fact the only species that will deliberately deprive (B) [them / themselves] of sleep without legitimate gain. Every component of wellness, and countless seams of societal fabric, are being eroded by our costly state of sleep neglect: human and financial alike.

So much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has now declared a sleep loss epidemic throughout industrialized nations. It is no coincidence that countries (C)

[where / which] sleep time has declined most dramatically over the past century, such as the US, the UK, Japan, and South Korea, and several in Western Europe, are also those suffering the greatest increase in rates of physical diseases and mental disorders.

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2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [3J] ²

*arsenal: 무기

The greatest asset that a person can possess is a positive self-image supported by an arsenal of high self-esteem. Dr. Maxwell Maltz stressed the importance of this concept when he said, “self-image, strongly ①held, essentially determines what we become.” I believe that our self-image is like a balloon. In order to stay aloft, a balloon needs just the right amount of air. Likewise, people need just the right amount of self-esteem ②to stay “up” in life. The balloon that doesn’t have enough air won’t rise to ③its proper height. People with deflated self-esteem suffer the same fate. Balloons that have too much air don’t float ④properly either. Their excess air causes them to fly too high and sometimes they just explode! People with over-inflated self-image generally cause problems for themselves and other people because of their oversized egos. A healthy self-image, like a properly inflated balloon, ⑤allowing a person to reach their full potential and float successfully through life.

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3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3D]³

As a leader, you don’t have a ton of time on your hands. So delegate. Create a team

①whose responsibilities include gathering intelligence both internally and externally. Your intelligence team is there to make sure that you remain ②informed about your staff, the competition, and your organization. Creating a special team to help you gather

information is not only beneficial to you, but to the team as well. You’re adding another educational facet to the team members’ jobs, granting ③them the opportunity to learn new things. At the same time, your staff will feel as if you trust them. Just make it very clear to your team ④which they won’t be responsible for passing on any news that you don’t like. All too often a leader is the last one to know when there are problems. In the business world, ignorance is not bliss, and you need to make sure that you are

⑤constantly on top of things in your organization.

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4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?　 [3E]⁴

*stigma: 부정적 인식 **pathology: 병리, 병적 측면

The most direct way of undoing the damage caused by social exclusion is to bring the shy, lonely, and alienated back into the embrace of society. Unfortunately, such people tend to be ①regarded as undesirable interaction partners by those with greater social skills. This is because they are objectively less rewarding to spend time with and because ②associating with them carries with it a social stigma. What is necessary, therefore, are policies to ensure ③that social cohesion is maintained within various social institutions, and in society at large. Small-scale programs ④get lonely

schoolchildren more involved can work exceedingly well. However, finding ways to reverse the increasingly individualistic trend in Western societies is a much taller order.

Yet, if we value our collective well-being, we should do something about ⑤it; a lack of social integration goes hand in hand with a host of other social pathologies.

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5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [4경기]⁵

*enumerate: 일일이 세다

According to Pierre Pica, understanding quantities approximately in terms of estimating ratios is a universal human intuition. In fact, humans who do not have numbers have no choice but ①to see the world in this way. By contrast, understanding quantities in terms of exact numbers is not a universal intuition; it is a product of culture. The precedence of approximations and ratios over exact numbers, Pica suggests, ②is due to the fact that ratios are much more important for survival in the wild than the ability to count. ③Faced with a group of spear-wielding adversaries, we needed to know instantly whether there were more of them than us. When we saw two trees we needed to know instantly ④that had more fruit hanging from it. In neither case was it ⑤necessary to enumerate every enemy or every fruit individually. The crucial thing was to be able to make quick estimates of the relative amounts.

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6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [4D]⁶

* criminologist: 범죄학자 ** jeopardy: 위험

Each year about 50,000 species of plants and animals disappear from the planet as a result of human activity. Conservationists and environmental activists have been trying to elevate the priority ①given to the protection of the environment and its inhabitants for many years, but the public, politicians, and criminologists have largely ignored their efforts. Various media outlets report stories of people ②tie themselves to trees in order to save spotted owls, or of large-scale construction projects that are halted because an endangered frog’s habitat might be in jeopardy. When the public hears stories like these, reactions are varied. Some see these actions as moral victories while others see ③them as simply absurd. As more prominent public figures become active in the fight against crimes involving nature, the problem of ④illegally trading endangered species will gain prominence in society. As an example, the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize to former U.S. Vice President Al Gore and the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded people ⑤that environmental causes are noteworthy.

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7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [4E]⁷

* criminologist: 범죄학자 ** jeopardy: 위험

Each year about 50,000 species of plants and animals disappear from the planet as a result of human activity. Conservationists and environmental activists have been trying to elevate the priority ①given to the protection of the environment and its inhabitants for many years, but the public, politicians, and criminologists have largely ignored their efforts. Various media outlets report stories of people ②tie themselves to trees in order to save spotted owls, or of large-scale construction projects that are halted because an endangered frog’s habitat might be in jeopardy. When the public hears stories like these, reactions are varied. Some see these actions as moral victories while others see ③them as simply absurd. As more prominent public figures become active in the fight against crimes involving nature, the problem of ④illegally trading endangered species will gain prominence in society. As an example, the awarding of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize to former U.S. Vice President Al Gore and the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reminded people ⑤that environmental causes are noteworthy.

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8. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [4J]⁸

*monogamous: 일부일처의

Charles Darwin, the 19th century naturalist and father of evolutionary biology, was one of the first ①to try to explain why humans became musical. In his 1871 book on

evolutionary theory, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, he proposed it was analogous to bird song, in ②that it helped males attract mates and warn off rivals.

The idea has now largely fallen out of fashion, though, because singing is not an

③exclusively male pastime: in almost three-quarters of songbirds, for instance, females sing, too. More recently Thomas Geissmann at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, came up with ④another interesting theory. In a book published in the year 2000, he pointed out that the four other singing primates (some lemurs, tarsiers, titi monkeys and gibbons) all form monogamous breeding pairs ― as ⑤are many humans, and amongst birds duetting mainly occurs in monogamous species. Perhaps, Geissmann suggested, singing is somehow related to the evolution of monogamy ― although exactly how or why is still unclear.

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9. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [5D]⁹

A study that makes claims contrary to the existing consensus needs to provide

①sufficiently strong evidence to meet the burden of proof established by that consensus.

Such a study should not only provide evidence for its claims, but also give some account of why the previous position should no longer ②be accepted. For example, people who claim there are sasquatches or that the Loch Ness Monster exists must provide

considerable evidence to overturn the current view ③that there are no such creatures.

The onus is on the believer in such curious creatures to come up with evidence, not on the skeptic to “disprove” the existence of such creatures. Often the onus is on the person who claims the existence of something because it is usually much easier to prove that something exists ― if it ④does! ― than to prove that it doesn’t exist. All it would take would be to find and display a sasquatch to prove the existence of one. But even a great deal of looking in the right sort of places and ⑤fail to find that creature still leaves open some reasonable doubt: maybe we haven’t looked hard enough. *onus: 책임

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10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [5E]¹⁰

Considerations about print size may eventually become outmoded ①because of the rise in availability of talking books or the talking text option found in some e-books. For example, Bouchard Ryan and her colleagues observed that older adults with visual problems were more likely to change from reading newspapers and magazines that typically have small print and poor contrast ②to listening to talking books. They also noted that about a quarter of their sample used computer technology to enlarge print.

However, although talking books offer a solution to people with sight difficulties, they are not, as is ③commonly supposed, a direct substitute for reading. Two reasons can be cited. First, the narrator will almost certainly place emphases upon what is being read out that may not match ④that the listener would emphasize were he or she reading for themselves. Second, in reading it is easy to move back over a passage of print just

⑤read, or to skim through a section of prose. This is either very difficult or impossible to do when using a talking book.

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11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [5J]¹¹

With the lifting of trade restrictions on the Mississippi River ①following the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the New Orleans economy entered a period of unprecedented prosperity that would last over half a century. The population of the city had already doubled by the time, less than a decade later, ②that the first steamboat ― aptly named the New Orleans ― was put into service on the Mississippi. It facilitated upstream

navigation and further ③enhanced New Orleans’s position as a major hub of commerce.

The effect of this shift can be measured by the staggering growth in downriver cargo ④to receive at the port: between 1801 and 1807, an average of $5 million worth of goods came downstream each year, but in 1851 alone almost $200 million worth of freight was measured. Shipments of cotton constituted almost half of these receipts, but many other goods ― grain, sugar, tobacco, manufactured items, and much more ― as ⑤well as people passed through this New Orleans hub, creating a prosperous, cosmopolitan environment that few cities in the New World could match.

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12. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점] [5V]¹²

It is important to keep in mind that we perform experiments every single day when we do things as ①simple as introducing ourselves to someone new or trying a new food. As a result, we get lots of opportunities to practice responding to unexpected results and

②learning from each one of them. Trained scientists know this well and, therefore, do their best to design experiments that answer an important question, no matter ③how the specific results. They know that each experiment offers valuable clues on the path to understanding. As the saying goes, “Genius is the ability to make the most mistakes in the shortest period of time.” Each of those mistakes ④provides experimental data and an opportunity to learn something new. Like scientists, we need to stop ⑤looking at

unexpected results as failures. By changing our vocabulary and by looking at “failures”

as “data,” we enhance everyone’s willingness to experiment.

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13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [6모평]¹³

Humans are so averse to feeling that they’re being cheated ①that they often respond in ways that seemingly make little sense. Behavioral economists ― the economists who actually study ②what people do as opposed to the kind who simply assume the human mind works like a calculator ― have shown again and again that people reject unfair offers even if ③it costs them money to do so. The typical experiment uses a task called the ultimatum game. It’s pretty straightforward. One person in a pair is given some money ― say $10. She then has the opportunity to offer some amount of it to her partner. The partner only has two options. He can take what’s offered or ④refused to take anything. There’s no room for negotiation; that’s why it’s called the ultimatum game.

What typically happens? Many people offer an equal split to the partner, ⑤leaving both individuals happy and willing to trust each other in the future.

* averse to: ~ 을 싫어하는 ** ultimatum: 최후통첩

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14. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점][6J]¹⁴

We should not be too surprised when we discover ①that self-help techniques and well- meaning advice don’t necessarily deliver the changes they promise. The bottom line is that often the techniques don’t work simply because there is no reason why ②they should. There is precious little quality control in the world of self-help, ③where conviction is all too often a willing stand-in for reasonable proof. The biologist Thomas Huxley once stated that “The deepest sin against the human mind is to believe things without

evidence.” If he is right, the self-help section of the bookstore is truly sinful. We may roll our eyes at the medical practices of times gone by, when drilling holes in people’s heads

④to be seen as the best way of letting out the demons. But while contemporary

remedies for the mental and emotional ills of our age may be less dramatic, many of our own psychological cures and theories boast ⑤scarcely more scientific validity.

*stand-in: 대역 **boast: 자랑할 만한 ~을 갖고 있다

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15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?[6E]¹⁵

* eerie: 괴상한

If the dream you had last night perfectly predicted something unusual that actually happened today, ① put it in proper context. How many dreams have you had in your lifetime that failed to predict events accurately? You also have to think of all the other people on Earth who had a dream last night that didn’t come true. The odds are that somebody’s dream would hit the mark just by chance. It’s like the lottery: the odds of winning may be low, but somebody ② does win. So, if billions of people are having dreams every night, shouldn’t ③ this be expected that some of them will “come true” just by chance? If millions of people buy lottery tickets, don’t we expect that someone out of the crowd will pick the winning numbers? If we want to think clearly, we have to accept the fact ④ that coincidences happen all the time. In isolation, many of them can seem eerie and supernatural. ⑤ Placed into proper context, however, they usually seem inevitable more than anything else.

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16. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점][7인천]¹⁶

When it comes to medical treatment, patients see choice as both a blessing and a burden. And the burden falls primarily on women, who are ①typically the guardians not only of their own health, but that of their husbands and children. “It is an overwhelming task for women, and consumers in general, ②to be able to sort through the information they find and make decisions,” says Amy Allina, program director of the National

Women’s Health Network. And what makes it overwhelming is not only that the decision is ours, but that the number of sources of information ③which we are to make the

decisions has exploded. It’s not just a matter of listening to your doctor lay out the

options and ④making a choice. We now have encyclopedic laypeople’s guides to health,

“better health” magazines, and the Internet. So now the prospect of medical decisions

⑤has become everyone’s worst nightmare of a term paper assignment, with stakes infinitely higher than a grade in a course. *laypeople: 비전문가

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17. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [7D]¹⁷

Even though unemployment is painful to those who have no source of income,

①reducing unemployment is not costless. In the short run, a reduction in unemployment may come at the expense of a higher rate of inflation, especially if the economy is close to full capacity, ②which resources are almost fully employed. Moreover, trying to match employees with jobs can quickly lead to significant inefficiencies ③because of

mismatches between a worker’s skill level and the level of skill required for a job. For example, the economy would be wasting resources ④subsidizing education if people with PhDs in biochemistry were driving taxis or tending bars. That is, the skills of the employee may be higher than ⑤those necessary for the job, resulting in what

economists call underemployment. Another source of inefficiencies is placing employees in jobs beyond their abilities.

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18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?[7E]¹⁸

* ascription: 부여 ** streptococcus: 연쇄상 구균

Young children certainly are not fully rational and autonomous (to the degree of normal competent adults) and thus clearly cannot ① be held to enjoy the Autonomy Right of having their destinies determined by their own choices and decisions. However, there ② is one very good reason for often treating them as if they had such a right. Treating children as though they are autonomous aids them in ③ developing into genuinely autonomous persons; treating them as responsible persons aids them to become responsible persons. Such “fictions” have a way of becoming self-fulfilling prophecies.

We shall, of course, want to place limits on such treatment in the interest of the child and pick our instances of fictional autonomy ascription ④ wisely. For example, if a small child decides that he does not want to take the penicillin prescribed for a streptococcus

infection in his throat, this would not be a case ⑤ which we should let his decision prevail in the interest of developing future autonomy.

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19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점][7J]¹⁹

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was nominated as the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party in 1932, ① then the country was suffering from an economic

depression that had begun in 1929. In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt said, “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people” to indicate ② that he had a plan for getting the country out of its economic slump. As soon as Roosevelt got into office, he began using the power of the federal government to pass legislation ③ enacting emergency and work relief programs. He also gave aid to farmers, instituted Social Security, and ④ developed protective legislation for unions and migrant workers.

Thus, allusions to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, also known as F.D.R., and his New Deal usually ⑤ suggest a politician or political party that believes in government intervention.

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20. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?[8E]²⁰

Understanding art involves the establishment of linkages between areas of knowledge ① to which it is related. For many generations, art educators strove for subject-matter autonomy and wanted to teach art for its own sake in isolation from other subjects ② constituting the culture. Moreover, art is often taught in isolation from aspects of itself.

Students tend to learn studio technical skills, but not the history of the media they are using, the social needs that were met by the invention of these media, or the cultural meanings ③ were expressed by the work’s symbolic content. They might learn to describe works in terms of their formal elements, but rarely ④ can they explain how these function to contribute to a work’s expressive power or how the expressed content reflects the perceived realities that fit its cultural location. They may know about the effect of warm and cool colors from experiences in a painting class, but not recognize ⑤ how such colors create meanings within works of art by others.