본 연구에서는 북한의 거점도시 발전을 위한 여러 측면 가운데 도시산업에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서 제시된 산업보다 세분화된 산업 업종의 육성과 이에 적합한 추진체의 제시가 필요하다. 도시발전에 영향을 미치는 타 요소들 에 대한 종합적인 검토 역시 후속연구를 통해 이루어질 필요가 있다.
본 연구에서는 북한의 연안지역에 위치한 5개 도시만을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였 으나, 내륙산악도시, 내륙 중소도시 등 다양한 특성을 가진 도시들을 대상으로 종합적 인 발전모형 모색이 추진될 필요가 있을 것이다. 아울러 도심개발 모형이나 도시외곽 의 신시가지 개발모형 등 다양한 유형의 북한 도시개발 모형에 대한 연구도 필요하다.
이러한 모형을 실현하기 위한 세부적인 도시개발 방안에 대한 연구도 필요하다.
저개발국이면서도 체제전환 이전 상황에 있는 북한의 특수한 현실에 맞는 도시개발 의 비즈니스 모델에 대한 연구도 필요하다. 북한 도시 발전을 위한 제조업과 서비스업 종별로 세분화된 비즈니스 모델이 도출될 필요가 있으며, 민간과 공공이 함께 다자컨 소시엄을 구성하여 대북 사업에 진출하기 위한 세부적인 방안이 연구될 필요가 있을 것이다.
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S ｜ U ｜ M ｜ M ｜ A ｜ R ｜ Y
SUMMARY
Keywords: Urban Development Model, North Korean Cities
In the process of economic development in North Korea in the future, city-regions will play an important role. This study aims to suggest some urban development models for North Korean cities based on experiences of transition economies.
For this study, we reviewed some cases of urban development in the former GDR(German Democratic Republic) and China. The cases of the former GDR show some ways of transition from old industrial cities to modern innovative cities. Especially, tourism and education service played an important role in transition. In the case of the former GDR, the support of the federal government played an important role in urban development. Comparing with the case of cities in the former GDR, the case of China shows an importance of Foreign Direct Investment in urban development.
Xiamen was designated as one of the first four special economic zones along with Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou in 1980. Attracting Overseas Chinese investment was the dominate factor in Xiamen's economic growth. After twenty years of reform and extensive urban development, Xiamen has successfully left behind its status as a “garbage city” and instead transformed itself into a “socialist modernized international port scenic city”. Rejecting pollution, generating foreign investment, improving natural environment, increasing public awareness through education, and more importantly maintaining close ties with Overseas Chinese
were important factors in the success story of Xiamen.
We can introduce some lessons from case studies as follows. At first, management of transition process from old industries to modern industies is very important in urban development. Second, introducing FDI is one of the determinant factors in urban development.
Next, this study analyzed urban development potentials of five North Korean cities, Nampho, Shinuiju, Rason, Chungjun and Wonsan. These five cities have potentials becoming gateways of the Korean peninsula toward international society.
Nampho has some development potentials as a center of logistics and advanced technologies based on its geo-economic characteristics. Sinuiju was also designated as the "Sinuiju Special Administrative Region" in 2002 and has some development potentials as a center of trade and logistics toward China.
Rason has great development potentials as a center of logistics based on its geo-economic characteristics. Currently, Rajin-Khasan project is on the way. The project is a multi-lateral project bewteen North Korea, Russia and South Korea.
Chongjin has potentials to be developed from an old industrial city to a modern industrial and trade city. Wonsan has potentials to be developed as a modern international tourism city in the future.
Based on case studies and a potential analysis on five North Korean cities, this study suggest urban development models for the five North Korean cities.
These urban development models are based on two factors, i.e. a major industry and investment actors. This study introduced three models, A, B and C models as follows.
The “A-model” is based on hi-tech industries and private actors. In five cities, Nampho is appropriate to the “A-model”. The “B-model” is based on hi-tech industries and integrated actors of private and public sector. Chongjin is appropriate to the “B-model”. The disparity between the A and B-model is the role of public
actor. The “C-model” is based on tourism, education and private actors. Shinuiju, Rason and Wonsan are appropriate to the “C-model”.
Finally, this study suggests some policy issues to realize urban development models in North Korea as follows. First, inter-Korean cooperation should be
Finally, this study suggests some policy issues to realize urban development models in North Korea as follows. First, inter-Korean cooperation should be