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Abstract
The Study on Mozi’s System of Political Ideas
Kim Jee Young Department of Philosophy Graduate School, University Of Ulsan
1. Confusion & disorder became prevalent in the period of ‘Spring Autumn’
and ‘Warring States’, because of Zhou feudalism’s disintegration and conquest wars. Political chaos reach the utmost point in the inside & outside of the country. At that time, Hundred School of thoughts appeared on the scene.
They analysed the cause of disorder, and suggested the prescriptions. They refused the reality, and designed the brave new world.
The major schools were Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, etc. The Confucianist proposed the ethics & moral of family as the ideology of ruling nation. They succeeded to Zhou feudalism which based on the family system.
Mozi had attended Confucian school, so he accepted the feudalism on which he developed his thoughts. He thought that the feudalism is the only policy which makes end of all conquest wars, and blesses with peaceful coexistence, and maximizes the material benefits.
The results of conquest war are three worries of the people ; do not eat, do not put on clothes, do not rest. This is a everyday life of ordinary people.
Mozi regarded that the aim of ruling nation is the resolution of three worries.
The most rulers at that time disregarded the people’s difficulties. He is the only one philosopher who thinks the people as his pain, and takes care of them.
His love of people appeared through the thoughts of “universal love, the agreement with the superior, elevating the worthy man, the will of heaven”, these are the central ideas of “Ten Theories”, and his all arguments are concentrated on that. These are the code of conduct to make the nation to utopia, and are Mozi’s theory of nation building, ruling nation. We must reconstruct the Mozi’s whole thought through the correlation of “Ten Theories”
which are interlock each other.
2. The ‘universal love’(兼愛) means to have affection for the total people without omitting anyone. It is the distributive justice to consider the total, and is divided from the equality.
The ‘universal love’ is necessary for fairness, because the universal love means not to discriminate anyone.
3. Agreement with the superior(尙同) : Everybody has their profit, and asserts which is righteous. Thus people comes into conflict with others. So the sage, i.e., the superior adjusts the inferior’s conflict. At this time the sage is needed.
An emperor appoints some sage as the superior (government official), or people selects the most sage among them as the superior. The universal love is necessary for adjust the conflict. A sage is the one who has the universal love. The universal love(兼愛) has the close relationships with the agreement with the superior(尙同), and the will of heaven(天志) makes the relationships stronger.
According to ‘agreement with the superior’ theory, the power comes from the bottom (people) to the top. It has a kind of selection & contract theory. It explains the reason why people obey the orders of ruler & nation. Mozi starts his theory of nation from the cause of submission & justification of ruling.
4. The will of Heaven(天志) is the universal love. Mozi introduced ‘the existence of Heaven (god)’ to draw the limits of reason. The Heaven has a personality, and has a free will as human being. It is the most important feature that he renders a prize & punishment to man, the standard of which is whether he loves universally or not. God’s prize & punishment is a driving forces for man to the universal love, which lead man to the good. The will of heaven has a forcibleness and righteousness. And also the ruler should have the physical compulsion and force which is the core of reign. But the ruler must submit to the authority of Heaven.
5. universal love(兼愛)
Mozi has empiricism and evil nature theory. A private person has a desire, It is natural that he seek a profit. So individuals fight each other. It is a duty of nation which mediates the conflicts between individuals, and maximize the total profit of individuals to the utmost. A government official should give a material benefit to the people. The Universal love means a material gain. In this point, Mozi condemned the profligate spending. Confucianists did a conspicuous consumption through the ritual such as a lavish funeral.
Mozi argued that man should practice the universal love, because if you love him, then he must love you. But actually there is no guarantee that man will keep the rule of ‘reciprocality of love’.