Comparison of Ginsenoside Composition and Contents in Fresh Ginseng Roots Cultivated in Korea, Japan, and China at Various Ages

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(1)KOREAN J. FOOD SCI. TECHNOL. Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 847~850 (2004). \Þ ©The Korean Society of Food Science and Technology. >â~ æê ê âÒ

(2) ò ï jL Ï4Áj1ÁN2Á92Á92Áª÷KÁ9²* %v âÖë>8, 1%v £, 2%v «". Comparison of Ginsenoside Composition and Contents in Fresh Ginseng Roots Cultivated in Korea, Japan, and China at Various Ages Chung Ryul Lee, Wan Kyun Whang1, Cha Gyun Shin2, Hak Sung Lee2, Sung Tai Han2, Byung Ok Im, and Sung Kwon Ko* Korea Ginseng Institute, Chung-Ang University 1 School of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University 2 Department of Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University Cooking basic information for indexing of fresh ginseng roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) was determined. Ginsenoside contents of various age fresh ginseng roots cultivated in Northeast Asia were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC. Average contents of total saponin and each ginsenoside of 4-year-old fresh ginseng root cultivated in Korea were higher than those cultivated for longer periods (5- and 6-year-old). One-way analysis variance showed average contents of total saponin and each ginsenoside of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old fresh ginseng roots were not statistically significant. Four-year-old fresh ginseng root cultivated at Geumsan, Korea contained the highest ginsenoside content among samples studied. Key words: ginsenoside, fresh ginseng root, Panax ginseng. *. . /ê >î (13). ß®, âÒò~ ïö & º Ë (14)ö ~ B “â~ "ê Òò ïö & ”¢ Û~ 1N & ç® Wâ(.Ö, Ãï, ³VÖ)~ "ê Òò ïö & B B~&, Namba (15)ö ~B BB “â~ z ' ï&”¢ ÛB ¢ ¾&(_)Ö b¦Wâ~ "ê CÒò ïjv¢ ~&b, (16)ö ~B sâ " Wâj &çb “â³ b~ Òòzb ï 5 W”j Û~ Ö sâ" Wâ, 7 5 ¢~ sâ~ âÒò ïj ~& . $, f (17)f Ãï" *" þË~ >âj &çb "ê âÒò ïj ~& . f ? âÒò ïö & & 1N &ç® Wâ 5 sâj 7b & ê¯>îb, âB®~ V .öò¶ö >âö &Bº ß; þË~ Öbj & çb & ê¯>î . 8¢B, ÖÒ¾¢ "º ÒVæö B ç7 Ö~º >âö &~º Úê' & >Ú®æ pf 6ö On~ ÖÒ¾¢~ âÒVæ 6æ(.Ö, ³V, ;z, rW, ên, sÂ)öB Ö>º >âj &çb ÿ¢ öB "ê ginsenoside jvªC¢ :ûb Ö > â~ ïïj ~, ÿ§jj~ $ âÒVæ ¢ ¾&Ö" 7 ^âWÖ >â"~ jv¢ Û~ â~ ;ÚW" ÖúWj { > ®º ¶ò¢ á¶ ¢ ¯~& .. ÖÒ¾¢~ âf 2,000j*~ ÿ·~ .B “5 ÿ+”ö ûj~ ðÁ ²BB ¾ ^ê ~ £ ;®~ «Wj J¾Æræ ÚJ ® . ¾ J ¾Æ ^êâËöBº ÖÒ âB® 3%~ & Ë 6FNj ¾æÚ ®º ; (1). 8¢B f ?f â Öë~ *V¢ ~ >Âj /ê~V *Bº â & æ ®º 7º ÒWbîj &çb jv¢ ¯ ~ ÖÒ â~ Ö>Wj {~, ¦&&~ âB®j BB~º V.; 5 ®î&Ò¢ B jº& ® . â~ "º ÒWbîf âÒò(ginsenosides), polyacetylenes, ÖW Ú, âWî, ¾¦W bî rJr. (2). 7öB âÒòf Shibata (3)~ ö ~B z& «{® {>î, W(4)j j~ z·Ï(5), Öz·Ï(6), ÿ ãz 5 .{~ .O(7,8), * VË /ê 5 ?BÎ"(9), b 5 ÊÞ.Ê ·Ï (10,11), "W(12), r.VW î~~ò, Wî WËK~ *Corresponding author: Sung Kwon Ko, Korea Ginseng Institute, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Gyungki 456-756, Korea Tel: 82-31-670-4683 Fax: 82-31-676-6544 E-mail: [email protected] 847.

(3) ®"²æ B 36 ² B 5 ^ (2004). 848. þ O». HPLC-ginsenoside~ ª+ *öB áf crude saponinj (16,17,19)~ j wÏ ~ HPLC¢ ~, ç»ö 8¢ ®" ç7 jv~ ginsenoside~ ï 5 Wj ' ò 3² > þ~ Ö"~ Ò*Wj {~ ªC~& . ®f 7&v âÖëbVöB ;B B® âÒò" (")¢z 7 ²¦V ª· Af Bê 95% ç~ ginsenoside¢ ÒÏ ~& . ÒÏ HPLC Ë~º Gilson 305 system(Gilson, France)î b, "f µ-Bondapak C18(Waters, 3.9Ü150 mm, USA)j Ò Ï~& . ÿçf acetonitrile(HPLC/, Sigma, USA)" HPLC Ï Ã~>îb, ¾rö 17% ACNb ·~ 33ªö 33% ACN, 88ªö 60% ACN, 100ªö 80% ACNb BN' b ACNj ¾J "î, îæïb 17% ACNb .~ & . *BNêº Nî F³f ª 1.0 mLî . îÆÎf uv/vis ¦ÂV(Gilson 118, France)¢ Ï~ 210 nmöB ¦Â~&, "Wª Òò ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 5 (20S) Rh1~ &®j ÒÏ, ¦ïFj ·W, jv ;ï~& .. þÒò >â(Ginseng Radix aquosa)f ÖÒ¾¢~ 6~ ÒVæ ¯ .Ö(ÒV¶-fêS, fÎ, fÎ>, f{>), ;z(ÒV¶-& F, ÇÂ), ³V(ÒV¶-Fë, FW), rW(ÒV¶-ªR, Ç), ên(ÒV¶-÷&, ·>¢, *ß"), sÂ(ÇÏS, ; BW, ^)" 7~ ^âW(ÒV¶-"{Ö), ¢~ ¾& (ÒV¶-&&&f)~ >âj "ê(3, 4, 5, 6j") 2001j 9 ú j *ËöB j÷~ þÒò ~& . ''~ B ®f 7&v âÖëbV Âb öB & ~ ® . ÷Ê~ `* ' >âò~ òv, "", æ", ^"j ~º æ~¦ * Ú¦* 1 kgOj ~ ^.~, áf ò '' 200 gOö 50% ethyl alcohol >»çöB 2* 2² > ºÂ~ " ê 6{ ³»~ 50% ethyl alcohol ÷Ê¢ áî . ` Ò

(4) ò(crude saponin)~ `* Shibata (18)~ O»ö 8¢ '' r" ? crude saponin j B~ ïj Ö;~, crude saponinj ginsenoside ªCÏ ò ~& . Shibata »: 50% ethyl alcohol ÷Ê ' 50 gOj ~ ethylether 3² ¾Ò~ æÏW bîj B ê >z n-butanol 3² ¾Ò~ áf n-butanol [j ~ 6{³» ~& . H Î ·f ;ï'b ~&, 6{³»b~ ïj crude saponin ·b ~& .. Ö 5 8 ÖÒ¾¢ 6B æ~ âÒVæ(.Ö, ;z, ³V, ên, r W, sÂ)öB 2001j 9ú jVö >âj 3, 4, 5, 6j"j "ê j÷~ >â *Ú¦*¢(òv, "", æ", ^" ) 50% ethyl alcohol ºÂ ³» ê Shibata»ö ~B crude saponinj ·B~&, HPLC»j Ï~ '«~ ginsenoside¢ jv ªC~ ï 5 ªÖªC(¢öV~»)j Û. Table 1. The ginsenoside content for the Ginseng Radix aquosa (Panax ginseng) cultivated in the different areas of Korea and the different at various ages. 1). Samples. Crude saponin. Geumsan 3 year Geumsan 4 year Geumsan 5 year Geumsan 6 year Umsong 4 year Umsong 5 year Umsong 6 year Jinan 4 year Jinan 5 year Jinan 6 year Hongchon 4 year Hongchon 5 year Hongchon 6 year Ganghwa 4 year Ganghwa 5 year Ganghwa 6 year Punggi 3 year Punggi 4 year Punggi 5 year. 0.97% 1.53% 0.99% 0.71% 0.83% 1.02% 0.76% 1.29% 1.20% 0.99% 1.06% 1.15% 0.79% 1.54% 1.23% 1.53% 0.29% 1.30% 1.09%. Total PD2)/PT3) Rb1/Rg1 saponin1) 0.55% 1.35% 0.49% 0.51% 0.72% 0.80% 0.68% 0.92% 0.88% 0.74% 0.78% 0.80% 0.74% 1.15% 0.94% 1.16% 0.20% 0.82% 0.76%. 1.88 1.96 2.15 1.73 1.82 1.82 2.21 1.95 2.40 2.12 1.91 1.98 1.85 1.91 1.71 2.22 2.09 2.68 1.95. Total saponin: Rb1+Rb2+Rc+Rd+Re+Rf+Rg1+Rh1. PD: Rb1+Rb2+Rc+Rd. 3) PT: Re+Rf+Rg1+Rh1. 2). 2.14 3.14 1.56 2.38 2.05 2.20 3.07 2.15 2.96 2.62 2.65 2.49 1.85 2.47 1.77 2.80 3.47 2.14 2.68. Ginsenoside (w/w%) Rb1. Rb2. Rc. Rd. Re. Rf. Rg1. (20S) Rh1. 0.169 0.392 0.175 0.133 0.170 0.213 0.215 0.241 0.263 0.228 0.215 0.209 0.196 0.279 0.218 0.328 0.066 0.233 0.190. 0.066 0.136 0.048 0.075 0.086 0.098 0.070 0.122 0.118 0.075 0.093 0.121 0.103 0.174 0.138 0.180 0.029 0.129 0.088. 0.094 0.241 0.086 0.091 0.139 0.144 0.152 0.165 0.164 0.144 0.138 0.130 0.114 0.213 0.159 0.183 0.033 0.144 0.148. 0.030 0.125 0.022 0.029 0.068 0.060 0.030 0.079 0.078 0.055 0.067 0.073 0.065 0.090 0.075 0.106 0.010 0.090 0.073. 0.022 0.138 0.050 0.071 0.081 0.090 0.084 0.096 0.090 0.064 0.109 0.096 0.086 0.169 0.101 0.125 0.022 0.055 0.097. 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.013 0.020 0.020 0.016 0.018 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.024 0.027 0.008 0.022 0.019. 0.079 0.125 0.112 0.056 0.083 0.097 0.070 0.112 0.089 0.087 0.081 0.084 0.106 0.113 0.123 0.117 0.019 0.109 0.071. 0.065 0.166 0.063 0.045 0.073 0.075 0.044 0.084 0.061 0.070 0.061 0.066 0.045 0.091 0.098 0.090 0.017 0.036 0.069.

(5) >â~ æê "ê âÒò ï jv. 849. Table 2. The average of total saponin and the each ginsenoside content of each year-old (4, 5, and 6) fresh ginseng root (the result of the one-way analysis variance) Average. Variance. Statistic significance.. Ginsenoside content. 4-year-old. 5-year-old. 6-year-old. 4-year-old. 5-year-old. 6-year-old. F-value. P-value. CS1) TS2) PD/PT Rb1/Rg1 Rb1 Rb2 Rc Rd Re Rf Rg1 Rh1. 1.258 0.957 2.038 2.433 0.240 0.123 0.173 0.087 0.108 0.021 0.104 0.085. 1.113 0.778 2.002 2.277 0.211 0.102 0.139 0.064 0.087 0.023 0.096 0.072. 0.956 0.766 2.026 2.544 0.220 0.101 0.137 0.057 0.086 0.019 0.087 0.059. 0.076 0.060 0.101 0.172 0.009 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002. 0.009 0.024 0.060 0.290 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000. 0.114 0.057 0.050 0.214 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001. 1.979 1.420 0.029 0.441 0.269 0.710 1.859 2.242 1.003 1.191 0.896 1.078. 0.175 0.275 0.972 0.652 0.768 0.509 0.192 0.143 0.392 0.333 0.430 0.367. CS1):Crude saponin, TS2) Total saponin. F-value of the reject is 3.739.. Table 3. The ginsenoside content for the Ginseng Radix aquosa (4 years) cultivated in Japan and China Samples. Crude saponin. Nagano 4 year Jilin 4 year. 0.83% 1.01%. Ginsenoside (w/w%). Total PD2)/PT3) Rb1/Rg1 saponin1) 0.57% 0.97%. 2.26 2.31. 2.67 2.46. Rb1. Rb2. Rc. Rd. Re. Rf. Rg1. (20S) Rh1. 0.155 0.278. 0.092 0.120. 0.106 0.169. 0.040 0.109. 0.062 0.092. 0.016 0.030. 0.058 0.113. 0.038 0.063. 1). Total saponin: Rb1+Rb2+Rc+Rd+Re+Rf+Rg1+Rh1. PD: Rb1+Rb2+Rc+Rd. 3) PT: Re+Rf+Rg1+Rh1. 2). ê ¾Ò Ö", Table 2öB º :f ? ï~ö ®ÚB 4j" >â *>'b ¸f ginsenoside Fïj ¾æÚî º, crude saponin" total saponinf 4j"~ Fï(1.26%, 0.96%) &Ë ô~b, rb 5j"(1.11%, 0.78%), 6j" (0.96%, 0.77%)Bb ¸f Fïj ¾æÚîb¾, ginsenoside ö & "ê Nö ®ÚB F~' N& ì º Öj áî . f ?f Ö"¢ " H, ginsenoside& 4j"öB & Ë ôf W Úæ, 5j 6jb &B 7ï. æº ©ö jf~æ p, âÒò~ ·f ² æ~æ p º ©b ÒòB . Þ ginsenoside~ ïö & B 1983j Ë (14) ö ~B “â~ "ê Òò ïö & ”¢ Û~ 1N &ç® Wâ(.Ö, Ãï, ³VÖ)~ "ê Òò ïö &B 5j" Wâ 5.19%B &Ë ¸f CÒò ïj ¾æî, 6j"öBº 4.80% J®J 6²~º ãË j & B~& . $, 1974j Namba (15)ö ~B BB “â~ z' ï&”¢ ÛB ¢ ¾&(_)Ö b ¦Wâ~ "ê CÒò ïjvöB 3j" 2.0%, 4j" 3.5%, 5j" 2.5%, 6j" 2.5%B 4j" &Ë ¸f ïj ¾æî ~& . 8¢B, Ö >â~ ginsenoside ïf Namba (15)~ ¢ ¾&Ö b¦Wâ~ ginsenoside ïö & Ö"f ¢~~º ãËj { > ®îb¾, Ë (14)~ Ö W â~ ginsenoside ï"º £*~ N6j BÒ > ®î . $, ginsenoside~ "Wª protopanaxadiol group~ ginsenoside Rb1" protopanaxatriol group~ ginsenoside Rg1ê 4j"~ Fï &Ë ¸~ .. ¾, protopanaxadiol group(PD)" protopanaxatriol group (PT)~ jN(PD/PT)ö ®ÚBº 2.0 ;ê~ ~ jÝ jN j ¾æÚæB "ö 8 N6j BÒ > ìî . f ?f Ö"º Ë (14)~ Wâ~ PD/PT ïjN" ¢~~ & . ÿ§jj~ $ â ÒVæ 7 ^âW" ¢~ ¾&Ö >â"~ âÒò ïjvö ®ÚBº 4j" > âj &çb ¦Æ Ö", Table 1" Table 3öB º :f ? crude saponin" total saponin .Ö 1.53%, 1.35% 7(1.01%, 0.97%), ¢(0.83%, 0.57%)ö j~ R ¸f ïj ¾æÚî . f ?f Ö"º (16) B sâ crude saponin ï(5.24%), 7 sâ(4.96%), ¢ sâ (4.81%)~ Ö"f ?f ãËj { > ®î . Þ, protopanaxdiol group" protopanaxtriol group ~ ï j(Diol/Triol)ö ®ÚBº .Öâf 1.96b Ö J â~ ï~ 2.0 ;êîb¾, 7 ^âWÖf 2.31, ¢ ¾&Öf 2.26b protopanaxdiol group ôf ï jNj ¾æÚî . $ '« ginsenosideê Î «~öB .Ö Ö >â ¸f ïj ¾æÚî . f ?f Ö"º âB® BBö ®ÚB öò¶ö >âö & V.V>¶ò {~ ¢¦ö V~º Ö"¢ ÒòB .. º. £. Ö 6B æ(.Ö, ;z, ³V, rW, ên, sÂ) >â~ ginsenoside ïj jv ªC~ ï 5 ªÖªC(¢öV~ »)j Ûê ¾Ò Ö", ï~ ï~& 4j" >â &Ë.

(6) ®"²æ B 36 ² B 5 ^ (2004). 850. ¸f Fïj ¾æÚî, rb 5j", 6j" B îb ¾, âÒòö & "ê Nö ®ÚB Ûê' ¾Òö ~ F~' Nº ìî . ÿ§jj~ $ â ÒV æ 7 ^âW" ¢~ ¾&Ö >â"~ ginsenoside ïö ®ÚBº .ÖÖ >â 7 ^âWÖ 5 ¢Ö ö j~ ¸f Fïj ¾æÚî .. 6Ò~ ¢^f 1999jê FêÒ~ j(KRF-99-F00013)~ æöö ~ Ö"~ ¢¦«î .. ^. ò. 1. Chung HB, Lee CB, Yoon SW, Lee JH, Choi S, Ko SK, Park H, Lim BO. Strategies of Globalization for Ginseng Industry. Ijin Publishing, Seoul, Korea (2003) 2. Namba T. The Encyclopedia of Wakan-Yaku with Color Pictures. Hoikusha, Osaka, Japan (1980) 3. Sanata S, Kondo N, Shoji J, Tanaka O, Shibata S. Studies on the saponins of ginseng. I. Structure of ginsenoside-R0, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 22: 421-428 (1974) 4. Yokozawa T, Kobayashi T, Oura H, Kawashima Y. Studies on the mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of ginsenoside-Rb2 in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33: 869-872 (1985) 5. Mochizuki M, Yoo YC, Matsuzawa K, Sato K, Saiki I, Tonooka S, Samukawa K, Azuma I. Inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis in mice by saponins, ginsenoside-Rb2, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3, of red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 18: 1197-1202 (1995) 6. Jeong CS, Hyun JE, Kim YS. Anti-oxidative effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on the HClÁethanol-induced gastric tissue in rats. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 33: 252-256 (2002) 7. Jung IS, Cho YD. Effect of ginseng saponin fraction on absorption of cholesterol and serum lipid components. Korean J. Gin-. seng Sci. 9: 232-239 (1985) 8. Yoon SH, Joo CN. Study on the preventive effect of ginsenosides against hypercholesterolemia and its mechanism. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 17: 1-12 (1993) 9. Matsuda H, Samukawa K, Kubo M. Anti-hepatitic activity of ginsenoside Ro. Planta Med. 57: 523-526 (1991) 10. Wang BX, Cui JC, Liu AJ, Wu SK. Studies on the anti-fatigue effect of the saponins of stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (SSLG). J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 3: 89-94 (1983) 11. Saito H, Yoshida Y, Tagaki K. Effects of Panax ginseng root on exhaustive exercise in mice. Jpn J. Pharmacol. 24: 119-126 (1974) 12. Matsuda H, Samukawa K, Kubo M. Anti-inflammatory activity of ginsenoside Ro. Planta Medica. 56: 19-23 (1990) 13. Park JD. Recent studies on the chemical constituents of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 20: 389-415 (1996) 14. Jang JG, Lee KS, Kwon DW, Nam KY, Choi JH. Study on the changes of saponin contents in relation to root age of Panax ginseng. Korean J. Food Nutr. 12: 37-40 (1983) 15. Namba T, Yoshizaki M, Tomimori T, Kobashi K, Mitsui K. Chemical and biochemical evaluation of ginseng and related crude drugs. Yakugaku Zasshi. 94: 252-260 (1974) 16. Ko SR, Choi KJ, Kim SC, Han KW. Content and composition of saponin compounds of Panax species. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 19: 254-259 (1995) 17. Kim MW, Ko SR, Choi KJ, Kim SC. Distribution of saponin in various sections of Panax ginseng root and changes of its contents according to root age. Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 11: 10-16 (1987) 18. Shibata S, Tanaka T, Ando T, Sado M, Tsushima S, Ohsawa T. Chemical studies on oriental plant drugs (XIV). Protopanaxadiol, a genuine sapogenin of ginseng saponins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 14: 595-600 (1966) 19. Ko SK, Lee CR, Choi YE, Im BO, Sung JH, Yoon KR. Analysis of ginsenosides of white and red ginseng concentrates. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 35: 536-539 (2003) (2004j 7ú 7¢ %>; 2004j 10ú 7¢ j).

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