Removal Characteristics of Benzene in the Biofilter Packed with Scoria

  Biofilter  Benzene  


*
^†

 

608-739
    100

* 

614-714

  24 (2003 1 20 , 2003 10 20 )

Removal Characteristics of Benzene in the Biofilter Packed with Scoria

Seok Hee Lee, Dong Whan Lee* and Min Gyu Lee^†

Division of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, San 100, Yongdang-dong, Nam-gu, Busan 608-739, Korea

*Division of Material Science, Dongeui University, San 24, Gaya-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea (Received
20 January 2003; accepted 20 October 2003)



      benzene   . Benzene  ! "# Bacillus sp. $ . %& '( )*+, benzene - Bacillus sp ./& 0# 0.037 hr⁻¹+ 123 . 40& 

 5 benzene 6789 600 ppmv: ; <=>?@A(EBCT)9 20 sec # B 100%
BCDEF, EBCT 10 sec+ GHIJ
BKLM 90%  6NCD . Benzene - O-
B$PM 720 g/m³·hr D . Q 200

2O + GM ]^ _ a . b c  de benzene 8 fg# 1h ij kl& mn .

Abstract−The biodegradation of benzene vapor in the biofilter packed with scoria, which was from Jeju island, was inves- tigated. Bacillus sp. was used as a benzene oxidizer. Batch experiment results showed that the specific growth rate of Bacillus species was 0.037 hr⁻¹ for benzene. In the continuous biofilter operation, the empty bed contact time (EBCT) was changed from 5 to 60 sec with a fixed concentration of benzene at 600 ppmv. At the EBCTs up to 20 sec, the removal efficiency was over 99.9%. When the EBCT was further reduced to 10 and 5 sec, the removal efficiency decreased to 90% and 45%, respec- tively. The maximum capacity of benzene was 720 g/m³·hr. During the 200 days operation, the biofilter gave a stable removal efficiency such that the pH of a drain water was maintained at 6-7 and the pressure drop was about 5 mmH₂O. The results for the benzene vapor concentration with respect to filter height followed the first order kinetics.

Key words: Scoria, Biofiltration, Benzene Vapor, VOC, Bacillus sp.

1.  

         

    ! "#$ %&'  ()*+ ,- . /0 1 " *+234 56 " &7$ 8 9. 9:6

*+23 ; <= >? @A , BC . 2D 23 E F

 GHI ; 6 <JK L , M 6 ;N O PQRS TUV WO5 X . Y Z[ \]6 ^_9.

Volatile organic compound(VOC) ` K abcdE$ e'f, g hO4 0.02 psia  ibj$ kl mn 100^oC \S5 a bcdE4 _o9[1, 2]. VOC 5p . qE a6 2D 23 E5 rc scE$ tK' u)E4= 2#23$ i! v

2#w . + x y5  9[3, 4]. VOC! 5p \ Q %z  {K|}4 <~+€ ‚;' ƒC|} 

f, g„ VOC e…+P !†2l ‡$ a ' ˆ4 ‰

Š† 9[5]. VOC wJ ‹Œyz 0 Žu0@ a‘ ;’, ab }; . “5” i , wa@, •–@, 5— . Œ˜™, Hš

NP™ F$ M › f, Mz 9›! 5œ "*+ žŸ

6 X€ !( 9[6].   VOC  6 "*+= RS TUV /0*+=N ‹Œ ˆ4 ¡¢( £ VOC 6 ; ¤H'9[7].

VOC ;l b¥4 ]›, ]¦, §¨ F E cO Z© \

"E sc ¨ª«$ }6 "EO Y Z© 9. E c

O5 Z©z 2D 23 E$ "¬ ;n$ [ $ RS T UV ­® ¯N! °±=N }² ³!´! ‹Œ + +

;K °9. µV= >? E cO Z© ¶'· ¶} ¸¹

†To whom correspondence should be addressed.

E-mail: mglee@pknu.ac.kr

 41 6 2003 12

', 2D 23 µº »Y F ;! ¼ "EO Y Z©

½¾ 9[8].

"EO Y Z© <= ¿O4 } À2ÁÂ(biofilter)

 ghO4 \"E _o Ãp bp! Ä'Å ±= s@

 23E Ãp ¿± tKo "EÆ4 Çs, "EÆ È

#1' \"E "¨hÉ '· ;l Zq9[9]. µV=

À2ÁÂ Kª ›z Ãp ­K  Êf, \"E

š µº ¨ª ¶iqËN F  ;lWÌ Í_£ 9.

À2ÁÂ } \"Ez ghO4 23 "y wÎ Ï: F

4„Â П ÑC'· ‹:6 » Ÿš' Z© KÒ ( 

¯N4 wÓ' Z© 9.   >? Y E 6 sc ËN, b¯N %, O_ pH ÔÕ, abE >š"KE % F

$ Ô'· ›6 VOC ¨ \"E$ ½_' 0)N  'Å Ö 9[10, 11].

À2Á } Ãp )Ó }' !× ¸¹6 Ï:

 compost, wood chip, peat F ab Ãp! w‘ Ø  9.   abK Ãp Pbœ } \"E  Ãp /p! ¨

l jÙ Ît£ j«Ú^ i!4 «¶ Û y5 

Ü4
 ÝbÞ4ß ;lWÌ à×® G@' ;! 9

[10].  6 Ãp ¨ jÙ Ît F ; WO4 Í'

b &'· >? •Vá, 4 Òâ, ¨/ cdE F ãb 1

 6 äz 0)! Ö 9[10, 12-14].

;wN (å æ s1  ´ç T(scoria) cs è é ê "6 §= @Ko @Kp4= ]ëK ì', 9IK±=N

@_ ìN !( £ · Y  Óí[15] . ]¦;[16]4

} 9. ´ç T sŒ (å µV Ôîï D!  Ó /! › cm _N Ôð w Øf, wK¨z SiO2+Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ 4 ñ² 75% 'f, ¶òO [_o c ÔK$ k 9. µV

= ´ç T  6 ­Kz À2ÁÂ} Ãp4 Odé ˆ4 

o9. Lee F[17]z ´ç T Ãp4 6 À2ÁÂ= óc›@

;l ­K$ ôõö Í, \"E „¦ª, Ãp ìN . óc›@ ;l ª ›6 ́ ÷9. ø6 Cho F[18]N ´ç T 9IK ) ԁ !† À2ÁÂ} \"E Ãp4ß –ù6 W! A$ ¡ú 9.
1 ;wN ´ç T À2ÁÂ} Ãp4 }6 0)4  M 0)/M  Ö ˆ û ¼f, M 0)N óc›@ 

 üÏý9.

µV= ö 0)= ´ç T À2Á Ãp4 }'· 

¿O5 VOC E < '5 benzene !´ ;l­K$ üÏ'/

'÷9. VOC ¨ þw4 Bacillus sp. }', ¨q ^ÿ$ Ä '· \"E ¶ iq ËN benzene ¨ª$ Ô'÷9. ø6 0Ëq À2ÁÂ
u$ Ä aÓ¯N . IŸœ(EBCT, empty bed contact time) Îc F ;lWÌ \Q % pH, j

« ì' F Îc '· üÏ'÷9. ø6 23E ËNO

$ Ä'· À2ÁÂ=  µº ;l­K$ '÷9.

2.   

2-1.
 

ö ^ÿ= þw4 }6 Bacillus sp. benzene ¨ ­K$ ôõ

·   ÑC' }'÷9. b  „ !(

^  ƒ4 ž' 4„Â ÑC'÷9. hÉb È  „

 500 mL, b „ 1,550 mL4 g_'Å a('· ¨q4

^ÿ'÷9.

p ‹( KNO3 200 mg/L, K₂HPO₄ 900 mg/L, (NH₄)₂SO₄ 125 mg/L,

KH₂PO₄ 600 mg/L, MgSO₄ 200 mg/L, CaCl₂ 70 mg/L, FeSO₄ 10 mg/L

  EDTA 20 mg/L ÔK4 ;Ô'· 120^oC, 0.8 kg_f/cm²=

1œ þ6 9A V´ 490 mL Ñ u ž'÷9. s@

;64 56 ^ÿ2D ‹;'b &'· žo V´ Ȅ I b 99.99% O24 p'÷9. ^ÿÔÕ ¯N ~b & 

benzene$ ƒ4 ^ ( }'· g_² ÑC'· V´ È

„4 Ó6 »  òhb È Ë òh'±= 1gœ ZQ'· b·

¯N Ö4 SMý9. g_bœ Éo Bacillus sp. ‹:$ y

¤¨ (6,000 rpm, 15¨)6 » i‘›4 › •'· z \"E$

þ i‘› 100 mL 6 9A,   10 mL Ö

oC, 150 rpm4 g_'Å a( = ›Ö'÷f, œ4 head space=

gas-tight syringe4 0.5 mL ÑC'· GC(gas chromatography, DS-

1200)4 benzene ¯N ¨'÷9. ø6 í œƒ9 '„ 

 }'· $ 5 mLï C'· UV/VIS spectrophotometer(Hanson, Optizon II+) }'· ,P 600 nm= OD(Optical Density) _ ñ4ß \"E ¯N )'÷9.

2-2.  

Fig. 1z ^ÿ }£ À2ÁÂ I_ up !qN4ß, À

2Á )Kz Å hÉb, iëb, bcb . "db 4„¨4

£ 9. hÉb È+ 10 cm, # 150 cm yt T$ X$  }'÷9. hÉb „4„ 30 cm œ×4 5 p   ™Q '· H % # gas sampling port4 }'÷f, hÉb '„

= 25 cm œ×4 3 media sampling port ™Q'÷9. Gas &

'z „= aÓ£ '„4 aŒ '‘ Zqf, hÉb 

„ '„ HH 15 cm # ¨s ()5 $ Lý9.

iëb È+ 18 cm, # 152 cm T$ X4 ;|'÷f, '„ ¸PÔ4„ **+ }'· „= ¨N, '÷

, Ȅ pall ring$ %u'· ië WÌ$ #÷9.  23 E

5 benzene Ñ- bcb '„= Ib èb.4ß  2 3 E$ /cv "db4 Ià'÷9. bcb Ib 

benzene Ÿ ±O$ i!¬b & glass bead Ñ- }'÷

Fig. 1. Schematic of experimental equipment of biofilter.

1. Humidification column 16. Nutrient solution tank 2. Mixing chamber 17. Flow meter

3. Water bath 18. Water pump

4. Vaporization column 19. Air pump 5. Biofilter column 10. Needle valve

f, UM 4 bcb Ià Ib :$ Ô0ñ4ß ÁJ6

¯N ý9. "db iëb= iëo ^ÈIb bcb4„ Ià benzene bp! y® "dN, 5 Z˜$ ™Q6 T $ Hԁ }'÷f, "db4„ g_¯N4 "do !´

hÉb4 aÓN, '÷9.

Ãp4 }6 ´ç T(scoria) Ãp b j«ì' 6 u

[17] Í= Ó+ 10 mm 5 + aÓa² i! µº j«Ú^ Îc! l ¼ ˆ4 1234 ö 0)=N à p /p j«Ú^ 6 %$ 4b &'· ´ç T b

12-17 mm b4 ½'· hÉb 1.2 m #4 %u'÷9. 

ê % „ 10 L, % <²z 6.3 kgý9. ´ç T % 6 »

 „4 E$ ¨ã'· ´ç T •6 » \"E$ qš'÷9.

ê I࣠\"E ¯N MLSS4 15,000 mg/Lýf, H hÉb 5 2 Lï wÓ' À2Á \"E %¨® „¦6 ê7 (  23 E5 benzene ¯N 40 ppmv, EBCT 1 min4

_'·
u'÷9. hÉb aÓ benzene ¯NÎc bcb

 Ià Ib a²$ a²€4 Ô0'·
u'÷9.

2-10 p ‹( ÔK g'Å ;Ô6 » 10‹ '· *+

18 P¦'· g_œ œ×4 „= 1g 0.5 L aË4 Ià'÷9. b ¯N b ÑC)4„ gas-tight syringe  }'·  ÑC » GC }'· ¨'÷f, g_œ œ×4 ()5› pH %u j« ì' _'÷9.

2-3.  

benzene ¯N ¨z fid(flame ionization detector) P¦6 GC (Donam, DS 1200) }'÷9. ¨ ÔÕz carrier gas(He) a²z 1 mL/min, Oven N 70^oC= 10^oC/min4 150^oC 7( i!

v 1 minœ a('÷9. ø6 wӄ N 150^oC, üŒ„ N

 250^oC4 '÷9.  gas-tight syringe(Hamilton® #1001)4 

 0.2 mL ÑC'· ¨'÷9. \"E ¯N ¨z UV/VIS spectrophotometer(Hanson, Optizon II+) }'· ,P 600 nm=

]rN _'÷9.
u µº j« ì' Durablock Manometer

(DWYER, USA)4 H ÑC)= _'÷f, pH pH-meter

(ORION, model 420A) }'· ()5› ¨'÷9.

3.  

3-1.   benzene  

Benzene$ 9@y4 } \"E iq \Q %$ ôõ

:9. …b \"E ¯N 110-120 mg/L4 ', benzene …b

¯N! 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ppmvg + œ µº H K¨M ¯NÎc \"E ¯NÎc Ôñ4ß \"E K P . benzene ;l ­K$ ôõ:9.

Fig. 2 œ µº benzene ¯N . \"E ¯N Îc N

6 ˆ9. ;=  À < …b ¯N 1,000 ppmv '

ÔÕ= 99%  ;lýf, \"Ez = 10-20% _N i!

 ÷9.

\"E ¶iq ËN ¯Nœ X€ Monod q4 ¿
o9.

(1)

·b= µ \"E ¶iqËN (hr⁻¹), X \"E ¯N(mg/L), µm

z > ¶iq ËN (hr⁻¹), Ks /c› (mg/L), S b ¯N (mg/L)9.

Fig. 2 ¨q ^ÿ́ q (1) O}'· ¶½t>©(r²=0.83)

  )6 > ¶iq ËN /c › 0.037 hr⁻¹. 0.153 mg/L

ý9. M ?$ q (1) Ó'· )6 €sÍ ^ÿ́ Fig. 3

 ¶ò'· 1Èý9. ;=  À < €sÍ ^ÿ Í @ gQ'÷f, 4„Â ö 0)= benzene$ b4 6

\"E ¶iq ËN Monod !Aq$ µB ˆ$ ‰ › ý9.

3-2.   benzene  

Fig. 4 À2ÁÂ
u benzene aÓ ¯NÎc µº aŒ ¯ NÎc œ '· N6 ˆ9.
u…b \"E É$

&'· benzene aÓ ¯N 100 ppmv4 '· EBCT 30 sec= ^ ÿ'÷9. À2ÁÂ
u…b bœ aÓ¯N! i! ø %×

„'! w£( +, Cz EBCT! G@ + Îc  \"

E OÉ' Ébœ ÁJ'9[19, 20]. Éœz À2Á

^;
P O} DEKª äz %$ wÅ  Éœz

!´ &' t, b 23E ­K Ãp ­K µV V 9[21]. ö ^ÿ=
u | 5g + » benzene aŒ ¯ N! _( F:f, 10g  (ËvN aŒ ¯N _(

FA µV benzene aÓ¯N ܀O4 100-1,200 ppmv4 i

µ 1

X---- dX ---dt µmS

K_s+S ---

⋅ =

=

Fig. 2. Benzene degradation and cell growth ratio for Bacillus sp.

Fig. 3. Effect of benzene concentration on the specific growth rate of Bacillus sp.

 41 6 2003 12

!v ^ÿ$ Ö'÷9. ;=  À < ö 0)= \

"Ez ¯NÎc  p4 5-6g È OÉ' ˆ$ ‰ ›  ý9.  6 Í Martin Lohr[20]! compost Ãp4 '·

toluene ;l = 9g OÉœ ÁJ'9 6 ˆ ¶ò'± G

º Ébœ$ ÷9.

Fig. 5 benzene aÓ¯N 600 ppmv4 g_'Å '= EBCT

 5-60 sec4 Îcv EBCT Îc µº ;l ^ÿ$ 6 ́  1H ˆ9. EBCT! 20 sec 5 + benzene l 100%

;lýf, EBCT! 10 sec= 90%  ;lý9. ø6 EBCT

 5 sec4 °I +N benzenez 50%  ;lý, EBCT

! 10 sec5 + ;lWÌ 90%  a(ý EBCT! 5 sec4 °T(±= ;lWÌ 50%4 G@' ˆz u[17] óc›

@ Í ƒJ!(4 aÓ „'! 2‹4 i!'÷bêS TUV aÓa² 2‹4 #TK µº À2Á Ȅ Gº ½ËN 

 benzene bp! Ãp ¿± \"EL4 %¨® Çs( M'÷

b ê4 o9.

3-3.   

aÓ¯N i! EBCT G@ 6 aӄ' i!4 ;lÌ

 G@ñ4ß ;l}²z g_6 ? N'Å o9. ê ?$

> ;l}²V 'f, > ;l}²z ´N \"E K  6 ¸|} ¼ OP ›  > „' e69.  ´N
uÔÕ . Ãp š‘ µV V(f, ^; ´N ™€ .
u

 £= í <J6 5/9[11].

Fig. 6z aÓ „' µº ;l}²$ N6 ˆ4 ;= 

 À < benzene > ;l}²z 720 g/m³·hr4 £Q9.   6 Í Zhou F[22] :! Ra %u6 hÉb= P. putida

P. fluorescens "d \"E 6 0)= benzene ;l}²

11.5 g/m³· h, Sene F[23] S›› Ãp4 6 0)Í= benzene

 ;l}² 3.5-3.8 g/m³·hr, Kennes F[24] perlite Ãp4 6 0 )= ethylbenzene ;l}² 85 g/m³·hr, Lu F[25] trickle-bed 0)= BTEX ;l}²z 115 g/m³·hr, Oh Bartha[26] peat- perlitr Ãp4 6 + BTX ;l}² 40-50 g/m³·hr, ø6 Park F[13] GAC Ãp4 }6 + BTX ;l}²z 160 g/m³·hr 5 ˆ ¶òT ê ö 0) ÔÕ= í #z ;l}²$ ·

wý9.

3-4.  !" # pH $%

ghO4 pH À2ÁÂ Kª %$ \Q wJ6 5/<

 '9. \"Ez pH! í #l °z ÔÕ= "# U M9. ø6 pH! Îñ µV= äz EMz }N! V(Å 

, N \"E œŸO5 %$ w J5 o9[27]. À2Á  0Ë
u' + À2ÁÂÈ pH! Îcé › , 

 23bp „¨ À2ÁÂÈ= "EO4 Î*

(biotransformation) + s "Kb ê ghO4 Pb

œ
u pH! °T( ˆ4 ‰Š† 9[11]. ¶, Thiobacillus

 <z acidophilic \"Ez sulfide <z EM$ sc¬ ª«$

!( b '(S À2ÁÂ= „¨ \"E 6 >O pH

 6-8V&9[28]. µV= À2Á pH O0® a('b &'

· ", @, limestone, dolomite, marl, slags ø chalk F$ <

c;4 }'bN 69[29, 30].

Fig. 7z 0Ë
u µº pH Îc j« ì' X6 Í9.

ö 0)= ;= · (W À2Á = 200g [ P bœ
uN pH 6-74 g_'Å a(ý,  Kiared F [31] 0) Í= ™o ˆYX nutrient Y!£ buffer S

4 pH a('b ê4 o9.

À2Á Z Pn< ' [( @¶² °9 ˆ9. À

2Á [( @¶²z %u$ Ä'· &B &' 6 j

«ì'  Ê, ghO4 j«ìc $ Ä'· &B

&' ­K, baË, ø Ãp ­K ÔK Êo9. ö 0 )= ´ç T Ãp4 6 + j« Ú^z Fig. 7=  À

 < þ 5 mmH2O/m4 í °Å a(ý,  Kiared F[31]

Fig. 4. Inlet and outlet concentrations of benzene as a function of oper- ating time at biofilter.

Fig. 5. Removal efficiency of benzene as a function of EBCT at inlet concentration of 600 ppmv.

Fig. 6. Elimination capacity of the biofilter as a function of inlet load- ing rate.

 polystylene$ Ãp4 }6 0)= j« ì'! 60 mmH2O/m, Lim F[32] •Vá Ãp + j«ì'! 77 mmH2O/m5 ˆ

¶òé ê °z j«Ú^$ ÷9.   Namkoong F[33] GAC

 %u6 À2ÁÂ= \Ø] !´ Y  j«Ú^ 1 mmH2O/

m5 ˆ ¶= 9@ #z ?$ ÷9.

3-5. & ' () 

  µº ¯N Îc ́ ^ 'b &'· Ottengraf

Oever[33] 0D hÉ !Aq 1D hÉ !Aq$ O}'· üÏ'÷9.

0D hÉ !Aqz q (2) <f

(2)

 9 _ '± 9A < o9.

(3)

·b= Cg, C_gi: PQ Ó) . Œ)= !´ ¯N(ppmv)

·b= A_s: Ãp ¶¿±O(m² m⁻³)

·b= k₀: 0D hÉ ËN › (ppmv min⁻¹)

·b= δ: "EÆ L_(m)

·b= u_g: ¿± !´ ËN(m³ m⁻² min⁻¹)

·b= H:  (m)

·b= K_0a=A_sδk₀: `b 0D hÉ ËN ›(ppmv<sup>−1</sup> min<sup>−1</sup>) q (3)=   N'± bab4„ `b 0D hÉ › K0a! ) 9.

1D hÉ !Aqz 9A <f

(4)

·b= φ=δ(K₁/D_e)^1/2: Thiele€›(ãDy›)

·b= K₁: 1D hÉ ËN ›(min⁻¹)

·b= De: aW Çs €› (m² min⁻¹)

·b= m: b ›

·b= K_1a= : `b 1D hÉ ËN ›, (min⁻¹)

 9 _ '± 9A < o9.

(5)

q (5)=   N'± bab4„ `b 1D hÉ › K1a! ) 9.

Fig. 8z EBCT 30 sec= benzene aÓ¯N 600 ppmv4 6 +

 _6 À2Á   µº benzene aŒ¯NÎc Í

9. ö ^ÿ= z  µº ¯NÎc ́ q (3) . q

C_g C_gi

--- 1 A_sk_oδH C_giu_g ---

– 1 HK_0a

C_giu_g --- –

= =

1 C_g C_gi --- H

C_giu_g --- K⋅ _0a

= –

1 C_g C_gi ---

– H

C_giu_g ---

C_g C_gi

--- HA_sD_eφtanhφ δmu_g

--- HK_1a mu_g --- exp

= exp

=

A_sD_e ---δ

 

 φtanhφ

C_gi C_g ---

 

 

ln H

mu_g ---K_1a

=

C_gi C_g ---

 

 

ln H

mU_g --- Fig. 7. Pressure drop and pH change at the biofilter as a function of

operating time. Fig. 8. Variation of benzene concentration as a function of bed depth

(Inlet concentration: 600 ppmv, EBCT: 30 sec, Temp.: 25^oC).

Fig. 9. Linear plot for the determination of (a) apparent zero and (b) first order reaction constant (C_gi: 600 ppmv, m: 0.23, u_g: 0.64 m/sec).

 41 6 2003 12

(5) O}'· N6 ́ Fig. 9 1Èý9. b › mz Angela[11] 0)= ^ÿO5 Z©$ Ä'· )6 N! 25^oC5 + ?5 0.23$ }'÷9. ;=  À < ö ^ÿ Í

 q (3) 0D hÉ !Aq9 q (5) 1D hÉ !Aq @ Sc'÷f,ê )6 1D `b hÉ › ?z 1.83 min⁻¹ý9.

 6 Í u[17]= ¡d óc›@ + 0D hÉ$ µ º Í 9º ́ ÷9.

5.  

;wN æ s1  ´ç T À2Á %u Ãp4 '

 \"E þw Bacillus sp. }6 À2ÁÂ= benzene ; l­K$ ôõö Í 9A ́ ý9.

Benzene 6 Bacillus sp. ¶iq ËN 0.037 hr⁻¹4 £Q9.

À2ÁÂ
u= benzene aÓ¯N ܀O4 100-1,200 ppmv4 i!e$ ê \"Ez ¯NÎc  p4 5-6g È

OÉ'÷9. Benzene aÓ¯N! 600 ppmvg ê EBCT! 20 sec 

= l 100% ;lýf, EBCT 10 sec4 °~fVN ; lWÌz 90%  a(ý9. Benzene 6 > ;l}²z 720 g/m³·hrý9. À2Á = 200g [ Pbœ
uN pH

6-74 g_'Å a(Þ4ß nutrient Y!£ buffer S4 pH

 a('÷9. ´ç T Ãp4 6 + j« Ú^z þ 5 mm

H₂O4 °z j« ì' ÷9.   µº benzene ¯N Îc

 0D hÉ !Aq9 1D hÉ !Aq @ Sc'÷f,ê ) 6 1D `b hÉ › ?z 1.83 min⁻¹ý9.

 

ö 0) 2001gN „+ò ¥0)¶ (y  ›Öý

f,  G(ðU9.



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