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1. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
[어휘] randomly 닥치는 대로, 무작위로 / unstructured 체계화되지 않은 / loose 느슨한, 정밀하지 않은 /
organized 체계화된 / architect 건축가, (사상·행사 등의) 설계자 / impose 도입하다, 부과하다 / division of labor 분업 / physicist 물리학자
And just as a randomly arranged pile of bricks is not a building, an unstructured collection of facts is not a science.
Why do we need theories? The outcomes from experiments and other types of
research are facts. But science is more than a loose collection of facts. It is an organized body of knowledge; it has a structure much as a building has a structure. ( ① ) Theory provides the blueprint that tells us how these facts can be put together into an organized scientific body of knowledge. ( ② ) From my point of view, one of the reasons that
experimental psychology is more fun than some of the other sciences is that
experimental psychologists can be architects and builders as well as brick makers. ( ③ ) Some of the other sciences have imposed a division of labor. ( ④ ) For instance, most physicists are either theoretical physicists or experimental physicists, but not both. ( ⑤ ) Experimental psychologists have
traditionally done both jobs.
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2. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
[어휘] primal 태고의, 원시의 / instinct 본능 / infantile 유 아의 / premise 전제 / psychoanalytic 정신 분석의 / dualism 이원론 / mutually 서로 / interdependent 상호 의존적인 / in response to ~에 대응하여 / foundation 토 대
These needs are represented by primal or primitive instincts, such as urgent infantile demands for food or comfort.
The basic premise of the psychoanalytic view of personality is that of mind/body dualism. ( ① ) This means that the mind and the body are mutually interdependent. ( ② ) According to the dualism premise, the mind (personality) is constructed (developed) in response to the needs of the body. ( ③ ) It is how we learn to deal with these instincts as children that makes us into the sorts of people that we are as adults. ( ④ )
Therefore, these primitive instincts are the very foundations of our personalities. ( ⑤ ) Each of us builds upon those foundations in various ways and that is what makes us into the varied and various individuals that we become.
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3. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
*chromatic scale: 반음계
[어휘] improvise 즉석에서 연주하다 / tone 음조 / agreed-on 합의된 / procedure 절차 / make sense 의 미가 통하다, 이해되다 / absorb 받아들이다, 흡수하다 / rhythmic framework 리듬체계 / improvisation 즉흥연 주 / novel 참신한, 신기한 / in real time 즉시, 동시에 / established 확립된, 확정된 / scale 음계
In a rock concert, for example, guitarists improvise melodic “breaks,” but they usually do not use all twelve tones of the chromatic scale.
The most important thing to understand about performance is that it moves along on the basis of agreed-on rules and
procedures. ( ① ) These rules enable the musicians to play together and make sense to each other and to the audience. ( ② ) The performers usually do not discuss most of the rules; they have absorbed them and agreed to them. ( ③ ) Starting at the same time, playing in the same key, playing in the same rhythmic framework, repeating the melody at the proper point ― these are a few of the many rules that govern most of the musical performances that Westerners experience. ( ④ ) Even improvisation, which requires musicians to produce original and novel music in real time, is governed by an established set of rules. ( ⑤ ) Instead, they almost always choose from the smaller number of tones represented by the blues scale.
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4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
[어휘] activist 운동가, 활동가 / contend 주장하다 / glacier 빙하 / crucial 결정적인, 중대한 / regulate 조절 하다 / aggressive 공격적인 / expansion 확대 / extraction 채취, 추출 / influx 유입, 밀어닥침 /
transnational 다국적의, 초국가의 / investment 투자금 / motivate 자극하다 / centrality 중심적 역할 / dispute 분 쟁, 논쟁 / publicized 알려진 / border 국경선 / in charge of ~을 맡고 있는 / propose to ~하는 것을 의도하다 / relocate 이전시키다 / spark 촉발시키다 / vicinity 인근, 부근 / agriculturalist 농업 전문가 / compromise 위태롭 게 하다, 손상시키다, 타협하다 / irrigation 농지에 물 대 기 / domestic 가정의
Activists opposing the project contended that the glaciers played a crucial role in
regulating the water flow in this region, and helped sustain agricultural production.
The aggressive expansion of mineral
extraction in Latin America, made possible by an influx of transnational investment beginning in the 1990s, has generated a number of conflicts throughout the region. ( ① ) Although motivated by a diversity of issues, one of the common features of these conflicts is the centrality of water in disputes over rights. ( ② ) One of the most highly publicized conflicts involved the Pascua-Lama gold mine, straddling the border between Chile and Argentina. ( ③ ) The Pascua-Lama mining project attracted international attention when the company in charge of its development proposed to relocate three glaciers at the mine site. ( ④ ) In Peru, meanwhile, the Yanacocha mine also sparked protests that focused on the effects of mining activity on the quantity and quality of water used by communities in the vicinity of the mine. ( ⑤ ) In both cases,
farmers, agriculturalists, and environmentalists contended that mining operations compromise the availability of water for irrigation and
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5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
[어휘] well-established 자리를 확실히 잡은 / slighted 무 시당하는 / brilliance 뛰어남 / submit 제출하다 /
conference 학회, 회의 / anonymous 익명의 / revision 수정, 정정 / highlight 부각시키다 / literature 문헌 / cite 인용하다 / modification 수정, 변경 / substantial 상당한 (분량의) / empirical 경험적인 / undertake 수행하다 / incorporate 포함하다, 통합하다 / outright 노골적으로 / publishable 발표〔게재〕할 수 있는
Most researchers, even well-established ones, feel hurt and slighted when a reviewer does not seem to recognize the brilliance of their paper.
If you submit your report to a conference or journal, you will normally receive back two or three anonymous reviews. ( ① ) It is rare for a paper to be accepted without revisions.
( ② ) A good review will highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of your paper, suggest how it can be improved, and even suggest other literature you can cite. ( ③ ) Sometimes the reviewers ask for minor modifications, but other times they ask for substantial rewrites, even, sometimes, asking for more empirical research to be undertaken and incorporated into the paper.
( ④ ) Even if they reject a paper outright, good reviewers will normally indicate how it can be improved so that it will be publishable in the future. ( ⑤ ) But after a few days’
reflection, they usually recognize that the reviewer had a point, and that following their advice will improve the work.
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6. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
*mitigation: 경감, 완화
[ 어휘] provision 제공, 공급 / biodiversity 생물 다양성 / nutrient 영양소 / emission 배출 / convert 전환하다 / sustainable 지속 가능한 / intensification 강화
However, the availability of land is limitedand there is competition for land to provide other ecosystem services such as the provision of habitats for biodiversity, carbon storage, and cycling of water and nutrients.
The predicted rise in the human population to more than 9 billion people by 2050, as well as changing global diets, will lead to an increased demand in the amount and type of food produced. ( ① ) This will, in turn, lead to the possibility of increased greenhouse gas emissions. ( ② ) One solution to the problem of producing more food (and one that has been used in the past) would be to bring more land into agricultural production. ( ③ ) Small areas of land will undoubtedly be converted for agricultural use, but this will not form the basis for any significant increase in the world’s food supply. ( ④ ) Instead, more food should be produced from the current agricultural areas and it should be done in ways that reduce environmental impact. ( ⑤ ) The concept has been
described as Sustainable Intensification and is proposed as a guiding principle that addresses the twin concerns of maintaining production in ways that will contribute to
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7. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
*mundane: 세속적인 **blue book: 답안지
[어휘] expert 전문가 / confirm 확인하다 / purity 순수함 / methodical 체계적인 / fireproof 불연성의 / earthen 흙 으로 만든
As a result, experts would confirm the purity of the metals by melting a small sample in the testum.
Few words strike fear in the heart of students more than the word test. And yet test comes from a tool called a testum that was once used for a rather mundane, methodical purpose. ( ① ) The Latin word testum was a fireproof container, often made out of clay. ( ② ) It comes from another Latin word testa, which described an earthen pot or shell (which in turn grew out of another Latin word testudo for tortoise!). ( ③ ) In ancient times, metals such as gold and silver were considered valuable, just as they are today. ( ④ ) But it was necessary to
determine whether a seller’s silver was pure or his gold was in fact as good as gold. ( ⑤ ) In time, the word for the pot used for testing your metal was expanded to include
evaluations of all types, including the kind you take in a classroom with a blue book or a No. 2 pencil.
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8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적 절한 곳은?
*canonical: 고전으로 여겨지는
[어휘] alter 바꾸다 / reaction 반응 / ponder 숙고하다 / footbridge 인도교 / trolley 전차 / unsuspecting 의심하 지 않는 / shove 밀다 / divert 돌리다, 전환하다 / utilitarian 공리적인 / identical 똑같은
But alter the scenario a bit, and reactions change.
“WOULD You Kill the Fat Man?” is the title of a recent book about a set of moral problems that philosophers like to ponder, and
psychologists to put to their experimental subjects. In the canonical form, you are on a footbridge watching a trolley speeding down a track that will kill five unsuspecting people.
( ① ) If you can push a fat man over the bridge onto the tracks to save the five, would you do it? ( ② ) You cannot stop the trolley by jumping yourself, only the fat man is heavy enough. ( ③ ) Most people are shocked by the idea of shoving the man to his death. ( ④ ) People are more likely to throw a switch that would divert the trolley on to another track where it will kill only one person. ( ⑤ ) The utilitarian calculation is identical ― but the physical and emotional distance from the killing makes throwing the switch much more popular than throwing the man.
