Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicas Growth in Pond-bottom and Lantern-net Cultures

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337 Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

해삼

(Apostichopus japonicus)

은주로한국전연안

,

중국발 해만

,

^일본^그리고^러시아의^{태평양연안에서}^한대^해역까지^북 동태평양전역에이르고있으며한국과중국그리고일본에서 중요한수산양식생물이다

(Slater and Carton, 2007; Paltzat et

al., 2008).

^해삼은^예로부터^바다의^인삼으로^{불리어지고}^있으

며

,

최근소비가확대되면서중국을중심으로새로운양식대상 종으로각광받고있다

(Sloan, 1984; Sun et al., 1991).

^전^세계 적으로해삼의

90%

^를^소비하는^중국의^경제성장^발전에^힘입 어그수요가폭발적으로증가하고있다

(FAO, 2010).

^해삼의 최적수온은

10-18℃

^로^알려져^있으며

(Li et al., 2002; Dong et al., 2006),

수온이낮은겨울철에는동면을하고

,

수온이

25℃

이상되는시기에는대사활동을최소화시켜성장을멈추거나

,

소화관이퇴화되어하면을하는것으로알려져있다

(Liu et al.,

1996; Yang et al., 2006; Ji et al., 2008).

해삼의이런생태적인 특성때문에사계절이뚜렷한우리나라의자연환경에서는해 삼의성장기간이짧아해삼양성이불리하며

(Han et al, 2011),

남해안과동해안의경우축제식양식적지가거의없기때문에 해삼양식을하기위한지리적여건도매우불리하다

.

^또한

6

^월 에서

8

^월까지는^해삼의^산란기에^{해당하므로}^{자원보존을}^목적 으로금어기가설정되어해삼채취를전면금지하고있다

.

^이와 같이겨울철동면과여름철하면으로인하여성장기간이연중

130-150

^일^정도^밖에^되지^않을^뿐^아니라^금어기로^인하여^해

삼생산은연중이루어지지못하고있다

.

^최근^해삼^{양식산업의}

발전추세는사료를급여하는방식으로진행되고있으며

(Xia

et al., 2012),

^해삼의^{생태환경과}^사육밀도^그리고^사료영양^등 에관한연구가이루어지고있지만

(Yang et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2008; Seo et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2013),

^해삼의^섭이생태 에대해서는거의알려진바가없다

. Han et al. (2011)

^의^연구에

노지양식장에서 채롱양식과 바닥양식에 따른 해삼(Apostichopus japonicus)의 성장특성

정우철·

¹

한종철·강석중

경상대학교 해양식품생명의학과, ¹국립수산과학원 남동해수산연구소

Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicas Growth in Pond-bottom and Lantern-net Cultures

U-Cheol Jeong,

¹

Jong-Cheol Han and Seok-Joong Kang*

Department of Seafood and Aquaculture Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea

1

Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research Development Institute, Tongyeong 52440, Korea Sea cucumbers have been an important part of human diets throughout history; demand is increasing every year, making the species a target for coastal resource development. New harvesting technologies have been developed in response to demand, including nursery production and insemination aquaculture, but such methods produce relatively few individuals and productivity per unit area is very small. For example, captures are prohibited during July and August due to the breeding season, and sea cucumbers aestivate during the hot season and hibernate during the cold season, all factors that limit natural-environment production in Korea. Problems with slow growth of sea cucumbers have been encountered in previous rearing experiments. To assess the importance of feeding ecology on sea cucum- ber growth, we conducted pond-bottom and lantern-net culture experiments. Results showed that sea cucumbers in bottom cultures grew from 3.06 to 102.59 g, but those in lantern cultures only grew from 25.60 to 28.03 g.

Key words: Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, Pond culture, Lantern net culture, Feeding growth

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2016.0337 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(3) 337-342, June 2016

Received 19 February 2016; Revised 14 April 2016; Accepted 17 April 2016

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 55. 772. 9154 Fax: +82. 55. 648. 3089

E-mail address: [email protected]

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서는육상순환시스템에서해삼을사육할경우노지바닥양식에 비하여성장속도가느리다고하였다

.

이러한성장차이의원인 에대해서는해삼의섭이생태에대한차이로추정된다는가설 은있지만명확한연구결과들은전무하다

.

이에본연구에서는 노지양식장에서무급이양식방법을통한이차원적인바닥양식 과입체적공간을활용한채롱양식을통해서해삼의섭이생태에 따른성장을확인하고자하였다

.

재료 및 방법

실험장소

실험은국내에서노지양식방법으로해삼을양식하는곳이없 었기때문에노지양식이일반화되어있는중국산둥성해삼양 식장에서실시하였다

.

중국현지양식장은

Fig. 1

에나타낸바와 같이위도

: 37°29'10.50"N,

^경도

: 118°51'49.14"E

^로^중국^산둥 성동영시하이홍그룹의해삼양식장에서실험하였다

. 사육시설

취수시설은 조석간만의차이에의하여육지로유입되는해 수를해수펌프를사용하여침전조에이송하여부유현탁물을 침전시킨후

,

^해수로를^이용하여^각^양식장에^{공급하였다}

. Fig.

2

^에^나타낸 ^바와^같이^{노지양식장의}^면적은

22,500 m

²

(150 m×150 m)

이고

,

표층에는

150 m

길이로프

(

연승

) 3

줄을설치 하여

,

^로프당

2.4 m

^간격으로

62

^개씩^설치하여^총

186

^개의^채롱 을사용하였다

.

채롱은길이

60 cm,

지름

40 cm

인

5

단으로별 도로제작하여사용하였으며바닥양식을위한저층은노지상 태로하였다

.

실험해삼

실험에사용한해삼은중국산둥성동영시소재해삼종묘배양 장에서생산한것으로노지바닥양식에는체중

3.06±0.26 g

^의

해삼

15,000

^마리를^{노지양식장}^바닥에^{투여하였다}

.

^{채롱양식에}

는채롱의구멍을통해서빠져나갈수없는크기인

25.60±3.10

Fig. 2. Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus breeding pond (bottom culture) and lantern net culture.

Fig. 1. Graphical location of the experiment and scene of the experimental site and the vicinity.

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g

^의^해삼을^사용하여^채롱

1

^개당

15

^마리씩^총

2,790

^마리를^수 용하였다

.

사육관리

성장은

1

회

/

월측정하였으며

,

노지양식장바닥의해삼은잠수 부를이용하여

150

^마리씩^무작위로

subsampling

^하였으며

,

^채 롱양식은무작위로

10

^개의^채롱을^선택하여^{측정하였다}

.

^먹이 는무급여방식으로노지양식장환경에서자연적으로발생하는 먹이로한정하였다

.

^{사육수온은}^자연^수온으로^소형의^수차와 에어레이션공급장치를이용하여수류를발생시켜온도성층을 방지하였다

.

^바닥양식^환경과^채롱양식^{환경이라는}^조건^외에 는환경조건이동일하였다

.

수질분석

수질은수온

, pH, DO,

^{염분농도를}^{측정하였으며}

, pH

^는

PH- 20N (Istek Inc., Korea)

을 사용하였고

, DO

는

YSI-58 (YSI, USA)

^을 ^{사용하였으며}

,

^{염분농도는}

EC Meter (CM-21P, Ja- pan)

^을^사용하여^{측정하였다}

. Chlorophyll

^측정은

Niskin bot- tle

로채수후

Strickland and Parsons Method (1968)

로보정된

field flurometer

^로^현장에서^{측정하였다}

.

^{부유물질량}

(SS)

^은

1 L

를채수하여

0.8 µm pore size Glass fiber filter

로여과후상 온에서

48

^시간^건조^후

filter

^무게를^빼서

mg/L

^로^{계산하였다}

. 통계처리

실험의통계처리는각실험구의평균을측정하여

, SPSS 18.0 (SPSS, USA)

^{통계프로그램을}^사용하여

t-test

^를^실시하여^검경 하였으며

,

유의성은

95%

수준에서검정하였다

.

결 과

성장도

노지양식장에서의바닥양식과채롱양식방법에있어해삼의 성장결과는

Table 1

^과

Fig. 3

^에^나타낸^바와^같다

.

^{바닥양식에} 서는초기

3.06 g

^에서^시작하여

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

^그리고

8

^개월간 사육결과는각각

3.10 g, 3.15 g, 3.52 g, 25.54 g, 56.41 g, 75.12 g, 97.65 g, 98.24 g

그리고

102.59 g

으로성장하였다

.

성장단계 별증중율

(Weight gain, %)

^은

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

^그리고

8

^개월 간각각

1.31%, 1.61%, 11.75%, 625.57%, 120.87%, 33.17%, 29.99%, 0.60%

^그리고

4.42%

^였으며

,

^성장율

(Specific growth rate, SGR)

^은^각각

0.5640, 0.6949, 4.8232, 86.0678, 34.4135, 12.4399, 11.3917, 0.2616

그리고

1.8800

였다

.

그리고채롱양 식에서는

25.60 g

^에서^시작하여

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

^그리고

8

^개월

Fig. 3. Average wet weight of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during the experiment. BT cultutre, bottom culture; LN culture, lantern net.

Table 1. Growth measurement of Apostichopus japonicas grown in bottom culture and lantern net culture

BT culture¹ LN culture²

Individual wt.(g) Weight Gain³ %) SGR⁴ Individual wt.(g) Weight Gain (%) SGR

Nov 3.06^a - - 25.60^a - -

Dec 3.10^a 1.31 0.5640 25.53^a -0.27 -0.1189

Jan 3.15^a 1.61 0.6949 26.12^a 2.31 0.9922

Feb 3.52^a 11.75 4.8232 27.80^a 6.43 2.7072

Mar 25.54^b 625.57 86.0678 28.03^a 0.83 0.3578

Apr 56.41^c 120.87 34.4135 27.20^a -2.96 -1.3054

May 75.12^cd 33.17 12.4399 27.40^a 0.74 0.3182

Jun 97.65^d 29.99 11.3917 24.34^a -11.17 -5.1430

Jul 98.24^d 0.60 0.2616 23.11^a -5.05 -2.2521

Aug 102.59^d 4.42 1.8800 21.50^a -6.97 -3.1361

1BT culture:bottom culture²LN culture: lantern net culture ³Weight gain (%): [(final weight - initial weight) / initial weight] × 100. ⁴Specific growth rate (%) = [(loge (final weight) - loge( initial weight)] × 100.

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간사육결과는각각

25.53 g, 26.12 g, 27.80 g, 28.03 g, 27.20 g, 27.40 g, 24.34 g, 23.11 g

그리고

21.50 g

이었다

(P<0.05).

성장 단계별증중율은

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

^그리고

8

^개월간^각각

-0.27%, 2.31%, 6.43%, 0.83%, -2.96%, 0.74%, -11.17%, -5.05%

그 리고

-6.97%

^였으며

, SGR

^은 ^각각

-0.1189, 0.9922, 2.7072, 0.3578, -1.3054, 0.3182, -5.1430, -2.2521

^그리고

-3.1361

^였다

.

노지양식장에서

8

개월간의바닥양식과채롱양식을통해서해 삼성장은바닥양식을통한해삼의성장은초기

3.06 g

^의^해삼이

102.59 g

으로성장하였으나

(P<0.05),

채롱식양식방법을통한 해삼성장은초기

25.60 g

^에서

8

^개월간^사육^후에는

21.50 g

^으로 성장이감소하는것으로나타났다

(P<0.05).

수질변화

노지양식장의수온과염분농도는

Fig. 4

^에^나타낸^바와^같이

실험기간 동안월평균수온은

1.8-28.0℃

^로

1

^월 ^평균^수온이

1.8℃

로가장낮았으며

(P<0.05), 8

월평균수온이

28.0℃

가장 높게나타났다

.

^{염분농도는}

31.5-33.1 psu

^로^사육기간^동안^염 분농도의큰변화는없었다

.

그리고

pH

와

DO

는

Fig. 4

에나타 낸바와같이

pH

^는

8.15-8.36

^였으며

, DO

^는

4.22-5.79 mg/L

^였 다

.

^또한

SS

^와^클로로필

-a

^함량은

Fig. 4

^에^나타낸^바와^같이^월 평균

SS

는

10.6-19.8 mg/L

였으며

1

월에

10.6 mg/L

로가장낮 게나타났으며

(P<0.05), 8

월에

19.8 mg/L

^로^가장^높게^나타났 다

(P<0.05).

클로로필

-a

함량은

3.1-8.1 mg/L

로였으며

, 12

월에

3.1 mg/L

^로^가장^낮게^{나타났으며}

(P<0.05), 8

월에

8.1 mg/L

^로 가장높게나타났다

(P<0.05).

Fig. 4. Water quality fluctuations during the culture period. (A) Temperature (B) Salinity (C) pH (D) DO (E) SS (F) Chl-a.

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고 찰

노지양식장에서인위적인사료를급여하지않고

,

^{자연생산력} 에의해서발생되는먹이만으로성장하는무급이양식방법으로 바닥양식과채롱양식을통하여해삼의섭이행태와성장의관계 를확인하였다

.

^그^결과^{바닥양식을}^통한^성장은^{확인하였으나}

,

채롱양식을통한성장은이루어지지않았다

.

사육기간중에바 닥양식을통한해삼은

11

^월에서

2

^월^전까지^성장이^거의^이루 어지지않다가

2

월이후부터

6

월까지

4

개월동안급격한성장 을하는것으로나타났다

.

^이는^겨울이^지나고^수온이^증가되기 시작하여해삼이성장에적합한수온과자연발생먹이가증가하 였기때문으로사료된다

.

하지만바닥양식에서해삼성장은이 루어진반면에채롱양식에서성장이이루어지지않은것은채 롱내에서는

filter feeding

만으로먹이를섭취해야하는데먹이 섭취가충분히이루어지지않아서나타난결과로판단된다

.

^이 번실험을통해해삼은

filter feeding

^만으로^성장은^기대할^수 없는것으로나타났으며향후인위적인먹이를공급방법에있 어서부유성형태로공급하는것은적합하지않다고하겠다

.

^사 육기간동안수질환경중에가장큰변화는수온으로하절기에 최고

32℃

^까지^{상승하기도}^하였으며

,

^{동절기에는}^최저

-2℃

^까 지하강하였다

.

^해삼의^성장은^수온과^매우^밀접한^관계가^있는 데봄철과가을철에성장이가장빠르다고알려져있으며

,

여

름철

22-24℃

^가^되면^성체의^체중이^거의^반으로^줄어들고

,

^수

온이

2℃

이하로하강하는겨울에는 성장율과 모든생리작용 이현저히둔화된다고보고되고있다

(FAO, 2008).

^그러나^이 번실험에서는해삼이

25℃

^{이상에서는}^성장하기^힘들다는^일 반적인식과는달리

32℃

에서도활발한활동과먹이섭취를하

였고

, -2℃

^에서도^생존하는^것을^{확인하였다}

.

^해삼의^최적^염분

농도는

27-32 psu

로알려져있으며

(Li and Li, 2010),

이번실험 에서도최적의염분농도내에서실험이실시하였다

. Ren et al.

(2010)

^의^연구에서^{노지양식에서}^{부유현탁물은}

10-15 mg/L

^와 클로로필

-a

함유량이

4-6 mg/L

가유지될때해삼성장이왕성 하다고보고되고있으며

,

^이번^{실험에서도}

SS

^와^클로로필

-a

함 량은해삼성장에적합한환경으로판단된다

.

이러한야외노지 양식장환경은해삼성장에적합한기간은봄과가을철로한정 적으로연중성장이불가능한것으로나타났다

.

^또한^노지양식 장은계절적으로해삼성장에적합한환경에서바닥해삼성장 은이루어진반면에채롱양식의성장은하지않고오히려감소 되었다

.

이러한노지양식장에서바닥양식과채롱양식에따른 성장차이는해삼의먹이섭취방식에따른차이로

filter feeding

을통한해삼성장은기대할수없으며무급이채롱양식방법을 통해서는해삼양식이불가한것으로사료된다

.

사 사

이논문은해양수산부재원으로한국해양과학기술진흥원의 지원을받아수행된연구임

(

수산실용화기술개발사업의육상

순환양식시스템에서배출된고형오물의해삼사료자원화

).

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