Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Wild and Cultured Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

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474 Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

해삼

(Apostichopus japonicus)

은태평양서부연안에널리분 포되고있으며주로중국시장을상대로하는경제가치가높은 수산양식생물이다

(Kang et al., 2012).

최근해삼은해양오염과 연안매립으로인한서식지파괴때문에어획량이점차감소되 고있다

(Conand, 2004; Yuan et al., 2006).

^시장의^수요를^충족 시키기위하여한국

,

^중국^및^일본을^비롯한^동아시아^지역에서 해삼자원관리와대량양식을계속수행해왔다

(Chen, 2005;

Okorie et al., 2008; kang et al., 2003).

이러한배경하에해삼 소비대국인중국에서해삼양식산업은이미생산량이제일큰 수산양식산업으로성장하였다

(Chen, 2005).

중국에서해삼은예로부터관절염

,

^고혈압

,

^상처치유^및^외과 수술후건강회복에사용해왔으며

(Liu et al., 1984; Fredalina et al., 1999; Hankenson et al., 2000; Sun et al., 1991),

특히천

식질환개선에있어특효약재로사용해왔다

(Fredalina et al., 1999; Zhong et al., 2007 ).

^전^{세계적으로}^약

3

^억명^인구가^천 식의고통을겪고있으며

,

^이로^인한^사망자는^연간^약

25

^만^명 으로서그숫자는계속증가하고있다

(Bousquet et al., 2008).

또한천식은간접흡연

,

미세먼지

,

황사

,

식습관및어린이면역 체계약화등요인으로발병연령이점차낮아지는양상을나타 내어세계보건기구의관심이증대되고있는질환중의하나이 다

(Chilmonczyk et al., 1993; Kattan et al., 1997; Pope, 2000;

Crain et al., 2002; WHO, 2009).

천식예방과개선에있어지방산이아주중요한역할을하고 있는것으로밝혀지고있다

.

^즉

n-6

^{고도불포화지방산}

(polyun- saturated fatty acid, PUFA)

^은^천식^발병률을^{증가시키는}^원인

으로될수있는반면에

n-3 PUFA

^는^어린이의^{천식증상을}^효

과적으로개선하고예방할수도있다

(Black and Sharpe, 1997;

Okamoto et al., 2000).

임상실험에서어린이가장기적으로

n-3

자연산과 양식산 해삼(Apostichopus japonicus)의 지방산 조성 비교

Feng Jin·Anisuzzaman Md·정우철·최종국·유학선

¹

·강승완

²

·강석중*

경상대학교 해양식품생명의학과, ¹부산대학교 의학전문대학원, ²경상남도 수산자원연구소

Comparison of Fatty Acid Composition of Wild and Cultured Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Feng Jin, Anisuzzaman Md, U-Cheol Jeong, Jong-Kuk Choi, Hak-Sun Yu¹, Seung-Wan Kang² and Seok-Joong Kang*

Department of Seafood and Aquaculture Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Korea

1

Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea

2

Gyeongsangnam-Do Fisheries Resources Research Institute, Tongyeong 53080, Korea

This study compared the fatty acid composition of wild and cultured specimens of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus . We extracted total lipids from the specimens and determined their fatty acid compositions through capil- lary gas chromatography, resulting in the identification of 53 fatty acids. We found that wild sea cucumbers were rich in palmitoleic (C16:1n-7) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), whereas cultured specimens were rich in eicosenoic (C20:1n-9) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). In both types of sea cucumbers, the highest percentage of polyunsatu- rated fatty acids (PUFA) consisted of polar lipids (PL), followed by total lipids (TL) and neutral lipids (NL). Cultured sea cucumbers contained a higher percentage of total lipids (TL) than wild sea cucumbers did, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups in the percentages of neutral (NL) and polar lipids (PL).

Key words: Sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus , Fatty acid, Total lipid, Polar lipids

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2016.0474 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(4) 474-485, August 2016

Received 22 April 2016; Revised 16 June 2016; Accepted 24 June 2016

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 55. 772. 9154 Fax: +82. 55. 648. 3089

E-mail address: [email protected]

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PUFA/n-6 PUFA

^비율이^높은^음식을^섭취하면^천식^발병률을 효과적으로 감소시키는결과를 나타냈다

(Oddy et al., 2004;

Simopoulos, 2002).

^최근 ^연구에 ^의하면^{분지지방산}

(branch chain fatty acid, BCFA)

을섭취하였을때체내의염증조절인

자

IL-10

^을 ^증가시킬^수 ^있으며

,

^이는^알러지^{천식증상을}^완

화시킬수있다

(Van et al., Ran et al., 2011; Ran et al., 2013;

Baars, 2013).

양식으로인한해삼의성분조성변화는아직식품영양수준 에서만조사되어있으며최근사포닌

,

황산콘드로이틴및후

코이단등기능성물질의변화도조사되어있으나

(Van et al.,

2009; Wang et al., 2016),

^천식^개선^{차원에서의}^조사는^아직^이 루어지지않았다

.

해삼지방산관련선행연구로서

Jeong et al.

(2008)

^은^한국^연안에^서식하고^있는^자연산^해삼의^지방산^조

성을상세하게밝혔으나양식산해삼지방산에대한연구는거 의없는실정이며

Seo et al. (2011)

^의^연구는^해삼^{사료개발에} 있어해삼의지방산조성을보았기에세부적으로불명확한점 이많다

.

그래서본연구는천식개선의측면에서자연산해삼과 양식산해삼의지방산조성을조사하였다

.

재료 및 방법

실험 시료

실험에사용한자연산해삼은해삼이연중가장많이어획되

는시기인

2014

년

4

월말에경상남도통영시영운리연안에서

다이버를통하여수심

7 m

^에서^{채집하였다}

.

^실험실로^운반^후 평균체중이

150 g

^인^개체를

20

^마리^선별^후

-70℃

^에^저장하여 실험에사용하였다

.

한편양식산해삼은동일시기에경상남도 통영시산양읍에위치하고있는경상남도수산자원연구소에서 사육하고있는해삼을양식산해삼시료로하였다

.

이때해삼에 게급여하사료는지충이

(Sargassum thunbergii)

분말

,

^패각분 말

,

^{탈지대두박}

,

^옥수수박^및^갯벌로^제조된^시판중인^상품사료 였으며

6

개월이상해삼에게공급을하였다

.

평균체중이

150 g

인개체를

20

^마리^선별하여^실험실로^운반^후

-70℃

^에^저장하

여실험에사용하였다

. 총지질 추출

자연산과양식산해삼을각각

20

^마리씩^해부하여^체벽

1 kg

과내장

100 g

을취하여지질추출에사용하였다

.

총지질추출

은

Bligh and Dyer (1959)

^방법에^준하여

chloroform

^과

metha- nol

을

2:1 (v/v)

로한 혼합용매를 이용하여 추출하였다

.

이때

100 g

^시료에

300 mL

^{혼합용매를}^첨가하여^{추출하였으며}

ro- tary evaporator (R-114, BUCHI, Swiss)

^를^이용하여

38℃

^에서 유기용매를제거하여총지질을얻었다

.

지질의 획분

총지질

(total lipid, TL)

에서비극성

(neutral lipid, NL)

및극성

(polar lipid, PL)

^지질의^획분은

Juaneda and Rocquelin (1985)

방법에 준하여

Sep-Pak Silica plus long cartridge (Waters, USA)

^를^{이용하였다}

.

^먼저

chloroform 15 mL

^를

cartridge

^에^통 과시켜세척한후추출한총지질

80 mg

을

cartridge

에채운다

.

이어서

chloroform 15 mL

^를

cartridge

^에^통과시켜^{플라스크에} 받은다음

chloroform

^과

methanol

^을

49:1 (v/v)

^로^혼합한^용매

15 mL

를

cartridge

에통과시켜전과같은플라스크에받아

ro- tary evaporator

^로^건조한^후^정량하여^{비극성지질을}^얻었다

.

^비 극성지질의획분이끝난다음

methanol 30 mL

를

cartridge

에 통과시켜용출되어나온것을

rotary evaporator

^로^건조한^후^정 량하여극성지질을얻었다

.

^이상^과정을^여러^번^반복해서^분석 에필요한시료를확보하여분석에사용하였다

.

지방산조성 분석

추출된 총지질

100 mg

을

cap tube

에 넣고

0.5 N NaOH- methanol

^용액을^더하여^질소^충전한^후

100℃

^에서

8

^분간^검 화하였다

.

^방냉^후

BF3-metanl

^를^이용하여

fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)

로

methylation

후

isooctane 2 mL

에녹여이를

capillary column (Omegawax-320, 30 m×0.25 mm i.d., Su- pelco Co., Bellefonte, PA, USA)

이장착된

gas chromatogra- phy (Glarus 600, Perkin Elmer, USA)

^로^지방산을 ^분석하였 다

. Carrier gas

^는 ^헬륨을^{사용하였고}

injector

^온도는

250℃, detector (FID)

온도는

270℃

로각각설정하였다

.

이때

column

온도는

180℃

^에서

8

^분간^유지하고

3℃/min

^속도로

230℃

^까 지증가시킨후항온상태에서

10

분간유지하였으며

split rate

는

1:50

^으로^{설정하였다}

.

^지방산의^동정은^표준품

menhaden oil

^을^동일^조건으로^분석한^후

ECL (equivalent chain length)

법으로동정하였다

(Ackman, 1969).

FAME의 Hydrogenation

250 mL

가스세척병에

methanol 70 mL

와자연산해삼

FAME 1 mL

^를^첨가한^후^{촉매제로서}

PtO

₂

(PMID: 206032, Sigma- Aldrich, USA) 20 mg

^을^{첨가하였다}

.

^이때^자석^교반기를^이 용하여

120 rpm

속도로교반하는상태에서수소를

50 mL/min

유량으로

40

^분간

methanol

^에^{통과시켰다}

. Hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters (HFAME)

의지방산조성은

FAME

와동일 한방법으로분석하였다

.

통계처리

모든 통계분석은

SPSS 16.0

프로그램을 사용하였고

One- way ANOVA test

^를 ^실시한 ^후

Duncan’s multiple rang test (Duncan, 1955)

로평균간의유의성

(P<0.05)

을검정하였다

.

결 과

자연산해삼과양식산해삼의총지질

,

비극성지질및극성지 질의함량은

Table 1

^에^나타낸^바와^같다

.

^양식산^해삼^체벽과

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내장의총지질은각각

1.01%

^와

2.49%

^로서 ^자연산의

0.63%

와

1.11%

^에^비하여^{유의적으로}^높게^{나타냈으며}^모두^내장의

총지질함량이체벽보다높게나타냈다

(P<0.05).

양식산해삼 체벽의

lipid class

^조성에서^{비극성지질은}

38.63%,

^극성지질 은

59.74%

였으며

,

내장의비극성지질은

64.82%,

극성지질은

33.71%

^였다

.

^자연산^해삼^체벽의^{비극성지질은}

37.81%,

^극성 지질은

60.24%

^였으며

,

^내장의^{비극성지질은}

65.33%,

^극성지

질은

33.46%

였다

.

양식산과자연산해삼은동일하게체벽에서

극성지질이많고내장에서비극성지질이많았다

(P<0.05).

Hydrogenation

전과후의자연산해삼체벽총지질을 분석

한

gas chromatogram

^은

Fig. 1

^에^나타난^바와^같이

record re- sponse

^값이

0.01%

^이상인

peak

^는^총

60

^개^{검출되었으며}

men- haden oil

표품으로

53

개

peak

가지방산으로동정되었다

.

동정 되지않은

7

^개

unknown peak

^는

chromatogram A

^에서

UN1-7

로표시하였다

.

동일한시료를

hydrogenation

후전과동일한

GC

^조건에서^분석한^결과

chromatogram B

^에^나타난^바와^같 이

UN1, UN2, UN3, UN5

^및

UN7

^은^기타^{불포화지방산과}^함 께사라졌으며

UN4

와

UN6

은여전히

chromatogram A

과동일 한시간에출현하였다

.

자연산해삼과양식산해삼의총지질지방산조성은

Table 2

에나타낸바와같이모든시료에서총

53

^종^지방산이^동정되었 으며전체지방산의

98.91-97.67%

^였다

.

^양식산^해삼^체벽에서

5%

이상되는지방산은

16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:0, 20:1n-9, 20:4n-6 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 (24:1n-9

^포함

)

^및

23:1n-9

^이였으며^그^중에 서

20:4n-6

가

11.5%

로서제일많은것으로나타났다

.

자연산해 삼체벽에서

5%

^이상^되는^지방산은

16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:0, 18:1n- 7, 20:4n-6

^및

20:5n-3

^이였으며^그^중에서

16:1n-7

^은

14.02%

로서제일많은것으로나타났다

.

양식산해삼체벽의

16:1n-7

은

5.92%

^로서^자연산의

14.02%

^에^비하여^유의하게^낮게^나

타났으며

20:1n-9

는

9.75%

로서자연산의

2.42%

보다유의한 Table 1. Total lipid, neutral lipids and polar lipid contents of the wild and cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus¹

Parameter Sea cucumber

Wild Cultured

Body wall Viscera Body wall Viscera

TL² 0.63±0.15^a 1.11±0.27^b 1.01±0.19^b 2.49±0.22^c

NL 37.81±1.51^a 65.33±1.34^b 38.63±1.57^a 64.82±1.84^b

PL 60.24±2.06^b 33.46±1.49^a 59.74±1.23^b 33.71±1.04^a

1Values are mean±SD (n = 3), and different superscript letters indicate statistically significant difference (P<0.05). ²TL, Total lipids (%/dry sample); NL, neutral lipids (%/total lipid); PL, polar lipids (%/total lipid).

Fig. 1. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector chromatograms showing fatty acid methyl ester from wild sea cucumber Aposticho- pus japonicus before (A) and after (B) hydrogenation. UN, unknown peak.

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Table 2. Fatty acid compositions of the total lipids from wild and cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus¹ Fatty acid

Sea cucumber

Wild Cultured

iso-14:0 0.53±0.02^c 0.42±0.00^b 0.40±0.02^b 0.35±0.01^a

14:0 1.98±0.06^b 1.91±0.02^b 1.15±0.01^a 1.12±0.03^a

iso-15:0 3.90±0.04^c 1.83±0.0^b 0.05±0.01^a 0.07±0.02^a

anteiso-15:0 2.60±0.03^c 1.20±0.0^b 0.19±0.04^ab 0.13±0.03^a

15:0 2.03±0.03^c 1.88±0.02^b 0.22±0.03^a 0.21±0.01^a

iso-16:0 0.42±0.00^b 0.42±0.00^b 0.28±0.01^a 0.29±0.02^a

16:0 7.50±0.09^c 5.92±0.08^a 6.95±0.08^b 6.03±0.05^a

16:1n-9 0.08±0.02â 0.06±0.01â 0.11±0.01^b 0.09±0.02âb

16:1n-7 14.02±0.08^d 13.29±0.15^c 5.92±0.05^b 5.24±0.06^a

TME-16:0 0.87±0.01^c 0.13±0.01^b 1.16±0.02^b 0.11±0.00^a

16:1n-5 0.63±0.02^b 0.61±0.03^b 0.46±0.02^a 0.48±0.01^a

16:2n-9 0.45±0.00^b 0.32±0.02^b 0.17±0.02^a 0.13±0.02^a

16:2n-4 1.13±0.04^b 1.21±0.04^b 1.04±0.03^a 1.15±0.03^b

iso-17:0 0.15±0.02âb 0.16±0.00^b 0.13±0.00â 0.14±0.01â

17:0 0.92±0.00^b 1.08±0.03^d 0.81±0.01^a 0.99±0.00^c

16:3n-4 2.55±0.04^d 2.27±0.05^c 0.15±0.02^a 2.07±0.04^b

16:3n-3 0.22±0.01^a 1.15±0.02^c 0.26±0.00^b 1.13±0.01^c

16:3n-1 0.19±0.01^b 0.21±0.01^c 0.12±0.01^a 0.25±0.02^d

16:4n-3 2.59±0.07^d 2.10±0.03^c 0.76±0.02^a 0.88±0.00^b

16:4n-1 0.21±0.01^b 0.35±0.02^d 0.06±0.02^a 0.25±0.00^c

18:0 8.15±0.06^d 4.16±0.02^b 6.65±0.07^c 4.02±0.02^a

18:1n-9 2.85±0.02^c 0.66±0.01^a 4.03±0.05^d 0.61±0.00^b

18:1n-7 5.32±0.01^c 5.99±0.05^d 4.14±0.01^a 5.05±0.09^b

18:1n-5 0.21±0.01^b 0.29±0.00^c 0.11±0.02^a 0.20±0.03^b

18:2n-6 1.18±0.02^b 1.29±0.02^c 1.09±0.01^a 1.16±0.01^b

18:2n-4 0.25±0.00^b 0.19±0.02^a 0.29±0.00^c 0.22±0.04^ab

19:0 1.12±0.01^c 1.95±0.06^d 0.20±0.00^a 0.32±0.01^b

18:3n-6 2.64±0.03^c 3.01±0.05^d 1.49±0.02^a 2.26±0.03^b

18:3n-3 0.47±0.01^c 0.52±0.01^d 0.21±0.03^a 0.39±0.02^b

18:4n-3 0.65±0.02^c 0.53±0.02^b 0.40±0.01^a 0.37±0.04^a

20:0 1.09±0.01^b 1.02±0.01^a 1.95±0.04^d 1.80±0.02^c

20:1n-11 2.01±0.02^a 1.98±0.02^a 2.51±0.05^c 2.37±0.06^b

20:1n-9 2.42±0.03^a 3.02±0.02^b 9.75±0.01^c 10.56±0.09^d

20:1n-7 0.62±0.05^b 0.57±0.03^a 0.67±0.05^b 0.51±0.03^a

20:2n-6 0.75±0.01^b 0.66±0.01^a 1.47±0.02^d 1.18±0.01^c

20:3n-6 0.29±0.02^b 0.18±0.01^a 0.96±0.06^d 0.56±0.00^c

21:0 0.71±0.01^a 0.83±0.02^b 0.82±0.01^b 0.96±0.02^c

20:4n-6 5.31±0.05^a 8.59±0.01^b 11.52±0.08^c 13.59±0.08^d

20:3n-3 0.09±0.01^b 0.07±0.02âb 0.08±0.02âb 0.06±0.00â

20:4n-3 0.19±0.00^c 0.15±0.01âb 0.12±0.01â 0.14±0.03âb

20:5n-3 6.92±0.09^b 10.12±0.05^c 5.78±0.03^a 10.52±0.07^d

22:0 0.76±0.05^a 1.56±0.07^c 1.41±0.04^b 2.03±0.03^d

(5)

차이로높게나타났다

.

양식산해삼체벽의

23:1n-9

와

20:4n-6

은각각

9.42%

^와

11.52%

2.48%

^와

5.44%

^에^비 하여유의한차이로높게나타났다

(P<0.05).

양식산해삼체 벽의분지지방산

(BCFA)

^은

1.05%

7.60%

^에^비 하여유의적으로낮게나타났다

(P<0.05).

^양식산^해삼^체벽의

n-3 PUFA

는

14.18%

로서자연산의

14.05%

와 유사하였으며

n-6PUFA

^는

17.17%

10.74%

^에^비하여^높게^나 타났다

(P<0.05).

양식산해삼내장에서

5%

^이상^되는^지방산은

16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:1n-9, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3

^및

23:1n-9

^였다

.

^그^중에서

20:4n-6

은

13.59%

로서제일많은것으로나타났으며그다음 으로많은것은

20:5n-3

^으로서

10.52%

^로^나타났다

.

^자연산^해 삼내장에서

5%

이상되는 지방산은

16:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:4n-6

^및

20:5n-3

^이였다

.

^그^중에서

16:1n-7

^은

14.02%

^로서 제일많은것으로나타났으며그다음으로많은것은

20:5n-3

^으 로서

10.12%

였다

.

양식산해삼내장의

16:1n-7

은

5.35%

로서 자연산의

13.42%

^에^비하여^유의하게^낮게^{나타났으며}

20:1n-9

는

10.52%

로서자연산의

3.02%

보다유의한차이로높게나타 났다

.

^양식산^해삼^내장의

23:1n-9

^와

20:4n-6

^은^각각

7.03%

^와

13.59%

2.14%

^와

8.59%

^에^비하여^유의한^차이 로높게나타났다

(P<0.05).

양식산해삼내장의분지지방산은

0.84%

3.87%

^에^비하여^{유의적으로}^낮게^나타났

다

(P<0.05).

양식산해삼내장의분지지방산은

0.98%

로서자

연산의

4.03%

에비하여유의적으로낮게나타났다

(P<0.05).

양 식산해삼내장의

n-3 PUFA

^는

18.11%

17.52%

에비하여낮게나타났으며

n-6 PUFA

는

19.21%

로서자연산의

14.08%

^에^비하여^높게^나타났다

(P<0.05).

자연산 해삼과 양식산 해삼 비극성지질의 지방산 조성은

Table 3

에나타난바와같이함량이

5%

이상인지방산은

16:0, 16:1n-7

^및

18:0

^였으며^자연산^해삼의

20:1n-9

^및

23:1-n9

^가^양

식산보다 높게나타났다

(P<0.05).

해삼의극성지질을분석한

결과는

Table 4

^에^나타난^바와^같다

.

^자연산과^양식산^해삼에서 함량이

5%

^이상되는^지방산은

16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-7, 20:4n-6

^및

20:5n-3

였으며양식산해삼의

20:4n-6

이자연산보다높은함량 을나타난것이특징이었다

(P<0.05).

자연산및양식산해삼체 벽에서

n-3 PUFA

및

n-6 PUFA

의비율은모두극성지질

>

총지 질

>

^{비극성지질}^순서로^나타났다

(P<0.05).

고 찰

자연산과양식산해삼의지질을추출한결과

Table 1

^에^나타

낸바와같이총지질함량에있어양식산해삼이자연산해삼보 다약

2

^배^높게^나타났다

.

^해삼은^섭취한^사료의^{지질함량이}^증 가함에따라체지방도일정한정도로증가하는경향이있다

.

^양 식산해삼에게급여하는사료는주로해조분말과갯벌로구성 하였기에해삼이자연에서섭취하는해저퇴적물먹이보다높 은지방함량을가지고있다

(Liu et al., 2009).

^이와^같은^먹이의 Table 2. continues

Fatty acid

Sea cucumber

Wild Cultured

22:1n-11,13 0.39±0.01^a 0.43±0.02^b 0.79±0.01^d 0.50±0.01^c

22:1n-9 0.09±0.00^b 0.06±0.00^a 1.44±0.04^a 1.21±0.05^c

22:1n-7 1.38±0.08â 3.77±0.01â 2.57±0.01^b 3.06±0.03â

21:5n-3 0.60±0.01^a 0.53±0.00^d 0.25±0.00^a 0.45±0.01^c

23:0 0.51±0.02^c 1.16±0.00^d 0.08±0.01^a 0.32±0.02^b

23:1n-9 2.48±0.05^b 2.14±0.01^a 9.42±0.09^d 7.03±0.07^c

22:5n-6 0.57±0.01^c 0.35±0.01^a 0.64±0.01^d 0.46±0.00^b

22:4n-3 0.06±0.01^a 0.07±0.00^a 0.18±0.02^c 0.13±0.01^b

22:5n-3 0.58±0.02^b 1.16±0.02^c 0.33±0.01^a 1.19±0.00^d

24:0 0.21±0.01 0.20±0.01 0.19±0.03 0.21±0.00

22:6n-3+24:1n-9 4.10±0.02^b 3.94±0.03^a 6.04±0.05^d 4.36±0.03^c

∑ Unknown² 2.06 2.33 2.03 1.09

∑ BCFA 7.6 4.03 1.05 0.98

∑ n-3 PUFA 14.05 17.52 14.18 18.11

∑ n-6 PUFA 10.74 14.08 17.17 19.21

1Values are mean±SD (n = 3), and different superscript letters indicate statistically significant difference (P<0.05). ²∑Unnown, Sum of the unknown pea components; ∑ BCFA, Sum of the branched chain fatty acid; ∑ n-3 PUFA, sum of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; ∑ n-6 PUFA, sum of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.

(6)

Table 3. Fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids from wild and cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus¹ Fatty acid

Sea cucumber

Wild Cultured

iso-14:0 1.27±0.00^c 0.90±0.03^b 0.88±0.01^b 0.75±0.01^a

14:0 3.22±0.00^d 3.02±0.02^c 1.83±0.00^b 1.74±0.01^a

iso-15:0 4.27±0.04^d 1.88±0.00^c 0.05±0.00^a 0.08±0.00^b

anteiso-15:0 1.93±0.03^c 0.86±0.02^b 0.13±0.01^a 0.11±0.01^a

15:0 0.41±0.01^d 0.38±0.01^c 0.05±0.00^a 0.07±0.01^b

iso-16:0 0.69±0.00^c 0.72±0.00^d 0.48±0.00^a 0.51±0.01^b

16:0 15.03±0.09^b 15.45±0.08^c 15.43±0.01^c 12.72±0.05^a

16:1n-9 0.30±0.00^c 0.22±0.00^a 0.39±0.00^d 0.28±0.01^b

16:1n-7 20.01±0.15^d 17.68±0.07^c 9.06±0.02^b 7.91±0.05^a

TME-16:0 1.24±0.02^d 0.07±0.00^a 1.02±0.00^c 0.10±0.00^b

16:1n-5 0.94±0.03^c 0.88±0.02^b 0.68±0.01^a 0.70±0.07^a

16:2n-9 0.42±0.01^d 0.29±0.01^c 0.17±0.00^b 0.12±0.01^a

16:2n-4 0.18±0.01â 0.18±0.01â 0.17±0.02â 0.20±0.01â

iso-17:0 1.67±0.00^c 1.79±0.02^d 1.46±0.01^a 1.56±0.02^b

17:0 1.11±0.04^b 1.35±0.06^c 0.96±0.03^a 1.14±0.03^b

16:3n-4 0.74±0.02^d 0.50±0.01^b 0.05±0.00^a 0.58±0.00^c

16:3n-3 0.30±0.01^a 1.39±0.05^c 0.35±0.02^b 1.51±0.02^d

16:3n-1 0.11±0.01â 0.11±0.02âb 0.07±0.04â 0.14±0.01^b

16:4n-3 0.02±0.01^a 0.13±0.01^c 0.01±0.00^a 0.07±0.01^b

16:4n-1 0.15±0.02^b 1.93±0.02^c 0.04±0.02^a 0.17±0.02^b

18:0 9.33±0.04^d 4.83±0.01^a 7.95±0.01^c 6.07±0.01^b

18:1n-9 4.63±0.02^c 0.83±0.01^a 8.46±0.03^d 1.29±0.02^b

18:1n-7 6.42±0.01^b 7.73±0.03^d 5.05±0.03^a 6.51±0.01^c

18:1n-5 0.43±0.02^b 0.59±0.04^c 0.23±0.01^a 0.40±0.03^b

18:2n-6 1.37±0.02^c 1.35±0.00^c 1.32±0.02^b 1.29±0.00^a

18:2n-4 0.39±0.03^b 0.27±0.02^a 0.43±0.01^b 0.29±0.01^a

19:0 0.22±0.00^b 1.48±0.02^d 0.15±0.02^a 0.28±0.01^c

18:3n-6 1.21±0.02^c 1.38±0.01^d 0.61±0.01^a 0.97±0.02^b

18:3n-3 0.77±0.00^c 0.86±0.03^d 0.33±0.00^a 0.60±0.03^b

18:4n-3 0.96±0.02^b 0.81±0.02^b 0.59±0.02^a 0.53±0.04^a

20:0 0.98±0.01^a 0.93±0.06^a 1.58±0.01^b 1.58±0.02^b

20:1n-11 1.24±0.01^a 1.31±0.05^b 1.54±0.01^d 1.47±0.01^c

20:1n-9 3.29±0.03^a 4.38±0.01^b 11.21±0.02^c 14.68±0.01^d

20:1n-7 0.62±0.01^b 0.59±0.02^ab 0.73±0.00^c 0.54±0.05^a

20:2n-6 0.47±0.02^b 0.43±0.01^a 0.94±0.03^d 0.76±0.01^c

20:3n-6 0.21±0.01^b 0.14±0.00^a 0.68±0.05^d 0.38±0.02^c

21:0 0.23±0.01^a 0.32±0.02^c 0.27±0.01^b 0.35±0.01^c

20:4n-6 1.26±0.04^a 2.66±0.04^b 2.87±0.02^c 4.66±0.07^d

20:3n-3 0.12±0.02^b 0.09±0.00^a 0.11±0.00^b 0.08±0.01^a

20:4n-3 0.21±0.01^b 0.23±0.00^b 0.14±0.01^a 0.17±0.02^a

20:5n-3 3.69±0.04^c 2.93±0.02^b 1.79±0.04^a 4.63±0.03^d

22:0 0.50±0.07^a 0.75±0.04^b 0.94±0.02^c 1.48±0.00^d

(7)

지질수준이자연산과양식산해삼총지질함량차이를나타나게 된원인일수도있다

.

^{극성지질과}^{비극성지질은}^자연산과^양식 산해삼에있어유사한비율을나타냈기에해삼체벽과내장의 극성지질

/

비극성지질의비율은먹이의영향을받지않는가능 성이있을것으로추측된다

.

이번연구에서자연산해삼과양식산해삼의지방산조성을

GC

^분석한^결과^총

60

^개

peak

^가^{검출되었고}

53

^개

peak

^가^지 방산인것으로동정되었다

. Fig. 1

^에서

chromatogram A

^에^나 타났던불포화지방산들은

hydrogenation

에 의하여탄소사슬 의이중결합이없어짐과동시에단일결합으로대체되어

chro- matogram B

^에^나타난^바와^같이^{포화지방산}

14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 19:0, 20:0, 21:0, 22:0, 23:0

^및

24:0

^으로^전환되었 다

.

^이때

UN1, UN2, UN3, UN5

^및

UN7

^은^기타^{불포화지방} 산과함께

chromatogram B

에서사라졌으나

UN4

및

UN6

은 여전히

chromatogram A

^과^동일한^시간^때에^{출현하였다}

.

^이 런결과를통하여

UN4

^와

UN6

^은^지방산^아니라는^것을^판단 할수있다

.

Kaneniwa et al. (1986)

^연구에서^해삼강^동물은

24:1n-9

^와^같 은특이한지방산을가지고있으며그이후

Wen et al. (2010)

및

Bechtel et al. (2013)

^의^연구에도^해삼이^이러한^지방산을^가지 고있는것을확인하였다

.

^그러나^대다수의^해삼^지방산^관련된 연구에서는

24:1n-9

^에^대한^언급이^없었으며

(Yu et al., 2015;

Wen et al., 2016),

^이번^{연구에서도}^해삼의

24:1n-9

^가^동정^되

지않았다

. Chromatogram A

^에^나타난^바와^같이

29

^분^이후로 검출된유일한

peak 22:6n-3

^지방산은

hydrogenation

^에^의하여

chromatogram B

^에서^{포화지방산}

22:0

^로^{나타났으나}

, 29

^분^때

24:0

지방산의출현이특이하였다

.

이런현상은

22:6n-3 peak

가

24:1n-9 peak

^와^동일^시간에^검출^되었을^가능성을^제시한다

.

이는기존에해양어류지질방산분석에흔히사용되고있는방 법으로해삼지방산을분석할때유의해야할부분이다

.

해삼은기타생물에서잘나타나지않는지방산

23:1n-9

^가^높

은함량을가지고있다

.

특히본실험에서양식산해삼이자연 산해삼에비하여

23:1n-9

^의^함량이^약

3.8

^배나^높게^나타났다

. Kaneniwa et al. (1986)

^의^연구에^의하면^해삼^체내의

23:1-9

는 먹이로부터 직접 유입된것이아니고 먹이로부터섭취한

16:1n-9

^가

24:1n-9

^로^합성된^후

ɑ-oxidation

^에^의하여^발생된 산물일가능성을제시하였다

.

지충이분말은해삼사료의주요 구성성분이며

16:1n-9

^가^약

10%

^로서^해삼의^{자연먹이보다}^높 은함량을가지고있다

(Yu et al., 2014; Wen et al., 2016).

^양식 산해삼이사료로부터많은양의

16:1n-9

^를^{섭취하였기에}^자연 산해삼에비하여

23:1n-9

^가^높게^나타낸^원인이^될^수도^있다

.

이번연구에서이를증명할수없었으나추후이에대한자세한 연구가요망된다

.

n-3 PUFA

^는^{천식개선을}^도와주는^역할을^하고^있으며

,

^또한

n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA

^의^비율이^높을수록^어린이의^천식^발병

률을감소시킬수있다

.

^본^{실험결과에서}^양식산^해삼^체벽의 Table 3. continues

Fatty acid

Sea cucumber

Wild Cultured

22:1n-11,13 0.80±0.05^b 0.14±0.02^a 1.70±0.01^d 1.08±0.01^c

22:1n-9 0.96±0.01^c 0.21±0.00^a 0.91±0.03^b 1.16±0.02^d

22:1n-7 0.85±0.03^a 4.74±0.03^d 3.42±0.07^b 4.38±0.01^c

21:5n-3 0.21±0.00^d 0.19±0.00^c 0.09±0.02^a 0.16±0.00^b

23:0 0.07±0.00^b 1.48±0.01^c 0.02±0.01^a 0.07±0.00^b

23:1n-9 0.80±0.01^a 4.67±0.02^b 8.57±0.02^c 9.28±0.07^d

22:5n-6 0.03±0.01 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.03 0.03±0.00

22:4n-3 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.00 0.05±0.03 0.03±0.02

22:5n-3 0.29±0.00^b 0.61±0.01^c 0.17±0.00^a 0.63±0.02^c

24:0 0.12±0.03^b 0.12±0.01^b 0.11±0.02^b 0.06±0.02^a

22:6n-3+24:1n-9 1.71±0.05â 1.77±0.04â 2.48±0.02^b 1.79±0.05â

∑ Unknown² 1.61 1.4 1.26 1.87

∑ BCFA 8.34 4.55 1.71 1.65

∑ n-3 PUFA 7.96 7.52 5.75 8.62

∑ n-6 PUFA 4.55 5.99 6.44 8.09

1Values are mean±SD (n=3), and different superscript letters indicate statistically significant difference (P<0.05). ²∑Unnown, Sum of the unknown pea components; ∑ BCFA, Sum of the branched chain fatty acid; ∑ n-3 PUFA, sum of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; ∑ n-6 PUFA, sum of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid.