IV . Overview of Research and Development (R&D)
Purpose To support the central government in establishing policies by conducting research in the global development partnership area
Content Developing contents on development partnership in national territorial and maritime area, official development assistance (ODA), roadmap for international cooperation, etc.
Methods The Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM)
Major Activities
Developing Contents on Development Partnership in the National Territorial and Maritime Area
• Knowledge Sharing Program (KSP) of the MOSF: 「Policy for the Construction and Supply of Affordable Housing in Korea」, 「New Town Development in Korea」
※ As a Knowledge Sharing Program (KSP), the MOSF has been conducting one that has been systematically summarizing the development experiences of Korea since 2010. The GDPC is in charge of five tasks in the national territory and environment area among 40 KSPs on development experiences in total in 2011, and is conducting two tasks among them as of now.
• KSP of the MLTM in land, transport and marine area: Developing content on water resources, port development, industrial complexes, and urban railroads
Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Suggested the basic direction for the activation of ODA in national marine field and promotion strategies according to the circumstances and changes in international development partnership.
Roadmap for International Cooperation
• Suggested the basic direction for international cooperation and promotion strategies by each area and created a roadmap on the issue
List of Research Projects
Research Period Name of Project Ordering
Ministry May ~ Dec. 2011 Knowledge Sharing Program : Policy for the Construction and Supply of
Affordable Housing in Korea MOSF
May ~ Dec. 2011 Knowledge Sharing Program : New Town Development in Korea MOSF
Dec. 2011 ~ April 2012 Knowledge Sharing Program for the Land, Transport and Maritime Area MLTM
July 20 ~ Nov. 20, 2011 Research on the Solutions of Utilizing Official Development Assistance
(ODA) in Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs MLTM
Sept. 20 ~ Dec. 20, 2011 Research on the Roadmap to Establish a Master Plan for International
Cooperation MLTM
The main elements in the starting period of the policy for construction and supply of affordable housing were selected as ICA (International Co-operative Alliance) housing, Korean ing Cooperation, and the Act on Public Hous-ing. The second period, the time to prepare a foundation for a mass supply of housing and housing sites, was described focusing on the Act on Housing Construction Promotion, the Act on Rental Housing Construction Promo-tion, and the Act on Housing Site Development Promotion.
The third period was the period when hous-ing had to be provided in a massive scale.
Further, as national financial crisis arose, it was the time when the Two Million Housing Con-struction Projects were launched, permanent rental housing constructed, and also a national housing fund activated against the financial
crisis. Finally, the important matter in the fourth period, the time of paradigm change due to demand-customized construction and supply for affordable housing, was the supply of nat-ional rental housing and Bogeumjari housing.
If we classify the suggestions learned from Korea’s cases into the early growth period and the latter growth period, one may realize that it is important to prepare a housing supply found-ation and a mass supply system for housing in order to respond to the sharp increase in the population and urbanization in the early growth period; therefore, the establishment of a plan to maintain the housing supply to meet the continuous housing demands is required. Last-ly, as there is a high possibility of a continuous shortage of housing and unorganized urban-ization, new housing is needed and also the demand and supply must be met systemically
Ⅳ -1. Knowledge Sharing Program : Policy for the Construction and Supply of Affordable Housing in Korea
KSP 발전경험 모듈화사업 : 한국의 서민주택 건설 및 공급정책
Name of Project Policy for the Construction and Supply of Affordable Housing in Korea Research Period May ~ Dec. 2011 (About 7 months)
Conducted by KRIHS
Ordering Organization The KDI (Korea Development Institute) School of Public Policy and Management
Purpose To summarize the trends and major policies of the construction and supply of affordable housing in Korea, chronologically from the 1950s to present
This research summarized the history of Korea’s affordable housing and supply policy, policy promo-tion methods, evaluapromo-tion, and suggespromo-tions. It was performed to share Korea’s experiences so that the government officials of developing countries may refer to it. The research described the afford-able housing construction trends and the main policies of Korea, chronologically and systematically, from the 1950s to the present. It is divided into four periods and arranged by trends; starting with the policy for construction and supply of affordable housing, providing a basis for a massive supply of housing and land for houses; mass provision of housing and financial crises; and construction and supply of affordable housing according to the demands.
through constructing planned new towns near a major urban area. In the latter growth period, it is most critical to prepare a system that will improve residential welfare for low-income households; furthermore, housing inventory management should be treated as an import-ant issue. Furthermore, housing prices and ren-tal fees have been continuously increasing and the burden on ordinary people regarding resi-dential costs is increasing as well in the late period of high growth. Therefore, in order to prevent the above-mentioned issues, the pro-vision of various public rental houses is sug-gested.
This research was designed to introduce a change of paradigm by time and development processes of new towns in Korea, which chan-ged their place according to urbanization, to development experts of developing countries.
As for major issues, the research dealt with the development background and chan-ges in the promotion process for Korean-style new towns, promotion content, methods, and eval-uation.
Korea has undergone a full-fledged and rapid urbanization since the 1960s when eco-nomic development was actively promoted.
Reviewing promotion details of Korean-style new towns by each period, the content may be classified largely into ① A new town period that is comprised of industrial functions (1960~1970s): Construction of industrial cities, new industrial complexes, and complex clusters that have led to economic growth; ② A new town period that focused on housing supply (1980~1990s): Construction of new towns in the first metropolitan zone (Bundang, Ilsan, Pyongchon, Sanbon, and Joongdong) and the second metropolitan zone (10 new towns in the cities of Pangyo, Dontan, Gimpo, Paju, Gwanggyo, etc.); and ③ A new town period with complex functions (2000s): Con-struction of cities and new towns led by the
private sector and new towns with complex functions (innovation and enterprise cities).
As for the promotion method for Korean-style new towns, the promotion system by type.
including the industrial function, the housing function, and complex function, etc., were reviewed, as well as the transition process for laws and regulations by type.
According to the promotion system by period, the metropolitan zone policy of Korea since the 1960s has been promoted and classi-fied into four periods in terms of urban man-agement policy. First, there is the restrictive policy period (1960~1970s). In that period, the government employed a restrictive policy in order to suppress the concentration of pop-ulation in Seoul and other metropolitan cities.
However, as migration accelerated into the large cities due to an increase in opportunities for employment in the cities, the partial restrict-ion policies did not work properly. Second, there is the decentralization policy period (1971~1976), during which the government had employed nationwide a population decen-tralization policy for balanced development.
Targeting balanced development nationwide, the government designated key station cen-ters in each region and distributed population and industrial functions to the regions, in order
Ⅳ -2. Knowledge Sharing Program (KSP) : New Town Development in Korea
KSP 발전경험 모듈화사업 : 한국형 new town 개발
Name of Project New Town Development in Korea Research Period May ~ Dec. 2011 (About 7 months) Conducted by KRIHS
Ordering Organization The KDI (Korea Development Institute) School of Public Policy and Management
Purpose To chronologically summarize from the 1960s to present the trends in new town development in Korea and major policies
for them to lead with new changes in using the national territory. Third, there is the acco-mmodation policy period (1977~1990). In this period, the government emphasized the form-ation of reverse-densificform-ation, settlement zones, and multi-nucleated structures; expan-sion of economies of concentration; and reg-ional settlements for the population. The fourth is the expansion and development period (1990s~present). Since around 1990, new towns, including Bundang and Ilsan, were constructed in metropolitan zones. Given a series of regional government policies since the construction of Bundang, new towns changed the trend in government policy from a policy in the accommodation-level to one of expansion aiming to actively develop the cities.
Lastly, the development direction for Korean-style new towns in terms of the four perspectives on urban development was suggested. That is, from the perspective of preparation for a low-growth era of the pop-ulation; reflections on a new paradigm; co- existence that pursues comprehensive values;
and respect for opinions on various subjects.
At a time when the international community showed increasing interest in Korea’s develop-ment models, due to the successful comp-letion of the G20, there has been a sharply rising demand in numerous developing coun-tries for learning from Korea’s development experiences, which has allowed a rapid econ-omic development in a short period of time. As for the development cases in Korea, develop-ing countries have been showdevelop-ing interest in detailed policies such as the laws and improve-ment in the system, rather than just a compre-hensive introduction. Therefore, the Know-ledge Sharing Program (KSP) for development experience was led by the Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) and launched in 2010.
The MOSF systemically arranged Korea’s development experiences. Especially, this pro-ject was expanded to all government depart-ments and agencies under the supervision of the MOSF from 2011, and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) engaged in five projects out of 40 KSP tasks.
The MLTM has an insufficient systemized content on policy consulting for developing countries; therefore, this research aimed to promote modular projects in four areas: water resources, port development, industrial com-plexes, and urban railroads, for which there is a
high demand, even though these areas were not included in the KSP projects of the MOSF among the representative projects promoted by the MLTM. This research is expected to contribute substantially to the enactment and execution of policies for developing countries through the descriptions of the background and the purpose of the projects, development process, main achievements of the projects, the role of the government, financing and hind-rances, evaluation of policies, and lessons and implications for each area.
Ⅳ -3. Knowledge Sharing Program (KSP) for the Area of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
국토해양분야 발전경험 모듈화사업
Name of Project Development Experience Modularization Project Research Period Dec. 2011 ~ April 2012 (About 5 months) Conducted by KRIHS
Ordering Organization Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) of Korea Purpose To summarize chronologically Korea's areas of water resources, port
development, industrial complex development, and urban railway development in Korean and English, since the 1960s to present
This research presented the current facts and expectations of official development assist-ance (ODA) for national territory and maritime affairs by reviewing aid projects, grant-based projects, and aid and grant combined projects as well as multilateral projects involving nation-al territorination-al and maritime affairs of Korea. Fur-thermore, it is to produce strategic sugges-tions for the execution system in each area through analysis and evaluation of the status of ODA in the national territory and maritime affairs of advanced countries such as the USA, UK, and Japan.
This research consists of five chapters in total. In Chapter 2, there is a review of foreign and domestic ODA situations and changes in policy. First of all, this study reviewed the history of ODA in a macroscopic way, from the 1950s to the present, and then touched on foreign and domestic situations and policy changes related to ODA. Chapter 3 described the status and expectations of ODA involving the national territory and maritime affairs of Korea. It reviewed the overall system of ODA governance and facts and expectations of ODA involving national territory and maritime
affairs of the Economic Development Coop-eration Fund (EDCF) (aid) and the Korea Inter-national Cooperation Agency (KOICA) (grant).
Chapter 4 reviews the governance system of ODA donation countries such as the USA, UK, and Japan and the facts and charact-eristics of foreign assistance of each country.
Then, it provides suggestions by reviewing the status of ODA in the national territorial and maritime affairs by country. Chapter 5 presents the activation plan of the ODA in respect of the national territory and maritime affairs. For this purpose, the study suggests the fundamental direction and promotion strategy for the acti-vation of ODA and the establishment of a pro-motion system.
The major conclusions and policies derived through this research are as the following. The researchers set the basic direction for act-ivating ODA in the national territory and mari-time affairs as ① the development of contents for the national territory and maritime affairs; ② a combination of grant and aid ODA projects;
③ intensifying projects according to each areas of national territory and maritime affairs; and ④ establishing a network of national territory and
Ⅳ -4. Research on the Solutions of Utilizing Official Development Assistance (ODA) in Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
국토해양분야 ODA 활성화 방안 연구Name of Project Research on the Solutions of Utilizing ODA in Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
Research Period July 20 ~ Nov. 20, 2011 (4 months) Conducted by KRIHS
Ordering Organization The Overseas Construction Department of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) of Korea
Purpose To provide solutions of utilizing ODA in land, transport, and maritime affairs by actively responding to a new environment for global development partnership, contribute to the realization of common interests of the world, and suggest implementation solutions for ODA in land, transport, and maritime affairs
maritime affairs through forming a central con-trol tower.
As for the promotion strategies, the follow-ing was suggested: ① establishfollow-ing the ODA strategies of the MLTM; ② developing cont-ents for the national territory and maritime affairs; ③ dispatching personnel resources for international development cooperation; and ④ finding and expanding ODA projects.
Finally, it was emphasized that a promotion system would be required to follow the funda-mental direction and strategies and also to make sure it operates properly. The promotion system is a specialized institute of ODA for the national territory and maritime affairs and has been tentatively named the Infrastructure Dev-elopment Cooperation Center. It will play the role of providing training in the infrastructure area, consulting on development, and estab-lishing networks. As a plan to establish the Infrastructure Development Cooperation Cen-ter, it was suggested that it is assigned to the center as a department under the MLTM, or an affiliated agency under the Ministry, or reorgan-ized as an expansion of the GDPC of KRIHS.
Lastly, for setting up a responsible structure for ODA policies of the central government, the researchers suggested setting up the Infra-structure Development Cooperation Center (tentative name).
The Seoul Development Agenda that was adopted at the G20 Summit highlighted the issue of support with infrastructure for dev-eloping countries through global development cooperation. Accordingly, a more strategic approach is required for achieving that object-ive, given that the role of the MLTM is increas-ing. However, international cooperation in the areas of national territory and maritime is assigned to many departments and individually executed by each department without a uni-fied management. Therefore, it is required to establish a long-term strategy for international cooperation in national territory and maritime areas that the MLTM supervises on an overall level, so that the Ministry may promote inter-national cooperation systemically and effect-ively. Prior to establishing the strategies for