난이도

(1)

텍스트를 입력하세요.

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/20번/유형:요지/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

1

① 스트레스 유발 요인은 사람마다 다양하다.

② 적당한 긴장감은 집중력과 수행 속도를 향상한다.

③ 과도한 경쟁의식은 성급한 상황 판단을 부추긴다.

④ 적절한 휴식은 암기력을 향상하는 데 도움이 된다.

⑤ 자기 능력을 의심하면 과도하게 애쓰다가 일을 그르친다.

Anyone who has tried to complete a jigsaw puzzle as the clock ticked on toward a deadline knows that the more they struggle to find the missing pieces, the harder it is to find them. As soon as the clock stops, on the other hand, the pieces virtually find each other. Why do the answers we missed in an exam so often occur to us as soon as we turn in the test? The answer, surely, is that we are trying too hard. We are trying in an anxious or frustrated way, and not surprisingly, this makes us tense up. This kind of trying results from doubt. If we didn’t doubt our ability to perform the task at hand, we wouldn’t need to try. You don’t “try” to sit down and pick up the newspaper when you get home from work, do you?

(2)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

2

① uniqueness ② safety

③ certainty ④ harmony

⑤ fairness

Recent research by Juliet Zhu and J. J. Argo suggests that making subtle changes to the seating arrangements in meetings can have an effect on what people choose to focus their attention on. For example, the study found that circular seating arrangements typically activated people’s need to belong. As a result, they were more likely to focus on the group’s collective objectives and be persuaded by messages and proposals that highlighted group benefits rather than benefits to any one individual. This effect was reversed, however, when the seating arrangement was either angular (think Lshaped) or square. These seating arrangements tended to activate people’s need for ________. As a result, people were more responsive and reacted more favorably to messages and proposals that were selforiented and that allowed them to elevate their individualism.

(3)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/34번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

3

① good tools make fine work

② nothing is what you think it is

③ having many options is not a blessing

④ the more we know, the more we want

⑤ deep learning is composed of small parts

It’s a common practice during creativity seminars to give participants a bag full of materials and then a problem to solve. The materials are usually everyday items. Their use is obvious to all. You are then to use those materials in whatever ways you want to solve the problem; however, there isn’t usually an obvious connection between the items and your problem. For instance, maybe you have to figure out how to create a

communication device using a hammer, tape, a hairbrush, and a bag of marbles. Most people have a cognitive bias called functional fixedness that causes them to see objects only in their normal context. The use of the materials in their ordinary way will generally lead to no workable solutions. The really exciting solutions come from overcoming functional fixedness and using these everyday items in new ways. To see the possibilities it is helpful to take the viewpoint that ___________. [3점]

(4)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/35번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

4

Parents play a huge role in every aspect of their children’s life, even in the athletic aspect. ①It is a good thing for parents to encourage and support their children in sports which interest them, and this involves forming a good relationship with the children’s coach. ②Parents and coaches then should help hand in hand to foster a positive athletic atmosphere for players. ③Coaches then should exert extra effort in getting to know the parents of their players, and by so doing, determine ways by which parents are willing to help their children and the team in general. ④Competitive sports should be avoided for children because they are more likely to cause injuries. ⑤When parents and coaches have a dialogue, they also learn more about each other’s expectations and this leads to a better relationship between them as well.

(5)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/36번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

‑ 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

5

Government goods and services are, by and large, distributed to groups of individuals through the use of nonmarket rationing.

*rationing: 배분 **eligibility: 자격

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

(A)The provision of national defense services is one strong example of a good that is freely available to all and not rationed by prices. In other cases, criteria such as income, age, residence, or the payment of certain taxes or charges are used to determine

eligibility to receive benefits.

(B)This means that government goods and services are not made available to persons according to their willingness to pay and their use is not rationed by prices. In some cases, the services are available to all, with no direct charge and no eligibility requirements.

(C)For example, to receive Social Security pensions in the United States, individuals must be of a certain age, have worked for a certain period of time (about 10 years) while covered by Social Security, and must have paid their share of Social Security taxes during that time. [3점]

(6)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/37번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

6

Why do meteorologists measure temperature in the shade, rather than in the Sun? Aren’t people more interested in the temperature in the Sun? Why don’t they report it?

*meteorologist: 기상학자

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A)So a thermometer in the Sun does not measure the air temperature. On the other hand, the temperature of the air in the shade is usually the same as that in the Sun. So if you really want to know the temperature of the sunlit air, measure it in the shade.

(B)However, if you put a thermometer in direct sunlight, the redcolored alcohol absorbs more sunlight than does the transparent air. That makes the thermometer hotter than the air. Of course, heat will flow from the thermometer into the air, but if the Sun keeps shining on the thermometer, the thermometer will always be hotter.

(C)It turns out that there is a good reason. Thermometers are supposed to measure air temperature. When you place them in a room, they eventually reach the same

temperature as the air.

(7)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/38번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

‑ 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

7

Twentyfive years ago, The Road Less Traveled, by psychiatrist M. Scott Peck, was just another psychology/relationship book lying unnoticed on bookstore shelves.

*flop: 실패작 The movie industry is obviously affected by personal recommendations. Even though well over a billion dollars is spent every year on promoting new movies, people talking to people is what really counts. (①) According to Marvin Antonowsky, head of marketing for Universal Pictures, “Word of mouth is like wildfire.” (②) This point is well illustrated by the number of lowbudget movies that have succeeded with little or no advertising―and by the number of bigbudget flops. (③) Like the movies, book publishing is another industry where lots of money is traditionally spent on advertising but can’t begin to compete with the power of friends telling friends about their discoveries. (④) Then a few people read it, told their friends, and started a chain reaction that is still going on. (⑤) Today, there are well over two million copies in print.

(8)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/39번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

8

An object smaller than the distance between waves is a poor receiver for those waves.

*infrasound: 초저주파음

*dissipate: 소멸하다 Infrasound has the special characteristic of traveling well in the ground or water; in fact, the waves of an earthquake can be thought of as a form of infrasound. (①) Because

sound travels much faster in ground than in air, groundborne vibrations, if perceived, can serve as an early warning system, arriving well before airborne sound from the same source arrives. (②) Infrasound dissipates less rapidly in air, making it ideal for long- distance communication. (③) Perception of infrasound, however, presents some specific problems. (④) Thus, infrasonic receivers need to be large and tend to be found on the large animals able to generate infrasound. (⑤) This is probably the reason that infrasonic communication is used by only a few animals, and the best understood infrasonic

communication system is the African elephants’.

(9)

[2017년/3월/고3/전국/40번/유형:요약문/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

9

*embark on: ~에 들어가다 *deity: 신(神) The (A)______ of medical information will be greatly improved, which will give more power to (B)_______ than ever before.

(A) (B)

① availability patients

② availability doctors

③ credibility researchers

④ credibility patients

⑤ productivity doctors

Getting firstrate health care will always be quite different from ordering something from an online bookstore. We’re talking about the most precious part of life―one’s

health―not buying a book. But the common thread is the power of information and individualization. We are embarking on a time when each individual will have all their own medical data and the computing power to process it in the context of their own world. There will be comprehensive medical information about a person that is highly accessible, analyzable, and transferable. This will set up a fundamental power shift, putting the individual at center stage. No longer will MD stand for medical deity. What have been called the six most powerful words of the English language—“The doctor will see you now”—will no longer be true. Indeed you will still be seeing doctors, but the relationship will be radically altered.

(10)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

10

You can use a third party to compliment a person you want to befriend and still get the

“credit” for making the target of your compliment feel good about themselves and, by extension, feel good about you. When you (A) [directly/indirectly] compliment other people, particularly anybody who suspects you might want something from them, they tend to discount your efforts because they suspect you are intentionally trying to

influence them through flattery. A third-party compliment (B)[eliminates/encourages] this skepticism. To construct a third-party compliment you will need to find a mutual friend or acquaintance who knows both you and your person of interest. Further, you should be relatively certain that the third-party individual you choose will be likely to pass along your compliment to the person for whom it was intended. If this (C) [clarification/

transmission] of information is successful, the next time you meet your person of interest, he or she will see you from a positive perspective.

(A) (B) (C)

① directly …… eliminates …… clarification

② directly …… encourages …… clarification

③ directly …… eliminates …… transmission

④ indirectly …… encourages …… transmission

⑤ indirectly …… eliminates …… clarification

(11)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/33번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

11

① appreciate the significance of family

② shape the perceptions you have of yourself

③ go back to the comfort zone you belonged to

④ celebrate more traditional holidays than before

⑤ notice the larger human commonalities you share

Here’s something I learned growing up in a military family and living overseas as a child.

Being in environments where people did not look like me or even speak the same language as me forced me out of the comfort zone of obvious similarities. When you walk out of your house knowing that most of the people on your street speak a different language, you can either get hung up on that fact or you can open your eyes and begin to ________. Perhaps your nationality and language and culture and skin color are not the same, but your love of family and strawberries and holiday traditions are undeniably alike. It was a training ground for spotting commonalities. And there began my intrigue with cultures and language and people. Overfocusing on differences narrows your influence. But when you focus on commonalities, your influence grows.

(12)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/34번/유형:연결사/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

12

For almost every location in the world, there is an “optimal” temperature at which deaths are the lowest. On either side of this temperature—both when it gets colder and warmer

—death rates increase. (A)________, what the optimal temperature is is a different issue. If you live in Helsinki, your optimal temperature is about 59°F, whereas in Athens you do best at 75°F. The important point to notice is that the best temperature is typically very similar to the average summer temperature. (B)_________, the actual temperature will only rarely go above the optimal temperature, but very often it will be below. In Helsinki, the optimal temperature is typically exceeded only 18 days per year, whereas it is below that temperature a full 312 days. Research shows that although 55 extra people die each year from it being too hot in Helsinki, some 1,655 people die from it being too cold.

(A) (B)

① However …… Thus

② However …… Otherwise

③ In addition …… Instead

④ For instance …… Similarly

⑤ For instance …… That is

(13)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/35번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

13

Imagine that you just played “Happy Birthday” on a tuba. Next, you play it on a high-pitched violin. None of the tuba’s sounds are duplicated by the violin.

*tuba: 튜바(금관 악기의 일종)

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A)The German word Gestalt means form, pattern, or whole. Gestalt psychologists studied thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts. Their slogan was, “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

(B)Yet, we notice something interesting: The melody is still recognizable―as long as the

relationship between notes remains the same. Now, what would happen if you played

the notes of “Happy Birthday” in the correct order, but at a rate of one per hour? What would we have? Nothing!

(C)The separate notes would no longer be a melody. Perceptually, the melody is

somehow more than the individual notes that define it. It was observations like these that launched the Gestalt school of thought.

(14)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/36번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

14

The Earth is a somewhat irregular clock. Some years the length of the day is found to vary by as much as one part in 10 million, or three seconds in a year of 31.5 million seconds.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A)During the winter in the northern hemisphere, water evaporates from the ocean and accumulates as ice and snow on the high mountains. This movement of water from the oceans to the mountaintops is similar to the skater’s extending her arms.

(B)In addition, there are also seasonal changes of a few milliseconds per year. In the winter the Earth slows down, and in the summer it speeds up. Think of the Earth as a spinning skater.

(C)So the Earth slows down in winter; by the summer the snow melts and runs back to the seas, and the Earth speeds up again. This effect is not compensated by the opposite effect in the southern hemisphere because most of the land mass is north of the equator.

[3점]

(15)

[2017년/4월/고3/전국/37번/유형:삽입/난이도:B]

15

We are now at a point where this type of data analysis can no longer be done manually, because people who can do such analysis are rare.

Almost all of science is fitting models to data. Scientists—such as Galileo, Newton, and Mendel—designed experiments, made observations, and collected data. (①) They then tried to extract knowledge by devising theories, that is, building models to explain the data they observed. (②) They then used these theories to make predictions and if they didn’t work, they collected more data and revised the theories. (③) This process of data collection and theory/model building continued until they got models that had enough explanation power. (④) Furthermore, the amount of data is huge and manual analysis is not possible. (⑤) There is thus a growing interest in computer programs that can analyze data and extract information automatically from them—in other words, learn.

(16)

16

In spite of the rare case of receiving rewarding email, we cannot (A)________ the impulse to check email because our behaviors are maintained with the reward presented in a(n) (B)________ way.

According to Skinner, we, too, in most aspects of our lives, are like pigeons pecking at a button to receive little snacks. And this, according to the cognitive scientist Tom Stafford, explains the check-in impulse behind email and other online technologies. Unlike food, email isn’t always rewarding; in fact, it is often annoying. Once upon a time, there could be no new email for days at a time. Much of what we get is uninteresting or indeed difficult to deal with. But every so often we get a message we are very glad to have. That such “rewarding” email comes unpredictably does not dim its attractiveness or keep us from looking for it. On the contrary, the most effective way of maintaining a behavior is not with a consistent, predictable reward, but rather with what is termed “variable reinforcement”—that is, rewards that vary in their frequency or magnitude.

(A) (B)

① resist …… consistent

② resist …… unpredictable

③ notice …… consistent

④ follow …… unpredictable

⑤ follow …… systematic

(17)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/21번/유형:요지/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

17

* locale: 현장, 장소

① 유아의 운동 능력 발달은 유아의 다른 발달에 기여한다.

② 부모와의 정서적 교감은 유아의 지적 호기심을 자극한다.

③ 부모의 관심은 유아의 균형 있는 신체 발달에 필수적이다.

④ 주변 환경의 변화는 유아기 운동 능력 발달을 촉진한다.

⑤ 유아는 시행착오를 통해 공간 지각 능력을 발달시킨다.

Parents are quick to inform friends and relatives as soon as their infant holds her head up, reaches for objects, sits by herself, and walks alone. Parental enthusiasm for these motor accomplishments is not at all misplaced, for they are, indeed, milestones of development. With each additional skill, babies gain control over their bodies and the environment in a new way. Infants who are able to sit alone are granted an entirely different perspective on the world than are those who spend much of their day on their backs or stomachs. Coordinated reaching opens up a whole new avenue for exploration of objects, and when babies can move about, their opportunities for independent

exploration and manipulation are multiplied. No longer are they restricted to their immediate locale and to objects that others place before them. As new ways of

controlling the environment are achieved, motor development provides the infant with a growing sense of competence and mastery, and it contributes in important ways to the infant’s perceptual and cognitive understanding of the world.

(18)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/22번/유형:주제/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

18

* dirty laundry: 치부, 수치스러운 일

① necessity of being cooperative in a crisis situation

②importance of taking the initiative in managing a crisis

③problem of creating false stories to save an organization

④significance of remaining silent in strengthening credibility

⑤advantage of improving the corporate image through media

It is a strategic and tactical mistake to give an offensive position away to those who will use it to attack, criticize, and blame. Since opponents will undoubtedly attack, criticize, and blame, anyway, the advantages of being proactive, airing one’s own “dirty laundry,”

and “telling on oneself” are too significant to ignore. Chief among these advantages is the ability to control the first messages and how a story is first framed. That leaves others having to respond to you instead of the other way around. This approach is appropriately termed “stealing thunder.” When an organization steals thunder, it breaks the news about its own crisis before the crisis is discovered by the media or other interested parties. In experimental research by Arpan and Roskos-Ewoldsen, stealing thunder in a crisis situation, as opposed to allowing the information to be first disclosed by another party, resulted in substantially higher credibility ratings. As significant, the authors found that “credibility ratings associated with stealing thunder directly predicted perceptions of the crisis as less severe.”

(19)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/23번/유형:제목/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

19

* at the helm: 실권을 가진 ** strewn: 표면을 뒤덮은

① How Information Overload Can Cloud Your Judgment

② Multitasking Increases Your Working Memory!

③ How to Prevent Information Flood

④ Do Flashing Screens Reduce Information Overload?

⑤ Emotional Judgment: The Secret of Successful Brokers

If you’ve ever seen the bank of flashing screens at a broker’s desk, you have a sense of the information overload they are up against. When deciding whether to invest in a company, for example, they may take into account the people at the helm; the current and potential size of its market; net profits; and its past, present, and future stock value, among other pieces of information. Weighing all of these factors can take up so much of your working memory that it becomes overwhelmed. Think of having piles and piles of papers, sticky notes, and spreadsheets strewn about your desk, and you get a picture of what’s going on inside the brain. When information overloads working memory this way, it can make brokers ― and the rest of us ― scrap all the strategizing and analyses and go for emotional, or gut, decisions.

(20)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/28번/유형:어법/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

20

* brood parasite: (알을 대신 기르도록 하는) 탁란 동물 Though most bees fill their days visiting flowers and collecting pollen, some bees take advantage of the hard work of others. These thieving bees sneak into the nest of an ①

unsuspecting “normal” bee (known as the host), lay an egg near the pollen mass being gathered by the host bee for her own offspring, and then sneak back out. When the egg of the thief hatches, it kills the host’s offspring and then eats the pollen meant for ② its

victim. Sometimes called brood parasites, these bees are also referred to as cuckoo bees, because they are similar to cuckoo birds, which lay an egg in the nest of another bird and ③ leaves it for that bird to raise. They are more ④ technically called

cleptoparasites. Clepto means “thief” in Greek, and the term cleptoparasite refers specifically to an organism ⑤ that lives off another by stealing its food. In this case the cleptoparasite feeds on the host’s hard-earned pollen stores.

(21)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/30번/유형:지칭/난이도:B]

‑ 밑줄 친 부분이 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?

21

Medicine became big business with the expansion of new, higher-cost treatments and the increased numbers of health care providers in the United States. As more health care providers entered the market, competition increased among ① them. Interestingly, the increase in competition led health care providers to recommend more services to the persons ② they served. This phenomenon reflects a unique feature in the health care industry ― provider-induced demand, which allows health care providers to maintain ③ their income even as competition increases. Average consumers of health care do not know how to diagnose ④ their medical conditions and do not have a license to order services or prescribe medications. So consumers rely on the knowledge of health care providers to determine what services are needed, even though ⑤ they stand to make more money by ordering more services.

(22)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/31번/유형:빈칸/난이도:B]

22

① time scales of geological activity

② global patterns in species diversity

③ regional differences in time perception

④ statistical methods for climate projections

⑤ criticisms of geological period classifications

Interest in extremely long periods of time sets geology and astronomy apart from other sciences. Geologists think in terms of billions of years for the age of Earth and its oldest rocks ― numbers that, like the national debt, are not easily comprehended.

Nevertheless, the _________________ are important for environmental geologists because they provide a way to measure human impacts on the natural world. For example, we would like to know the rate of natural soil formation from solid rock to determine whether topsoil erosion from agriculture is too great. Likewise, understanding how climate has changed over millions of years is vital to properly assess current global warming trends. Clues to past environmental change are well preserved in many

different kinds of rocks.

(23)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/35번/유형:흐름/난이도:B]

23

Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural trait that seems to be under the guidance of another, genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to babies (high foreheads and small faces). ① Cute, baby-like features are inherently appealing, producing a nurturing response in most humans. ② Teddy bears that had a more baby-like appearance ― however slight this may have been initially ― were thus more popular with customers. ③ Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which bears were selling best and so made more of these and fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their profits. ④ As a result, using animal images for commercial purposes was faced with severe criticism from animal rights activists. ⑤ In this way, the selection pressure built up by the customers resulted in the evolution of a more baby-like bear by the manufacturers.

(24)

[2017년/6월/고3/학평/36번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

24

It takes time to develop and launch products. Consequently, many companies know 6—12 months ahead of time that they will be launching a new product.

① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C)

③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B)

⑤ (C) － (B) － (A)

(A) This marketing technique is called demand creation. It involves creating a buzz about a new potentially revolutionary nutrient or training technique through publishing articles and/or books that stimulate the reader’s interest. Once this is done, a new product is launched.

(B) Over a series of issues, you begin to see more articles discussing this new nutrient and potential to enhance training and/or performance. Then, after 4—6 months, a new product is coincidentally launched that contains the ingredient that has been discussed in previous issues. Books and supplement reviews have also been used as vehicles to promote the sale of fitness and nutrition products.

(C) In order to create interest in the product, companies will often launch pre-market advertising campaigns. In the nutrition industry, articles are often written discussing a new nutrient under investigation.

(25)

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25

There’s a direct counterpart to pop music in the classical song, more commonly called an

“art song,” which does not focus on the development of melodic material.

* embellish: 꾸미다 ** tried-and-true: 유효성이 증명된

① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C)

③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B)

⑤ (C) － (B) － (A)

(A) But the pop song will rarely be sung and played exactly as written; the singer is apt to embellish that vocal line to give it a “styling,” just as the accompanist will fill out the piano part to make it more interesting and personal. The performers might change the original tempo and mood completely.

(B) Both the pop song and the art song tend to follow tried-and-true structural patterns.

And both will be published in the same way ― with a vocal line and a basic piano part written out underneath.

(C) You won’t find such extremes of approach by the performers of songs by Franz Schubert or Richard Strauss. These will be performed note for note because both the vocal and piano parts have been painstakingly written down by the composer with an ear for how each relates to the other. [3점]

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26

Human beings discovered this art thousands of years ago, and they have invented several devices to make it easier and faster.

* distaff and spindle: 실을 감는 막대와 추

In fiber processing the word ‘spinning’ means two quite different things. ( ① ) One is the formation of individual fibers by squeezing a liquid through one or more small openings in a nozzle called a spinneret and letting it harden. ( ② ) Spiders and silkworms have been spinning fibers in this way for millions of years, but chemists and engineers learned the procedure from them only about a century ago. ( ③ ) In the other kind of spinning ― sometimes called throwing to prevent confusion with the first kind ― two or more fibers are twisted together to form a thread. ( ④ ) The ancient distaff and spindle are examples that were replaced by the spinning wheel in the Middle Ages. ( ⑤ ) Later came the spinning jenny, the water frame, and Crompton’s mule ― spinning machines that became symbols of the Industrial Revolution. [3점]

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27

Our ancestors gave priority to (A)________ minimum resources rather than pursuing maximum gains, and that was the rational choice for human (B)________ from an evolutionary perspective.

(A) (B)

① securing …… freedom

② sharing …… interaction

③ identifying …… exploration

④ sharing …… prosperity

⑤ securing …… survival

When considered in terms of evolutionary success, many of the seemingly irrational choices that people make do not seem so foolish after all. Most animals, including our ancestors and modern-day capuchin monkeys, lived very close to the margin of survival. Paleontologists who study early human civilizations have uncovered evidence that our ancestors faced frequent periods of drought and freezing. When you are living on the verge of starvation, a slight downturn in your food reserves makes a lot more difference than a slight upturn.

Anthropologists who study people still living in hunter-gatherer societies have discovered that they regularly make choices designed to produce not the best opportunity for obtaining a hyperabundant supply of food but, instead, the least danger of ending up with an insufficient supply. In other words, people everywhere have a strong motivation to avoid falling below the level that will feed themselves and their families. If our ancestors hadn’t agonized over losses and instead had taken too many chances in going after the big gains, they’d have been more likely to lose out and never become anyone’s ancestor.

* homogeneous: 동종의 ** emulate: 따라 하다

(28)

① how suspense is developed in drama

②factors that make suspense movies popular

③the use of dramas to heal emotional problems

④reasons we can predict the storylines in drama

⑤our tendency to make stories from our experiences

In the drama of the theater, suspense follows a predictable recipe. Suspense occurs when wellliked main characters struggle to overcome obstacles and cope triumphantly with threats and dangers to their wellbeing. Such events occasion hopes and fears in the audience―hopes for positive outcomes and fears of negative outcomes to the liked persons. Suspense thrives on hopes and fears. Seeing the hero battle obstacles and overcome crises engages the viewer in an emotional struggle in which the drama’s storyline and its conclusion events carry an emotional impact that would otherwise be missing. For instance, we feel little curiosity upon watching a Pony Express rider deliver mail at the next outpost, but we feel great curiosity via suspense if that same rider is a Western hero who loses his horse to a hostile environment, overcomes rattlesnake bites, outsmarts evilminded outlaws, and otherwise fights his way triumphantly to the next outpost.

(29)

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‑ 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

29

① What Is Happening in the Minds of Sensitive People

② Your Behaviors Affect Your Unconscious Mind

③ Guilt: The Product of Excessive Desire

④ Control Your Negative Emotional Triggers

⑤ Being Sensitive Is Good for Your Mental Health

One of the common problems of sensitive people is an excess of delta brainwaves. If you are one of these people, you might appear overly sensitive to the thoughts, feelings, and needs of other people. Your unconscious mind is picking up too many stimuli from the outside world and absorbing them inappropriately. What do you do with these

stimuli? A common response is to assume that other people’s painful emotions are your own, with very little differentiation between what is yours and what is not yours. Or, because you are more aware of other people’s discomforts, you might feel a need to take responsibility for them―to fix them. Sometimes this desire to fix them is simply an urge to alleviate the pain that you are feeling yourself as a result of being too

interconnected with others’ emotions. Sometimes it is a more complex psychological game: because you can feel it so strongly, you must somehow have caused it. Therefore you feel guilty unless you do something about it.

(30)

[2017년/7월/고3/전국/28번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

30

*vigilance: 경계 There is a reason that prey animals form foraging groups, and that is increased

vigilance. An individual redshank is faced with a choice when feeding. It could spend all of its time being vigilant, looking out for approaching ①predators. If it did so, it would certainly significantly reduce the chance that it would be taken by surprise, but it would also ②starve. A bird with its head in the air scanning for predators cannot at the same

time have its head down searching for food. In reality of course an individual balances the two behaviors in accordance with the situation in which it finds itself, and as a member of a group it can shift the balance towards ③feeding. The bigger the flock of birds, the less time an individual bird devotes to ④relaxation. This is possible because the ⑤presence of many sets of eyes in the flock effectively means that there is always somebody on the look out.

(31)

[2017년/7월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어법/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [3점]

31

The most dramatic and significant contacts between civilizations were ①when people from one civilization conquered and eliminated the people of another. These contacts normally were not only violent but brief, and ②they occurred only occasionally. Beginning in the seventh century A.D., relatively ③sustained and at times intense intercivilizational

contacts did develop between Islam and the West and Islam and India. Most

commercial, cultural, and military interactions, however, were within civilizations. While India and China, for instance, were on occasion invaded and subjected by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both civilizations ④having extensive times of “warring states” within their own civilization as well. Similarly, the Greeks fought each other and traded with each other far more often than they ⑤did with Persians or other nonGreeks.

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*chlorine:[화학] 염소 Sir Humphry Davy recognized ‘the potential scientist’ in Michael Faraday. At that time Davy was working on chlorine. ①He was working very hard to prove that chlorine was an element and not a compound of oxygen as held by many scientists of the day. Davy encouraged Faraday to assist him in ②his experiments, and Faraday agreed with great enthusiasm. In October 1813, Davy went upon a tour of Europe along with ③his wife. He asked Faraday to accompany him as ④his assistant. Faraday’s pleasure knew no

bounds on this bonus offer. He accepted the offer and went along with Davy and his wife and a few others. Till then, Faraday had not seen much outside London. Davy’s offer was simply exciting. Faraday had to resign his job before going on the tour. However, Davy promised to reappoint ⑤him on their returning from the tour. The tour was a wonderful opportunity for selfeducation.

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*increment:증가

① taking one step at a time

② introducing a few constraints

③ discarding the old for the new

④ testing new ideas confidentially

⑤ weakening regulations on technologies

How can a design innovate successfully? By _______________, always considering the interaction between the new ideas and the current work practice. Consider the history of the word processor. Originally, everyone used typewriters, and typing became the work model users understood. Early word processors stayed close to the typewriter model.

They just provided better typing and better correction. Then word processors introduced cut and paste—metaphors taken from the physical operations of cutting with scissors and pasting with glue, something everyone had to do already. These features were an easy extension of the model. Then word processors introduced multiple buffers and multiple documents open at a time, making it easy to share and transfer text across documents. Then they introduced automatic wordwrapping and multiple fonts, and desktop publishing was born. Each step was an easy increment over the previous, and each step walked the user community a little further away from the typewriter model. [3 점]

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Robots are mechanical creatures that we make in the laboratory, so whether we have killer robots or friendly robots depends on the direction of AI research. ①In the West, much of the funding comes from the military, which is specifically given authority to win wars, so killer robots are a definite possibility. ②However, since 30 percent of all

commercial robots are manufactured in Japan, there is another possibility: robots will be designed to become helpful playmates and workers from the very beginning. ③The purpose for developing robot characters in online games is to make the players get enthusiastic. ④This goal is within reach if the consumer sector dominates robotics research. ⑤The philosophy of “friendly AI” is that inventors should create robots that, from the very first steps, are programmed to be beneficial to humans.

(35)

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35

It is possible to measure how far away from us each galaxy is. How? How, for that matter, do we know how far away anything in the universe is? For nearby stars the best method uses something called ‘parallax’.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

⑤ (C)-(B)-(A)

(A) All you need to know is how far apart your eyes are, and you can calculate the distance from eyes to finger by the size of the hops. That is the parallax method of estimating distances.

(B) Hold your finger up in front of your face and look at it with your left eye closed. Now open your left eye and close your right. Keep switching eyes, and you’ll notice that the apparent position of your finger hops from side to side.

(C) That is because of the difference between the viewpoints of your two eyes. Move your finger nearer, and the hops will become greater. Move your finger farther away and the hops become smaller.

(36)

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36

A set of problems in social science centers on the limitations and design of social science research. It is not really possible to conduct some forms of controlled experiments on human beings.

① (A)-(C)-(B) ② (B)-(A)-(C)

③ (B)-(C)-(A) ④ (C)-(A)-(B)

(A) But in realworld observations, we cannot control many factors; this makes it difficult to pinpoint what it is that causes the behavior that we are studying.Moreover, even where some experimentation is permitted, human beings frequently modify their behavior simply because they know they are being observed in a social science experiment.

(B) For example, we cannot deliberately subject people to poverty and deprivation in order to make the necessary observations about causes of violence.In a laboratory, we can control all or most of the factors that go into the experimental situation.

(C)This phenomenon, known as the Hawthorne effect, makes it difficult to determine whether the observed behavior is a product of the stimulus being introduced or merely a product of the experimental situation itself.

(37)

‑ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

37

Certain (A)________ values that exist in one culture also exist in another culture but (B)________.

Paradoxes are statements that seem contradictory but are actually true. Paradoxical values are found within cultures and between cultures. An example is the individual freedombelonging paradox. Individualism is a strong element of American society, and so is the need to belong. It seems paradoxical that both freedom and belonging are strong values of a single culture. The explanation is that in an individualistic society where people want to “do things their own way” and “go it alone,” people tend to become lonely if they don’t make an effort to belong. The opposite is found in Japan, where belonging is an integral part of society, and it takes an effort to behave in an

individualistic way. According to the American Society of Association Executives in Washington, D.C., in 1995, there were some 100,000 associations and clubs in the United States. Seven of every 10 Americans belong to at least one club. There is no such phenomenon in Japan.

(A) (B)

① moral …… in reverse

② moral …… in turn

③ traditional …… temporarily

④ opposing …… in reverse

⑤ opposing …… temporarily

(38)

[2017년/9월/고3/학평/20번/유형:주장/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

38

* treacle: 당밀, 달콤한 것

① 아이들을 칭찬하는 습관을 그만두어야 한다.

② 아이들의 눈높이에 맞는 조언을 해 주어야 한다.

③ 아이들의 행동에 대한 무조건적인 지지를 삼가야 한다.

④ 아이들에게 타인을 칭찬하는 습관을 길러 주어야 한다.

⑤ 아이들에게 감정을 솔직하게 표현하는 방법을 가르쳐야 한다.

Once you start to see praise for what it is ― and what it does ― these constant little evaluative outbursts from adults start to produce the same effect as fingernails being dragged down a blackboard. You begin to root for a child to give his teachers or parents a taste of their own treacle by turning around to them and saying (in the same

saccharine tone of voice), “Good praising!” Still, it’s not an easy habit to break. It can seem strange, at least at first, to stop praising; it can feel as though you’re being chilly or withholding something. But that, it soon becomes clear, suggests that we praise more

because we need to say it than because children need to hear it. Whenever that’s true,

it’s time to rethink what we’re doing. What kids do need is unconditional support, love with no strings attached. That’s not just different from praise ― it’s the opposite of praise.

(39)

[2017년/9월/고3/학평/28번/유형:어법/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

39

* peril: 위험 ** devolve : 퇴화하다

The lack of real, direct experience in and with nature has caused many children to regard the natural world as mere abstraction, that fantastic, beautifully filmed place ①

filled with endangered rainforests and polar bears in peril. This overstated, often

fictionalized version of nature is no more real ― and yet no less real ― to them than the everyday nature right outside their doors, ② waits to be discovered in a child’s way, at a child’s pace. Consider the University of Cambridge study which found that a group of eight-year-old children was able to identify ③ substantially more characters from

animations than common wildlife species. One wonders whether our children’s inherent capacity to recognize, classify, and order information about their environment ― abilities once essential to our very survival ― is slowly devolving to facilitate life in ④ their

increasingly virtualized world. It’s all part of ⑤ what Robert Pyle first called “the extinction of experience.”

(40)

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* sibling: 형제(의), 자매(의)

Most of us probably parent the way we were parented. Louise, a mother who attended my seminars, shared how ① her mother dealt with sibling fighting. Louise said her mother’s infamous threat was always, “If you kids don’t stop fighting, ② I’m going to

knock your three heads together!” Louise and her siblings were always puzzled about the specifics of how their mother would actually accomplish such a task, which,

thankfully, ③ she never attempted. But what drove her mother to make this empty threat? Extreme annoyance with the sibling arguments, probably. No doubt, Louise’s mother had learned this threatening tactic from ④ her own mother, and, in the absence

of any other parenting tools she knew of, she said it to her own children, regardless of whether it worked. If Louise had not learned the effective parenting skills taught in the seminars, ⑤ she would probably be using similarly ineffective threatening techniques with her own children today!

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* hallmark: 특징, 특질

** steepability : (차를) 우려낼 수 있음

One of the hallmarks of evaluating the quality of a black tea is by assessing how tightly the leaves are rolled. Generally, higher-graded teas are teas with leaves that are tightly and uniformly rolled. ① Lower-graded teas, on the other hand, are teas with leaves that are loosely and inconsistently rolled. ②With that said, the tightness of the roll has more to do with the steepability of a leaf than it does with the taste of a tea. ③ The rolling of leaves is done by machine or, sometimes, by hand to break the cell walls of the leaves and release essential oils. ④ Therefore, one should not evaluate the tea’s drinkability or taste merely because its leaves are not tightly rolled. ⑤ It is common to find that people prefer the taste of looser rolled black teas over more expensive or more highly graded black teas that have been tightly rolled.

(42)

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It has been said that eye movements are windows into the mind, because where people look reveals what environmental information they are attending to. However, there is more to attention than just moving the eyes to look at objects.

① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C)

③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B)

⑤ (C) － (B) － (A)

(A) You may have had this experience if you have been reading a book and then

suddenly become aware that although you were moving your eyes across the page and

“reading” the words, you had no idea what you had just read.

(B) Even though you were looking at the words, you apparently were not paying

attention. There is a mental aspect of attention that involves processing that can occur

independently of eye movements.

(C) We can pay attention to things that are not directly in our line of vision, as evidenced by the basketball player who dribbles down court while paying attention to a teammate off to the side, just before she throws a perfect pass without looking. We can also look directly at something without paying attention to it.

(43)

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* ally: 동맹국, 협력자 Unlike the “urban villagers,” whose (A)________ ties to the outside restrict them within their

boundaries, cosmopolitan networks (B)________ from exposure to new information and a more extensive range of relationships.

(A) (B)

① loose …… profit

② loose …… stem

③ loose …… withdraw

④ close …… profit

⑤ close …… stem

The weakness of local networks lies in their self-containment, for they lack input as well as outreach. In a classic study of urban politics, Herbert Gans found that neighborhoods with the highest levels of solidarity often were unable to block unfavorable policies and programs for lack of ties to possible allies elsewhere in the city. It was for this reason that Gans referred to them as “urban villagers.” As the opposite of local networks,

cosmopolitan networks offer little solidarity and have little capacity to comfort and sustain members. But members benefit from a constant flow of new information and from the great reach of their influence, even if it tends to be somewhat lacking in strength. Local networks tend to be small. In contrast, cosmopolitan networks can be huge. Thus, while the “urban villagers” lacked ties even to their local city government, cosmopolitan

network ties often lead into the White House.

(44)

[2017년/10월/고3/전국/22번/유형:주제/난이도:B]

‑ 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

44

*attrition: 소모

① controversies over how to preserve birds’ habitats

② changes in bird behavior due to the climate change

③ competition among bird species over limited food sources

④ necessity of paying close attention to the declining bird population

⑤ relationships between birds’ migration and breeding patterns

Birds, as a whole group, are more sensitive to changes in their environment than other animals, so when they start falling off perches we should all be troubled. They are in the forwardmost trench of nature’s resistance against the relentless attrition of environmental degradation. Our birds are nature’s early warning system and the scientists are telling us that if we don’t start acting on their distress signals, it won’t be long before the rest of the animal world is overrun as well. The populations of many species are declining rapidly because habitats are being destroyed or undermined, food sources are disappearing and, tricked by the increasingly weird and unstable weather, the birds’ migration and breeding patterns are changing. In short, birds are confused and under stress. Just because you can hear your robins, goldfinches, and sparrows chirping away happily in the garden every morning, don’t be fooled into thinking that all is well in ‘birdworld’.

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① Critical Thinking: A Must for Creativity

② Factual Knowledge Is No Longer Required

③ Does Learning Happen Only in the Classroom?

④ Knowledge: A Cornerstone for Cognitive Activities

⑤ Physical Activities Enhance Cognitive Development

Appealing though it might be to offload the responsibility for teaching our students basic knowledge to their elementary school teachers or to the Internet, the research of

cognitive psychologists who study learning and the basic study habits of most students suggest that we cannot do this. One of our first and most important tasks as teachers is to help students develop a rich body of knowledge in our content areas—without doing so, we handicap considerably their ability to engage in cognitive activities like thinking and evaluating and creating. As cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham argued, you can’t think creatively about information unless you have information in your head to think about. “Research from cognitive science has shown,” he explained, “that the sorts of skills that teachers want for their students—such as the ability to analyze and think critically—require extensive factual knowledge.” We have to know things, in other words, to think critically about them.

(46)

[2017년/10월/고3/전국/29번/유형:어휘/난이도:B]

‑ (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

46

(A) (B) (C)

① enough detachment emphasize

② enough involvement sacrifice

③ enough involvement emphasize

④ insufficient detachment emphasize

⑤ insufficient involvement sacrifice

In literature as distinct from journalism, the ablest writers will never assume that the bare bones of a story can be (A)[enough/insufficient] to win over their audience. They will not suppose that an attack or a flood or a theft must in and of itself carry some intrinsic degree of interest which will cause the reader to be appropriately moved or outraged.

These writers know that no event, however shocking, can ever guarantee (B)

[detachment/involvement]; for this latter prize, they must work harder, practicing their distinctive craft, which means paying attention to language and keeping a tight rein on pace and structure. In certain situations, creative writers may even choose to (C)

[emphasize/sacrifice] strict accuracy, and rather than feel that they are thereby carrying out a criminal act, they will instead understand that falsifications may occasionally need to be committed in the service of a goal higher still than accuracy.

(47)

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A middleaged man once asked a young mindfulness teacher for meditation instructions in plain language. He suggested that ①the man carve out five or ten minutes every day

to sit comfortably or lie down and focus on his breathing. When thoughts came to mind, the young teacher told him to ignore them and go back to focusing on his breath.

Although the middleaged man remembered the instructions of ②his teacher, he couldn’t follow them. When his mind got busy, he was sucked into a mental loop of analyzing his problems. When ③he wasn’t thinking, he’d get bored and zone out. Either way, ④this

hopeful new meditator didn’t feel that his time was well spent. When he was thinking and meditating, he figured he’d be better off sitting at his desk, and when he zoned out while meditating, ⑤he figured he’d be better off daydreaming on a long chair in the backyard.

(48)

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*remission: (병의) 회복

① their own judgment ② their land and home

③ medical development ④ social security system

⑤ agricultural technology

One characteristic of people who have achieved peace of mind is their independence.

They trust their instincts. Nobody can tell them what to think if their inner voices say otherwise. Brendan O’Regan tells about a doctoral student who placed an ad in an Idaho newspaper asking if anyone within a 300mile radius had experienced a remission.

Twentyfive people replied. She noticed that many of them were farmer’s wives who had in common a strong faith in ____________________. When she asked one of her interview subjects how she had felt when the doctor told her she had a terminal illness, the woman simply said, “I figured that was his opinion. We’re used to being told all these things by all these experts from the federal government who come in and look at the soil.

They say ‘Don’t plant corn over there because it won’t grow,’ and you plant it and it grows beautifully. So you realize the experts don’t know everything. When the doctor told me I was going to die in six months, I said ‘What does he know, he’s only an expert!’”

(49)

[2017년/10월/고3/전국/37번/유형:순서/난이도:B]

49

The force of gravity is always attractive. It is a force pulling together any two things that have mass. Any amount of mass will cause the attraction, but the more mass the stronger the force.

① (A)－(C)－(B) ② (B)－(A)－(C)

③ (B)－(C)－(A) ④ (C)－(A)－(B)

⑤ (C)－(B)－(A)

(A)That’s because objects always have a positive amount of mass. There is no such thing as negative mass. It’s not like electric charge that comes in both positive and negative values.

(B)That’s why a brick is heavier than a balloon, heavier and harder to hold or move in opposition to the force of gravity. The force also depends on the distance between the objects: the greater the distance the weaker the force.　

(C)The attraction gets weaker and weaker as the objects get further apart, but it never disappears altogether. The force never goes to zero. And it never pushes things away.

(50)

[2017년/11월/고3/수능/23번/유형:제목/난이도:B]

50

* heir : 상속인 ** legislation: 법률, 입법

① The Untold Origin of Copyright Protection

② Creativity Leaps with Longer Copyright Protection!

③ More Is Not Enough: No Limits to Copyright Coverage

④ Who Smiles at Copyright Protection, Writers or Publishers?

⑤ Does Extended Copyright Truly Enhance Protection and Creation?

Individual authors and photographers have rights to their intellectual property during their lifetimes, and their heirs have rights for 70 years after the creator’s death, so any

publication less than 125 years old has to be checked for its copyright status. The duration of copyright protection has increased steadily over the years; the life-plus-70- years standard was set by the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which increased the 50-year limit established by the 1976 Copyright Act. Supporters of such legislation like to defend these increases with tales of starving writers and their impoverished

descendants, but in reality the beneficiaries are more likely to be transnational publishing companies. And note that copyright laws serve a dual purpose. In addition to protecting the rights of authors so as to encourage the publication of new creative works, copyright is also supposed to place reasonable time limits on those rights so that outdated works may be incorporated into new creative efforts. Therefore, the extended copyright

protection frustrates new creative endeavors such as including poetry and song lyrics on Internet sites.