The Nano-World The Nano-World

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The Nano-World

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Lecture Agenda Lecture Agenda

Introduction to Nano-Science Introduction to Nano-Science

Atomic Force Microscope Background Atomic Force Microscope Background

Question:



WHAT IS NANO??? WHAT IS NANO???

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What is Nano??

Nano refers to the scale of nanometers.

This is the scale of molecules, proteins, and This is the scale of molecules, proteins, and other nano-objects that are the topics of this other nano-objects that are the topics of this

course.

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How big is nano?

Nano means one billionth (x 10 Nano means one billionth (x 10

^-9^-9

) )

Written another way: x 0.000000001 Written another way: x 0.000000001

One nanometer equals One nanometer equals

0.000000001 meters 0.000000001 meters

(or (or 0.000000003 feet) 0.000000003 feet)

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How big is a Nanometer?

1 nm = 10

^-9

m

1 nm = 0.000000001 m 1 nm = 0.000001 mm

Dr. Nano,

Nanoscientist

Individual Hair on Nano’s head

100,000nm

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H

One Nanometer One Nanometer

H

H O H

O O

N

One nanometer is slightly larger than these well known molecules

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One Nanometer One Nanometer

Water (H₂0)

DNA Small

Protein

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What is matter made of?

Atoms

Molecules

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What are atoms ? What are atoms ? How big are they?

How big are they?

How well can we “see” them?

Atoms are roughly 2-5 Angstroms in dimension Atoms are roughly 2-5 Angstroms in dimension

2-5 * 10

2-5 * 10 ^-10^-10 m m

Take a millimeter and divide it into 1000 parts:

micron 10^-6 m

Take one micron and divide it into 1000 parts:

nanometer 10^-9 m

Take one nanometer and divide in 10 parts:

angstrom 10^-10 m

~ 1 Ǻ

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The Space Elevator?

Ultra high strength

materials allow tower to be built into space !(?)

What is Nanotechnology?

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Tiny machines in your body

curing cancer?

What is Nanotechnology?

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DNA Computers in a beaker that vastly outperform our fastest

supercomputers?

What is Nanotechnology?

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Well …. Sort of…. Not Really….

Some of these amazing views of the Some of these amazing views of the

future have a grain of reality in future have a grain of reality in them them

We’ll take a look at advances in We’ll take a look at advances in



Materials science Materials science



Molecular computing Molecular computing

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Nanotechnology Nanotechnology

TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES

Nanomaterials Nanomaterials

Nanolithography Nanolithography Scanning Probe Scanning Probe

Microscopy Microscopy Self-Assembly Self-Assembly

APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS

Super fast/small computers Super fast/small computers

Super strong materials Super strong materials

Super Slippery Materials Super Slippery Materials

Tissue Engineering Tissue Engineering

Drug Delivery Drug Delivery

Sensors

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Materials Science: Nanomaterials Materials Science: Nanomaterials

Human Made Human Made

Materials

Materials Biologically Biologically

made materials

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Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes

Buckminster Fullerene C₆₀

Smalley, Curl,

Kroto. Nobel Prize

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Carbon Nano-Tubes Carbon Nano-Tubes

$1500 per gram for single-walled nanotubes

$1500 per gram for single-walled nanotubes Tensile strength of 63

Tensile strength of 63 GPa (high-carbon steel has a GPa (high-carbon steel has a tensile strength of approximately 1.2 GPa)

tensile strength of approximately 1.2 GPa)

Metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density Metallic nanotubes can have an electrical current density

more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as

more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as silversilver and and coppercopper

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Graphein: (Greek) to write Graphite

Diamond

Nanotube Buckyball

The Forms of Carbon

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What’s the big deal about carbon What’s the big deal about carbon

nanotubes???

Amazing Mechanical Properties Amazing Mechanical Properties

Amazing Electrical Properties:



Can be conductors or semiconductors Can be conductors or semiconductors



Could be the building block of nano- Could be the building block of nano- computing

computing

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Applications:

Composite Materials

nanotubes poking out of fractured edge of polymer

composite

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Applications: Electronics Applications: Electronics

21 APRIL 2000 VOL 288 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org

Crossed Nanotube Junctions

M. S. Fuhrer,1 J. Nyg.rd,1 L. Shih,1 M. Forero,1 Young-Gui Yoon,1 M. S. C. Mazzoni,1 Hyoung Joon Choi,2 Jisoon Ihm,2

Steven G. Louie,1 A. Zettl,1 Paul L. McEuen1*

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Advanced Techniques Advanced Techniques

Scanning Scanning

ProbeMicroscopy ProbeMicroscopy

Lithography

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Nanoguitar Nanoguitar

Craighead Group, Cornell

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Nano Electronics and Computing Nano Electronics and Computing

Molecular Electronics Molecular Electronics

DNA computing

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Nano: The Middle Ground Nano: The Middle Ground

“Macroscopic” Scale Galactic Scale

“Microscopic” Scale

Molecular / Atomic Scale Subatomic scale:

Nuclear Physics Partical Physics

atoms Nanoscale

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Nano: The Middle Ground Nano: The Middle Ground

G al ac ti c

“M

ac ro sc o p ic ”

“M

ic ro sc o p ic ”

“N

an o sc o p ic ”

M o lc u la r/ A to m ic S ca le

S u b at o m ic /N u cl ea r P ar ti cl e

? ?

10

₂₀

m 10

₁₀

m 10

₁

m 10

_-6

m 10

_-9

m 10

_-15

10

_-10

m m

?

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What is Nanoscience?

Eigler et al. NATURE 363, 1993

How is nanoscience different than

•Chemistry

•Biology

•Physics

What distinguishes

nanoscience from other sciences?

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The study of nanometer scale things?

DNA

Water Carbon

Nanotubes

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Isn’t this just Biology and Chemistry??

YES … and NO.

Chemistry done in

beakers (many billions of molecules)

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Nanoscience Nanoscience

Studying INDIVIDUAL nanometer Studying INDIVIDUAL nanometer

scale things scale things

Observation

Experiment/Manipulation

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Can Scientists really do this now?

Don Eigler, IBM Iron atoms on a copper surface

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Atomic Manipulation Atomic Manipulation

Scanning Probe Tip

Atom

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Handmaking Molecules!

Wilson Ho UC, Irvine.

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Nanoscience vs.

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology

Nanoscience: exploring and studying the

properties of the nanoscale

Applying the unique properties of the

nanoscale to technology

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The atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning probe microscope, obtains topographical information at the nano-scale. A sharp tip attached to the end of a cantilever rasters across an area while a laser and photodiode are used to monitor the tip force on the surface. A feedback loop between the photodiode and the piezo crystal maintains a constant force during contact mode imaging and constant amplitude during intermittent contact mode imaging.

~ ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

~

HOW DOES IT WORK?

ThermoMicroscopes Explorer AFM

V

Photodiode Mirror

Laser

Tip Piezo

Crystal

Feedback Loop

Substrate

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CLICK on screen to begin

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~ ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

~

Friction

Elasticity

Binding

WHAT CAN WE LEARN?

Imaging direction

Height

Width R_c

TIP

AFM Image and manipulation of an Adenovirus.

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Tip Shape Effects Tip Shape Effects

5-20nm

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Images and Manipulation of Images and Manipulation of

DNA ! DNA !

Departmento Física de la Materia Condensada UAM

Asylum Research

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AFM images: Carbon AFM images: Carbon

Nanotubes

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AFM images: Adenovirus AFM images: Adenovirus

Viral DNA

Atsuko Negishi UNC Mat. Sci.

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AFM images: Silicon Wafers

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AFM images: Butterfly Wing

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AFM images: Eye of a Housefly

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