Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

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Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Palm Kernel Meal and Copra Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass

Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

B. G. Kim, J. H. Lee, H. J. Jung, Y. K. Han*, K. M. Park*1 and In K. Han2 Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Seoul National University, Suweon 441-744, Korea

* Corresponding Author: Y. K. Han. Feed & Livestock Research Institute, NACF, 424-6 Dang-dong, Goonpo, Kyunggido 435-010, Korea. Tel: +82-31-399-0782, Fax:

+82-31-399-2653, E-mail: moakin@chollian.net.

1 Departme^가of Food and Life Science, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea.

2 Address reprint request to In K. Han. 806 Kwachon officetel, 1-14 Pyullyang-dong, Kwachon-shi, Kyunggido, 427-404, Korea. Tel: +82-2-502-0757, Fax: +82-2-502-0758, E-mail: inkhan@ komet.net.

Received October 23, 2000; Accepted December 29, 2000

ABSTRACT : To study the effects of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs, a total of 150 crossbred pigs (Landrace x Duroc x Yorkshire; average 52.11 ± 1.08 kg body weight) were alloted to five treatments, in a randomized block design. The treatments included 1) Control: without PKM or CM, 2) PKM2: 2% of palm kernel meal, 3) PKM4: 4% palm kernel meal, 4) CM2: 2% of copra meal, 5) CM4: 4% of copra meal. During the early finishing period (52 〜74 kg), growth performance was better in CM diets than in PKM diets or control diet, and in overall period (74 〜 100), ADG was lower (p<0.05) in PKM4 diet than the other diets. Nutrient digpstibilies of PKM or CM substituted diets showed the tendency to be lower than those of control diet. In the early finishing period, total amino acid digestibilities of PKM and CM diets had the tendency to be lower than control diet, and in the late finishing period, they were lower (p<0.05) than control diet. Carcass length was longer (p<0.05) in the pigs fed 2% CM than in the pigs fed 4% PKM diet, but other carcass characteristics were not different among treatments. Although the dietary C14:0 content affected (p<0.05) on the C14:0 content in the carcass, the inclusion of PKM or CM in the diet did not affect the total saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of finishing pigs. Although it was not significant, supplementation of CM at the 2% and 4% of control group tended to decrease feed cost per kg weight gain by 2.89 to 1.42%, respectively. In conclusion, copra meal can be a valuable source of protein in the diet for finishing pigs and may replace other protein sources in pig diets to a considerable extent. (Asian-Aust. J* Anim. Sci. 2001. Vol. 14, No, 6 : 821-830)

Key Words : Palm Kernel Meal, Copra Meal, Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fatty Acids, Carcass Characteristics, Finishin응 Pig

INTRODUCTION

The economics of swine feeding are largely dependent on local conditions of feedstuff availability and competition for the same foodstuff for the use by either humans or other anim^시s. A pig has a digestive system with a limited ability to utilize large quantities of coarse feedstuffs and is in direct competition with humans for available food sources. Since protein sources are generally more expensive than energy sources, a wise choice of feedstuffs to minimize diet costs necessitates inclusion in the diet of the smallest amount of protein compatible with normal production.

To reduce the cost of the feed, many attempts have been made to use alternative sources of protein and

energy (Lekule et al., 1986; Han et 이., 1999). In the case of protein source, Kapok seed meal, Palm kernel meal (PKM) and Copra meal (CM) can be proposed.

Palm kernel meal is a by-product after oil extraction from the kernel in the palm nut. The resultant meal, sometimes also referred to as "palm kernel cake", contains from 12 to 23% of crude protein (CP) depending on the process used to extract the oil (PNI, 1990). Palm kernel meal is abundant in tropical areas and many attempts have been made to feed it to livestock (Onwudike, 1986a, b, c; Onifade and Babatunde, 1998; Agunbiade et al., 1999; Perez et al., 2000). However, PKM is usually used in ruminant animal feeds rather than non-ruminant because of its high fiber content, low palatability, and low availability of amino acids and energy (McDonald et al.s 1988).

Corpa meal, a by-product of the coconut oil industry, is often available as a protein source for swine and poultry. Previous studies suggested that copra meal may be used for pigs, but for best results an inclusion level of approximately 30% could be optimal in the diets for growing pigs (Creswell and Brooks, 1971a, b; Tlirone et aL, 1992; Han et aL, 1999). In the contrary, Lekule et al, (1986) reported that pigs fed 20 and 30% of CM compared to a

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822 KIM ET AL.

com-soybean meal based diet had a lower growth performance and suggested that less than 10% of CM was the optimum inclusion level. Han et al. (1999) suggested that finishing pigs fed CM at 4% in a com-soybean diet did not show differences in growth performance and carcass traits (p>0.05) from those fed the diet without CM.

The high fiber content in CM is an important factor that limits its use in swine diets. Several studies have demonstrated the relatively poor digestibility of CM when fed to pigs (Creswell and Brooks, 1971b;

Kuan et al., 1982; Throne, 1986). Although the qualities of PKM and CM are worse than those of other feedstuffs commonly used as protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM), it represents the largest quantity of locally available feed protein in tropical areas.

Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement of SBM with PKM and CM in finisher diets on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of pigs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals and experimental design

A total of 150 crossbred pigs (Landrace x Duroc x Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 52.11 ± 1.08 kg were used in a 9 weeks feeding trial in Seoul National University experimental farm. Pigs were grouped on body weight and sex, and assigned to five treatments according to a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had six replicates with 5 pigs per pen-replicate. The treatments included 1) Control:

without PKM or CM, 2) PKM2: 2% of palm kernel meal, 3) PKM4: 4% palm kernel meal, 4) CM2: 2%

of copra meal, 5) CM4: 4% of copra meal. SBM was replaced by the PKM or GM. The diets were formulated to contain approximately 3,350 ME kcal/kg for the early finishing phase (0~4 week) and the late finishing phase (4 — 9 week) and 0.91% and 0.70%

lysine for the e ^이ry phase and the late phase, respectively. Vitamins and minerals exceeding the requirements (NRC, 1998) were supplied for each diet

Ta^비e 1. Composition of the experimental diets for early finishing pigs (52 — 74 kg)

Ingredient Control

(SBM*)

PKM** (Malaysia) CM*** (Philippines)

2% 4% 2% 4%

Com 73.04 72.55 72.13 72.56 72.18

Soybean meal 23.20 21.20 19.20 21.20 19.20

Palm kernel meal - 2.00 4.00 - -

Copra meal - - - 2.00 4.00

Animal fat 1.22 1.60 1.95 1.60 1.90

Tricalcium phosphate 1.36 1.42 1.42 1.40 1.43

Limestone 0.39 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.38

L-Lysine-HCl 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.18 0.24

DL-Methionine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Threonine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Vit.-Min. premix1 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Avilamycin 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Choline chloride 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Sodium chloride 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Chemical composition2

ME (kcal/kg) 3,350 3,349 3,351 3,350 3,350

CP (%) 16.00 15.43 14.87 15.53 15.07

Ca (%) 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70

P (total) (%) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Lysine (%) 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

Met+cys (%) 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.57 0.55

Threonine (%) 0.63 0.60 0.53 0.60 0.57

1 Provided the following per kilogram of diet : vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D& 1,600 IU; vitamin E, 32 IU; d-biotin, 64 11 g; riboflavin, 3.2 mg; calcium pantothenate, 8 mg; niacin, 16 mg; vitamin B12, 12 “g; vitamin K, 2.4 mg. Provided the following per kilogram of diet : Se, 0.1 mg; I, 0.3 mg; Mn, 24.8 mg; C11SO4, 54.1 mg; Fe, 127.3 mg; Zn, 84.7 mg; Co, 0.3 mg.

2 Calculated value.

* Soybean meal; ** Palm kernel meal; *** Copra meal.

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Table 2. Composition of the experimental diets for late finishing pigs (74 ~ 100 kg)

Ingredient Control

(SBM*)

PKM** (Malaysia) CM*** (Philippines)

2% 4% 2% 4%

Com 78.41 77.98 77.90 78.01 77.64

Soybean meal 17.80 15.80 13.80 15.80 13.80

Palm kernel meal 2.00 4.00 - -

Copra meal - - - 2.00 4.00

Animal fat 1.10 1.45 1.59 1.46 1.75

Tricalcium phosphate 1.52 1.55 1.23 1.52 1.56

Limestone 0.31 0.29 0.48 0.32 0.30

L-Lysine-HCl 0.16 0.23 0.30 0.23 0.29

DL-Methionine 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Threonine 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Vit.-Min. Premix1 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Avilamycin 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Choline chloride 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Sodium chloride 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Chemical composition2

ME (kcal/kg) 3,350 3,351 3,351 3,350 3,351

CP 14.00 13.44 12.91 13.52 13.06

Ca 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70

P (total) 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Lysine 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80

Met+Cys 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.49 0.48

Threonine 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.53 0.50

Provided the following per kilogram of diet : vitamin A, 8,000 IU; vitamin D3, 1,600 IU; vitamin E, 32 IU; d-biotin, 64

“g; riboflavin, 3.2 mg; calcium pantothenate, 8 mg; niacin, 16 mg; vitamin B^, 12 p. g; vitamin K, 2.4 mg. Provided the following per kilogram of diet : Se, 0.1 mg; I, 0.3 mg; Mn, 24.8 mg; CuSO4) 54.1 mg; Fe, 127.3 mg; Zn, 84.7 mg; Co, 0.3 mg. 2 Calculated value.

Soybean meal; ** Palm kernel meal; *** Copra meal

(tables 1 and 2).

Experimental diet and vitamin-trace mineral premixes formulas

During the early finishing period (0~4 week), treatment diets (control diet, 16.00% CP and 0.91%

lysine; PKM 2% diet, 15.43% CP and 0.91% lysine;

PKM 4% diet, 14.87% CP and 0.91% lysine; CM 2%

diet, 15.53% CP and 0.91% lysine; CM 4% diet, 15.07% CP and 0.91% lysine) were fed to pigs.

During the late finishing period (4~9 week), treatment diets (control diet, 14.00% CP and 0.80% lysine; PKM 2% diet, 13.44% CP and 0.80% lysine; PKM 4% diet, 12.91% CP and 0.80% lysine; CM 2% diet, 13.52%

CP and 0.80% lysine; CM 4% diet, 13.06% CP and 0.80% lysine) were fed to pigs. Diets were designed to contain the same level of lysine by supplying L-lysine HC1. The ingredients and chemical composit

ion of the experimental diets are presented in tables 1 and 2.

Feeding trials

Pigs were housed in concrete-slatted slurry pens

(1.6 X 3.1 m2 for allowed ad libitum during the entire temperature was experiment.

five finishing pigs), and were access to water and mashed-diet experimental period. The room 10 ~ 16 °C through the whole

Digestibility tri^이s

For early and late finishing periods, experimental diets were provided to the pigs on a weekly rotation basis. After four days of adaptation period, total excreta were collected through three consecutive days.

The amount of feed consumed and total excreta were recorded daily during the metabolic trial. Collected excreta were pooled and dried in an air-forced drying oven at 60 °C for 72 hours and then ground with 1 mm Wiley mill for chemical analyses.

Chemical analyses

Chemical analyses of proximate nutrients in diets and feces were made according to the methods of AOAC (1990) and calcium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, AA625, Japan). Gross energy contents of feed and feces were

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824 KIM ET AL.

measured using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Parr Instrument, Moline, IL). Amino acid contents were determined, after a^어d hydrolysis with 6 N HC1 at 110

°C for 16 hours (Mason, 1984), using an amino acid analyzer (Biochrom 20, Pharmacia Biotech. England).

Fatty acid profile and Editing point determination After slaughtering the pigs, samples of inner backfat (10th) were collected from 6 pigs per treatment. Fatty acid profiles were determined by lipid extraction (Folch et al., 1957) and subsequent esterification with sodium methylate (0.5 N) and 20%

boron trifloride-methanol complex in methanolic solution (Guardiola et al., 1994). The fatty acid methyl esters were separated by a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu) equipped with Supelcowax™10 capillary column (30 m long and 0.25 mm I.D.). The conditions used were as follows: from 160°C to 210°C at 5 °C/min and 30 min at 210°C; the injector temperature was 230°C; detector temperature was 230

°C; split flow was 23.0 mL/min. Quantification was carried out through area normalization, expressing the results as percentage of each fatty acid relative to total fatty acids. Volume injected was 0.7

卩

L.

Identification was made by comparison with retention times of the conesponding pure standards. Melting point of fat was determined by AOAC (1990).

Carcass characteristics

At the termination of each experiment, 24 pigs per treatment were ^이aughtered to obtain carcass data. Hot carcass weight was determined immediately after slaughter. Percentage of muscle was calculated according to the NPPC (1991) equation for ribbed carcasses containing 5% fat when carcass weight is not held constant.

Statistical analyses

Statistic시 analysis was carried out by comparing means according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955), using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (1985). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nutrients composition

The analyzed nutrients compositions of soybean meal (SBM), palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) are shown in table 3. The contents of crude protein of PKM and CM were lower than that of SBM. The levels of lysine and methionine of PKM and CM were lower than those of SBM. Therefore, the low lysine and sulfur-containing amino acid contents of CM (Creswell, 1971a) have necessitated supplementation of coconut-based diets with these

amino acids for optimal production (Panigrahi, 1992).

The levels of fiber of PKM and CM are higher than that of SBM.

Growth performance

The effects of replacement of SBM with PKM and CM on growth performance of finishing pigs are presented in table 4. During the early finishing period (54 to 74 kg), average daily gain (ADG) was highest (p<0.05) in pigs fed a diet containing 4% CM and lowest (p<0.05) in pigs fed a diet containing 4%

PKM. Pigs fed 4% CM showed higher (p<0.05) ADG than those fed 2% and 4% PKM diets. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was highest in pigs fed a diet containing 4% CM. Feed/gain (F/G) was not affected by dietary treatments. During the late finishing period (75 to 100 kg), pigs fed 4% PKM diet showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than others. Pigs fed a diet with 4%

PKM showed greater F/G (p<0.05) than control group, but other treatment groups did not show significant difference from control. During the overall experimental period (0 to 9 weeks, 54 to 100 kg body weight), 4% PKM diet showed significantly worse ADG than other treatments, worse F/G than control diet and 2% CM diet, but other treatment groups did not show significant difference in ADG, ADFI and F/G from control.

In the present study, the use of PKM to replace SBM decreased (p<0.05) growth performance.

However, the use of CM to replace SBM did not affect the growth performance of the finishing pigs.

This result indicated that CM might replace up to 4%

of the protein supplied by SBM without any deleterious effect on growth performance of finishing pigs. This is partially in agreement with Han et al.

(1999), who observed that growth performance was not affected (p^그0.05) at the level of 4% replacement

Ta비e 3・ Chemical composition of SBM*, PKM**

and CM***

Item SBM PKM

(Malaysia)

CM (Philippines)

Moisture 11.84 9.42 9.69

Crude ash 6.12 3.98 6.66

Crude protein 45.63 15.53 20.60

Crude fat 2.06 8.09 2.54

Crude fiber 7.01 17.37 11.99

Amino acids (% of DM):

Lysine 4.27 1.80 1.49

Methionine 0.99 0.99 1.62

Minerals (% of DM)

Ca 0.32 0.12 0.01

P 0.70 0.55 0.50

K 0.86 0.06 0.21

Soybean meal;

、

*

、

* Palm kernel meal; *** Copra meal.

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of SBM with CM in diets of finishing pigs.

In our experiment, the same level of lysine in all diets was maintained by adding L-lysine-HCl.

Increasing the level of PKM and CM in experimental diet decreased the level of crude protein in the diet,

but not the level of lysine. This may indicate that if lysine content is the same, CM might replace up to 4% of SBM without any deleterious effect on growth performance of finishing pigs. It appears that an effective use of CM in diet of pig can be achieved

Table 4. Growth performance of finishing pigs1 Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM*^心

2% 4% 2% 4% SE2

52〜74 kg

adg (kg) 0.793ab 0.739b 0.734b 0.801ab 0.874a 0.002

ADFI (kg) 2.527ab 2.479ab 2.373b 2.480ab 2.679a 0.005

F/G 3.19 3.40 3.28 3.10 3.08 0.066

74〜100 kg

ADG (kg) 0.73^기 0.719a 0.623b 0.715a 0.698a 0.002

ADFI (kg) 2.759* 2.927a 2.587b 2.602b 2.811ab 0.008

F/G 3.73b 4.06ab 4.17a 3.64b 4.02ab 0.073

Overall (53 ~ 100 kg)

ADG (kg) 0.761a 0.728， 0.67 lb 0.752a 0.773거 0.002

ADFI (kg) 2.698 2.804 2.637 2.628 2.817 0.008

F/G 3.54b 3.86ab 3.95 ^저 3.50b 3.62ab 0.073

a,b Means with different superscripts in the row differ (p<0.05).

1 Total of 150 pigs, averaging initial body weight was 52.11 kg and final body weight was 100.02 kg, four pigs/pen, six pens/treatment for 65 days.

흐 Pooled standard error.

* Soybean meal; ** Palm kernel meal; *** Copra meal

Ta^비e 5. Apparent digestibility (%) in the early finishing period Control

(SBM*)

PKM^心 CM***

-SE1

2% 4% 2% 4%

Dry matter 88.41 86.44 86.08 86.69 86.55 0.374

Gross energy 88.28a 86.12ab 85.27b 86.11ab 86.00ab 0.411

Crude ash 62.23a 55.7 lab 53.39b 60.72a 57.46ab 1.147

Crude protein 83.97 82.02 81.05 81.05 80.17 0.586

Calcium 77.44a 67.85b 59.73c 68.00b 58.8Oc 1.856

Phosphate 66.68a 62.96ab 60.18b 64.85ab 63.33ab 0.766

a,D Means with different superscripts in the row differ (p<0.05).

1 Pooled standard error.

Table 6. Apparent digestibility (%) in the late finishing period Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM***

-SE,

2% 4% 2% 4%

Dry matter 89.14c 87.20ab 88.11ab 86.26b 87.53ab 0.361

Gross energy 88.23a 84.20b 85.39ab 85.13b 86.46ab 0.487

Crude ash 60.27a 48.10b 58.71a 54.93ab 61.82a 1.584

Crude protein 86^.기허 78.80c 81.95bc 81.85^或 83.15b 0.715

Calcium 69.86a 57.79b 68.26a 70.35^으 71.90a 1.711

Phosphate 65.38^으 55.69b 63.45^거 60.84ab 66.66a 1.257

a,D Means with different superscripts in the row differ (p<0.05).

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826 KIM ET AL.

Table 7. Apparent digestibilities of amino acids in the early finishing period Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM***

2% 4% 2% 4% SE'

Essential amino acids (%)

Threonine 89.33 86.00 87.02 84.07 83.40 1.039

Valine 84.17 82.87 85.32 76.18 81.40 0.875

Isoleucine 89.45a 81.12b 80.12b 91.60a 79.93b 1.407

Leucine 86.83a 83.71ab 79.46bc 77.50c 72.57d 1.294

Phenylalanine 90.07a 86.61a 74.58b 76.89b 87.14a 1.603

Histidine 76.92 85.24 82.53 80.20 81.97 1.531

Lysine 84.84 84.56 78.63 80.37 84.65 1.387

Submean 84.11 83.88 79.64 82.00 84.06 0.711

Non-essential amino acids Aspartate

(%)

87.16a 82.25° 87.57a 85.2产 844^严 0.648

Serine 93.49a 92.09ab 90.47ab 87.1 ^神 86.02b 1.064

Glutamate 90.83" 66.89c 91.07a 86.46b 85.70b 2.095

Glycine 83.13b 77.40c 78.95bc 80.00bc 87.99a 1.054

Alanine 80.42 77.05 67.55 82.13 81.67 2.564

Tyrosine 80.29* 74.01bc 66" 78.67“ 82.30" 1.595

Submean 87.00a 79.14b 83.12ab 83.20* 84.77거 0.818

TOTAL 85.15a 82.19ab 80.88° 82.6(严 84.41 거 0.538

a,b Means with different superscripts in the tow differ (p<0.05).

Pooled standard error.

Ta^미e 8. Apparent digestibilities of amino acids in the late finishing period Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM***

— SE1

2% 4% 2% 4%

Essential amino acids (%)

Threonine 88.95a 68.48° 84.84a 80.10a 84.56a 1.944

Valine 83.95" 76.82b 82.70ab 79.44ab 80.37* 0.921

Isoleucine 89.59a 81.23b 82.16b 82.83ab 83.38ab 1.090

Leucine 72.46b 80.61a 62.56c 64.69c 66.34^ 1.773

Phenylalanine 90.29^즌 80.63c 78.05" 82.34bc 88.57ab 1.430

Histidine 77.21 73.61 79.73 76.59 76.25 1.587

Lysine 82.92a 70.04b 82.8 la 78.62ab 79.83* 1.747

Submean 84.13a 78.83ab 77.48b 77.88b 79.33ab 0.938

Non-essential amino acids (%)

Aspartate 87.04a 78.92° 84.39a 8O.89b 85.09a 0.801

Serine 92.99a 91.32a 87.99ab 82.35b 86.94ab 1.314

Glutamate 90.72a 83.8 lbc 89.58ab 83.02° 89.29ab 1.058

Glycine 82.93a 73.17b 79.67ab 76.84ab 8O.8Oa 1.148

Alanine 80.27 68.21 64.28 81.62 81.43 3.245

Tyrosine 80.54a 88.13a 65.47b 76.92ab 74.86ab 2.416

Submean 86.79a 79.09b 81.18ab 80.95ab 84.71ab 1.064

TOTAL 85.09a 78.92° 78.80° 78.97° 81.25° 0.710

Pooled standard error.

by combining it with other amino acid sources to normal growth, feed/gain and carcass leaness.

provide a better amino acid balance. This agrees with

the results of Brooks and Thomas (1959) in which the Nutrient digestibility

addition of lysine to a com-peanut ineal diet restored The effects of replacement of soybean meal with

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PKM and CM on nutrient digestibility are presented in table 5 and 6. During the early finishing period, digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein were not significantly different among the dietary treatments (p^그0.05). However, gross energy, crude ash, calcium and phosphate digestibilities were significantly lower in PKM 4% supplemented group (p<0.05). During the late finishing period, the digestibilities of ±y matter and crude protein were significantly highest in control group (p<0.05). Other nutrient digestibilities of PKM or CM diets showed a tendency to be lower than those of control. Lower digestibilities of nutrients in PKM or CM supplemented group seem to be related to their higher crude fiber level than in SBM.

Nongyao et al. (1990) reported that the negative effect of fiber might be from the effect of fiber on transit time, water-binding capacity of fiber, mechanical erosion and absorption of nutrients on the fiber.

Amino acid digestibilities

Table 7 and 8 summarized the effects of replacement of soybean meal with PKM and CM on amino acid digestibilities in finishing pigs. During early finishing period, digestibilities of essential and non-essential amino acids tended to be higher in pigs fed a com-soybean based diet than in other treatments, and non-essential amino acids digestibilities were highest (p<0.05) in the control group and lowest

Ta미e 9. Carcass characteristics of finishing pigs1

Treatments r Control (SBM*)

PKM** CM***

- SE2

2% 4% 2% 4%

Carcass length (cm) 101.5" 100.7" 99.5° 102.6a 100.9" 0.41

Backfat thickness (mm) 23.92 23.46 23.02 21.84 23.78 0.498

Carcass percentage (%) 78.0 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.8 0.18

Carcass grade3 2.18 2.52 2.59 2.20 2.64 0.135

Melting point (°C) 30.22 29.69 29.48 28.81 28.97 0.322

Loin eye area (cm2) 23.82 22.73 20.03 23.24 22.30 0.657

a, ,c Means with different superscripts in the row differ (p<0.05).

1 Total 150 pigs (30 pigs per treatment) were killed at the end of test and measured for fatty acids composition.

1 Total 150 pigs (30 pigs per treatment) were killed at the end of test and measured for carcass characteristics. 30 pigs (6 pigs per treatment) having similar slaughter weight for LEA were used.

호 Pooled standard error.

3 Grade : A=l, B=2, C=3

十 Means of carcass weight, carcass length, backfat thickness and loin eye area were corrected based on final weight as a covariate.

Table 10. Effects of replacement of soybean meal with palm kernel meal and copra meal on fatty acids composition in 10th backfat of finishing pigs*1

' Control PK"

一一

CM* ~

Item (SBM*) 2% 4% 2% 4% SE

3 6 4 8 7 4 8 7 6 0 3 1 4 2 7 2 7 1 2 5 2 0 2 7 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0

。

2

7 1 4 8 9 9 3 6 8 8 5 5

• - 5 4 - - - 5 q 8 8 1 5

l

z

2

1

4

1 ab ab ab 4 5 8

45 72 8

0 2 0 9 7 3 3 3 5 5 2 2 3 1 9 2 1 5 1

」

z 2

1

4

1 4

0 1 2 3 5 2 2 3 0 1 2 2 4 0 3 3 5 2 4 3 5 0 1 2 5 L

z

1

」

z

2

1

4

1 b

ab ab 9 9 4 4 0 8 4 2 5 6 9 1 8 2 0 4 5 6 2 2 4 6 9 5 2 5 L

z

z 2

1

4

1 Fatty acid (%)

C14:0 1.18c

C16:0 22.91

C17:0 040^거

C18:0 12.54

C20:0 0.61

C22:0 0.38

C16:l 2.21

C17:l 0.38 으 b

C18:l 43.60

C20:l 1.00

C18:2 13.45

C18:3 0.21

C20:4 0.59

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828 KIM ET AL.

(p<0.05) in pigs fed diets containing 2% CM.

During the late finishing period, the digestibility of lysine was lower (p<0.05) in pigs fed 2% PKM than control group. In essential amino acids digestibilities, pigs fed a 4% PKM diet and a 2% CM diet showed lower (p<0.05) digestibilities than the control group.

For the non-essential amino acids, pigs fed a 2%

PKM diet showed a lower (p<0.05) digestibility than pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal. The reason for decreasing amino acids digestibility in PKM and CM diet can be explained partly by the higher content of crude fiber in PKM and CM than in soybean meal.

The digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein are lower in PKM or CM replaced diet than in control diet, which means that more nutrients are transferred to the caecum-colon and this results in greater microbial activity (Nongyao et al., 1990). Several studies have indicated that amino acid composition in copra meal protein is imbalanced (Throne, 1986) and is also poorly digestible (Creswell and Brooks, 1971a;

Mee and Brooks, 1973; Thome, 1986).

Carcass and meat percent and backfat characteristics

The effects of replacement of SBM with PKM and CM on carcass characteristics and melting point of inner layers of back fat are presented in table 9.

Carcass length was longer (p<0.05) in the pigs fed a diet containing 2% CM than in the pigs fed a diet containing 4% PKM. Other carcass characteristics were not different among pigs fed the treatment diets. There was a trend for better carcass grade when the copra meal were supplemented at the level of 4% of control.

Melting point and loin eye area were not affected by dietary PKM and CM levels. Rhule (1996) reported dressing percentage, eye muscle area and back fat thickness were significantly affected by level of PKM in the diet. In his experiment, however, in^이usion level of PKM was 0, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg which is higher than this experiment.

Table 10 shows the fatty acid composition of backfat tissue from finishing pigs. For saturated fatty acids, C14:0 and C17:0 showed significant differences (p<0.05). However the level of C14:0 and C17:0 are

Early finishing period Late finishing period Table 11. Fatty acids composition of experimental diets

Item Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM*** Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM***

2% 4% 2% 4% 2% 4% 2% 4%

Fatty acids (%):

Saturated fatty acids

C14:0 0.18 0.52 1.68 0.71 1.38 - 0.79 1.35 0.97 1.28

C16:0 13.05 11.72 12.79 12.82 13.03 13.12 20.81 18.34 24.54 20.62

C18:0 5.52 2.28 3.50 2.68 2.54 2.89 5.28 4.75 6.28 5.47

C20:0 0.42 - - 0.27 - - 0.29 - 0.99

Monounsaturated fatty acids

C18:l 28.04 27.28 24.55 26.21 26.01 26.97 29.36 28.34 26.44 29.62

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

C18:2 52.62 55.18 50.80 53.61 51.17 54.55 40.00 41.78 38.33 33.34

C18:3 1.90 1.82 2.18 2.44 2.50 2.48 1.63 1.86 2.10 2.17

Soybean meal; ** Palm kernel meal; *** Copra meal.

Table 12 Feed cost per kilogram of weight gain in finishing pigs

Item Control

(SBM*)

PKM** CM***

2% 4% 2% 4% -SE1

Total weight gain (kg) 42.23 39.87 38.54 41.39 43.83 0.917

Total feed cost'/pig (W) 27,346" 27,332" 25,717° 26,061“ 28,024^은 996.2 Feed cost/kg weight gain (W) 646,5 689.4 669.7 627.8 637.3 11.82 a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05).

2 1) Average feed costs of each diets for early finishing pigs were 188.3 W/kg for control diet, 186.7 W/kg for PKM 2%

diet, 182.8 W/kg for PKM 4% diet, 187.4 W/kg for CM 2% diet and 186.1 W/kg for CM 4% diet, respectively.

2) Average feed cost of each diets for late finishing pigs were 177.0 W/kg for control diet, 175.5 W/kg for PKM 2%

diet, 174.1 W/kg for PKM 4% diet, 175.6 W/kg for CM 2% diet and 174.2 W/kg for CM 4% diet, respectively.

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numerically lower than other saturated fatty acids. In the case of unsaturated fatty acids, the overall unsaturated fatty acid profiles except for C17:l did not differ among pigs fed the dietary treatments. Thome et al. (1992) observed that the composition of the diet may significantly affect (p<0.001) the fatty acids (C14:0, C16:l, C18:0, C18:2) in pig adipose fat.

In addition, Thome et al. (1992) observed that increasing inclusion level of copra meal was associated with increase in levels of lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) and decrease in stearic acid (Cl8:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2) in the backfat of growing pigs (p<0.001). In our study, as the level of PKM and CM increased in the diet, the level of C14:0 in the diet increased (p<0.05) (table 11).

However, the inclusion level of PKM or CM in the diet did not affect the total saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in the backfat of finishing pigs.

Feed cost

Table 12 summarizes the feed cost per kg weight gain of finishing pigs fed diets different dietary PKM and CM levels. The total feed cost per pig was the highest (p<0.05) in pigs fed diets with 4% CM and lowest in pigs fed diets containing 4% PKM (p<0.05).

This result may be attributed to the difference between total feed cost and weight gain. There was no significant difference in feed cost per kg weight gain among treatments. Although it was not significant, supplementation of CM at the 2% and 4% tended to decrease feed cost per kg of weight gain by 2.89 to 1.42%, respectively. Therefore, we could suggest that in the economical point of view, the replacement of soybean meal with copra meal could save feed cost compared to com-soybean meal based meal.

Based on these results, copra meal can be a valuable source of protein in the diet for finishing pigs and may replace soybean meal up to 4% in finishing pig diets.

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Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

Effect of Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal with Palm Kernel Meal and Copra Meal on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass

Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

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