Gut Composition of Postlarval and Juvenile Anchovy Engraulis japonicus in the Coastal Waters of Yeosu, Korea

(1)

한수지 49(5), 642-647, 2016

642 Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(5),642-647,2016

Original Article

서 론

어류는생활사초기인난과자치어단계를거쳐수산자원에 가입되므로수산자원의양적변동은난과자치어의양적변화에 크게좌우된다

.

특히

,

난황을흡수한후후기자어가처음섭식 을시작하는기간

(critical period)

^동안^자어의^섭식^성공^여부 가연급군

(year class)

^의^크기를^결정지을^수^있다

(Hjort, 1914,

1924).

그러므로수산자원의가입량수준을보다정확히판단

하기위해서는초기생활사단계에서섭식하는먹이생물과이 들변화에대한파악은매우필요하다

.

우리나라에서멸치

(Engraulis japonicus)

는남해안에서가장 많이어획되는어종이며

(Park et al., 2004),

^{치어단계에서부} 터상업적으로이용되어진다

(Kim and Lo, 2001).

멸치자치 어의주먹이생물은요각류

(copepoda)

^및^이들^유생

(nauplii)

이다

(Mitani, 1988; Park and Cha, 1995). Islam and Tanaka

(2009)

^은^일본

Ariake Bay

^에서^멸치^자치어가^섭식하는^요각 류의종을구체적으로나타냈다

. Yasue et al. (2010)

^은^일본

Kii

Channel

에서멸치후기자어가섭식하는요각류의월변화를보

고하였다

.

^또한

, Meng (2003)

^은^황해^중

·

^{남부해역에서}^멸치^자 치어가크기별로섭식하는동물플랑크톤에차이가있음을보 였다

.

^이들^연구들은^멸치가^초기^생활사^단계에서^{성장하면서} 시

·

^{공간적으로}^섭식하는^{먹이생물이}^달라질^수^있음을^나타내 고있다

.

한편

,

^우리나라^연안에서^멸치^자치어의^{먹이생물을}^살펴본 사례로는

Park and Cha (1995)

의연구를제외하면거의찾을 수없었다

. Park and Cha (1995)

^는^{광양만에서}

3-5 mm

^크기의 멸치자어의식성을살펴보았고

,

^이보다^큰^후기자어^및^치어의 식성을살펴본연구는거의전무한실정이다

.

본연구의목적은여수돌산도연안에출현하는멸치후기자 어및치어의주먹이생물을알아보고크기군별먹이생물을파

여수 연안에 출현하는 멸치(Engraulis japonicus) 후기자어 및 치어의 소화관 내용물 조성

유준택·정재묵

¹

*

국립수산과학원 남해수산연구소 자원환경과, 국립수산과학원 연근해자원과

Gut Composition of Postlarval and Juvenile Anchovy Engraulis japonicus in the Coastal Waters of Yeosu, Korea

Joon-Taek Yoo and Jae Mook Jeong

¹

*

Fisheries Resources and Environment Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Yeosu 59780, Korea

1

Coastal Water Fisheries Resources Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea Postlarval and juvenile anchovies Engraulis japonicus were collected using a gape net with wings in the coastal waters of Yeosu in July and August 2015, and their gut contents were analyzed. The size range of the postlarvae was 11.0-24.2 mm (notochord length) and that of the juveniles was 25.1-37.4 mm (standard length). Guts were empty in 64.5% of postlarvae and in 51.7% of juveniles. The dominant prey organisms in the guts of both postlarvae and juveniles were copepoda. Calanoida were important prey organisms for postlarvae and were dominated by nauplii of Paracalanus sp. and Calanus sp. as well as unidentified copepod naupill. Calanoida were also important in the diets of juveniles, whose gut contents were dominated by Paracalanus sp. and Cirripedia. Gut compositions were significantly different ( P <0.05) among three body size levels in postlarvae and juveniles. As the body size of the postlarvae and juveniles increased, Calanoida constituted a larger proportion of the gut contents, while the proportion of copepod nauplii decreased.

Key words: Yeosu, Diet composition, Postlarvae, Juvenile, Engrulis japonicus

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2016.0642 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 49(5) 642-647, October 2016

Received 1 June 2016; Revised 31 August 2016; Accepted 5 September 2016

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 720. 2278 Fax: +82. 51. 720. 2337

E-mail address: [email protected]

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멸치 후기자어와 치어의 식성

643

악하는것이다

.

재료 및 방법

남해안연안에서소형멸치가주로어획되는시기는늦은봄

-

여름철이다

(Cho et al., 2014; Yoo et al., 2015).

^따라서

,

^본 연구에사용된표본은

2015

^년

7

^월

(

^수온

: 20.3℃,

^염분

: 31.4 psu)

과

8

월

(

수온

: 22.7℃,

염분

: 31.8 psu)

에여수돌산도연안

(35°17‘N, 129°18‘E)

^에서^끝자루^{망목크기가}

4 mm

^내외의^세 목망을사용하여조업하는낭장망을이용하여채집하였다

.

^채 집된시료는즉시

5%

^중성^{포르말린에}^고정하여^실험실로^운 반하였고

,

^각^개체의^체장

(0.1 mm)

^과^체중

(0.0001 g)

^을^측정하 였다

.

채집한멸치는해부현미경으로외부형태

(

등지느러미의 위치

,

^기조수^등

)

^를^관찰한^후

, Kim et al. (2011)

^을^참고하여^후 기자어

(post larval stage)

^와^치어단계

(juvenile stage)

^로^구분하 였다

.

^이후^해부침을^이용해서^각^개체의^소화관을^분리하여^먹 이생물을분석하였다

.

^{먹이생물은}^가능한^속

(genus)

^수준까지 동정하였다

.

먹이생물의동정은

Yamaji (1984), Yoo (1995)

등 을참고하였다

.

소화관내용물분석결과는각먹이생물의출현빈도

(%F),

^개 체수비

(%N)

로나타냈으며

,

^다음^식을^이용하여^구하였다

.

%F = A

_i

/ N × 100

%N = N

_i

/ N

_total

× 100

A

_i는위내용물중해당먹이생물이발견된멸치의개체수이 고

, N

^은^먹이를^섭식한^멸치의^총^개체수

, N

_i^는^해당^먹이생물

의개체수

, N

_total은전체먹이개체수이다

.

먹이생물의상대중요성

(relative importance, RI)

는

Laroche (1982)

^의^식을^이용하여^구하였다

.

RI = %F × %N

이후백분율로환산하여상대중요성비

(%RI)

로나타내었다

.

성장에따른먹이생물의 변화를알아보기위하여후기자어 와 치어는각각

5 mm

^단위로^{구분하였다}

(post larval stage, n=107: 10 -15 mm; 15-20 mm; 20 mm<, juvenile stage, n=

116: 25-30 mm; 30-35 mm; 35 mm<).

성장에따른먹이생 물의차이에대한통계적유의성은분산분석

(analysis of vari- ance, ANOVA)

^을^통해^{검증하였으며}

, SPSS v18

^를^{이용하였다}

(Clarke and Gorley, 2001).

결 과

체장 조성

멸치후기자어의척색장

(notochord length, NL)

^은

11.0-24.2

mm

^의^범위를^보였으며

, 18.0-18.9 mm

^범위의^개체가^전체의

42.1%

^를^차지하여^가장^높은^비율을^보였다

(Fig. 1A).

^치어의 체장

(standard length, SL)

^은

25.1-37.4 mm

^의^범위를^보였으 며

, 29.0-29.9 mm

^범위의^개체가^전체의

36.5%

^를^차지하여^가 장높은비율을보였다

(Fig. 1B).

공복율

후기자어

107

^개체^중^소화관에^{먹이생물이}^있는^개체는

38

^개 체로

64.5%

^의^공복율을^보였다

. 3

^개의^척색장^{크기군으로}^나누 어공복율을살펴보면

, 10-15 mm

^에서는

69.9%, 15-20 mm

^에 서는

65.2%, 20 mm

이상에서는

58.1%

를나타냈다

(Fig. 2A).

즉

,

^척색장이 ^{증가할수록} ^공복율은 ^감소하는 ^경향을^보였다

(Fig. 2A).

치어

116

^개체^중^{먹이생물이}^발견된^개체는

56

^개체로

51.7%

의공복율을보였다

.

^치어^역시

3

^개의^체장^{크기군으로}^나누어 공복율을살펴보면

, 25-30 mm

에서는

57.9%, 30-35 mm

에서 는

51.1%, 35 mm

^{이상에서는}

45.5%

^를^나타냈다

.

^치어^또한^체 장이증가할수록공복율은감소하는경향을보였다

(Fig. 2B).

소화관 내용물 조성

멸치후기자어의가장중요한먹이생물은긴노요각목

(Cala- noida)

요각류

(47.4 %F, 34.2 %N, 46.4 %RI)

였고

,

다음으 로 중요한먹이생물은미동정요각류유생

(copepoda nauplii) (39.5 %F, 18.8 %N, 21.3 %RI)

^이었다

(Table 1).

^{검물벼룩목}

(Cyclopoida)

^과^{만각류유생}

(Cirripedia nauplii)

^은^각각

17.7

^과

8.7

^의

%RI

^를^나타냈다

.

^이들^외에^요각류^미성숙체

(Copepoda copepodite),

유공섬모충류

(Tintinnida),

갯지렁이유생

(Poly- chaeta larvae)

^등도^{출현하였지만}

, %RI

는낮았다

(Table 1).

^또 한

, %RI

^가^가장^컸던^{긴노요각목}^요각류^중

%F

^와

%N

^이^높았 던먹이생물은

Paracalanus sp.

와

Calanus sp.

유생이었다

.

멸치치어의가장중요한먹이생물은긴노요각목요각류

(43.7

Fig. 1. Size distributions of postlarval and juvenile anchovies En- graulis japonicus collected in the coastal waters of Yeosu, Korea.

0 50

10 15 20 25

25

0 50

25 30 35

Standard length (mm)

40 25

post larval, n = 107

juvenile, n = 116

Frequency (%)

Notochord length (mm)

(A)

(B)

0 20 40 60 80 100

10-15 15-20 20<

(A) postlarval stage

Notochord length (mm)

Empty gut (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

25-30 30-35 35<

(B) juvenile stage

Standard length (mm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-15 15-20 20<

RI

Notochord length (mm)

Calanoida Cyclopoida Copepodite (us)

Nauplii (us) Cirripedia Polychaeta larvae Tintinnida

Postlarval stage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

25-30 30-35 35<

Standard length (mm)

Juvenile stage

(3)

유준택

ㆍ

정재묵

644 %F, 35.8 %N, 65.1 %RI)

^였고

,

^다음으로^중요한^{먹이생물은}^만 각류유생

(20.3 %F, 15.7 %N, 13.3% RI)

이었다

(Table 2).

^검물 벼룩목과요각류미성숙체는각각

10.4

^와

8.1

^의

%RI

^를^나타냈 다

.

이들외에요각류유생

,

유공섬모충류

,

갯지렁이유생등도 출현하였지만

, %RI

는낮았다

(Table 2).

^또한

, %RI

가가장컸

던긴노요각목요각류중

%F

^와

%N

^이^가장^높았던^먹이생물 은

Paracalanus sp.

였다

.

성장에 따른 먹이생물 조성

후기자어의척색장

(NL)

에따른먹이생물조성을살펴본결 Fig. 2. Ontogenetic changes in rate of empty gut for postlarval (A) and juvenile (B) anchovies Engraulis japonicus.

0 50

10 15 20 25

25

0 50

25 30 35

Standard length (mm)

40 25

juvenile, n = 116

Frequency (%)

Notochord length (mm)

(A)

(B)

0 20 40 60 80 100

10-15 15-20 20<

Notochord length (mm)

Empty gut (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

25-30 30-35 35<

(B) juvenile stage

Standard length (mm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-15 15-20 20<

RI

Notochord length (mm)

Postlarval stage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

25-30 30-35 35<

Standard length (mm)

Juvenile stage

0 50

10 15 20 25

25

0 50

25 30 35

Standard length (mm)

40 25

juvenile, n = 116

Frequency (%)

Notochord length (mm)

(A)

(B)

0 20 40 60 80 100

10-15 15-20 20<

Notochord length (mm)

Empty gut (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

25-30 30-35 35<

(B) juvenile stage

Standard length (mm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-15 15-20 20<

RI

Notochord length (mm)

Postlarval stage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

25-30 30-35 35<

Standard length (mm)

Juvenile stage

Table 1. Composition of the gut contents of postlarval and juvenile anchovies Engraulis japonicus by frequency of occurrence, number and relative importance (RI)

Prey organisms Postlarval stage (n= 38) Juvenlie stage (n= 56)

%F %N RI %RI %F %N RI %RI

Copepoda copepodite (unidentified) 21.1 5.4 113.0 3.2 13.9 14.0 194.6 8.1

Copepoda nauplii (unidentified) 39.5 18.8 741.8 21.3 5.7 3.9 22.4 0.9

Copepoda (unidentified) 5.3 2.7 14.1 0.4 3.8 4.4 16.6 0.7

Copepoda

Calanoida 47.4 34.2 1621.3 46.6 43.7 35.8 1563.8 65.1

Acartia sp. - - 3.2 2.6

Acartia sp. copepodite 5.3 2.0 8.2 6.6

Calanus sinicus 2.6 1.3 2.5 1.7

Calanus sp. 5.3 2.0 1.3 1.3

Calanus sp. nauplii 15.8 7.4 6.3 6.6

Temora sp. - - 2.5 2.6

Corycaeus sp. 5.3 1.3 1.9 1.7

Paracalanus sp.nauplii 28.9 16.1 4.4 3.1

Paracalanus sp. 13.2 4.0 10.8 9.6

Cyclopoida 31.6 19.5 614.6 17.7 13.3 18.8 249.6 10.4

Oithona sp. 13.2 4.7 5.1 6.1

Oithona sp. nauplii 36.8 14.8 9.5 12.7

Cirripedia 23.7 12.8 302.0 8.7 20.3 15.7 318.4 13.3

Cirripedia nauplii 23.7 12.8 20.3 15.7

Polychaeta 2.6 1.3 3.5 0.1 5.1 3.9 19.9 0.8

Polychaeta larvae 2.6 1.3 5.1 3.9

Tintinnida 13.2 5.4 70.6 2.0 4.4 3.5 15.5 0.6

Total 100.0 3481.1 100.0 100.0 2400.6 100.0

(4)

645

과

, 10-15 mm

^{크기에서는}^요각류^유생의

%RI

^가

30.2%

^로^가 장 높은 비율을 차지하였고

,

다음으로는 요각류미성숙체가

20.9%

^로^나타났다

(Fig. 3A). 15-20 mm

^{크기군에서는}^긴노요 각목요각류

,

요각류유생및미성숙체의

%RI

가

20.0%

이상으 로높은비율을차지하였다

. 20 mm

^이상^{크기군에서는}^긴노

요각목요각류의

%RI

^가

38.2%

^로^가장^높은^비율을^차지하였

고

,

다음으로는요각류미성숙체가

22.3%

로나타났다

.

전체적 으로척색장이증가할수록긴노요각목요각류의섭식이증가 하는반면

,

요각류유생의섭식은감소하는경향을보였다

(Fig.

3A).

^{후기자어의}^모든^{크기군에서}^{갯지렁이류}^유생과^유공섬모

충류의

%RI

^는^매우^낮은^비율을^보였다

.

^{후기자어는}^척색장^증 가에따라먹이생물의조성이통계적으로유의한차이를보였 다

(ANOVA , F

_3.371

= 12.523, P<0.05).

치어의경우

,

체장

(SL) 25-30 mm

크기에서는요각류미성숙 체와긴노요각목요각류의

%RI

가각각

30.6%

^와

21.3%

^로^높 은비율을차지하였다

(Fig. 3B). 30-35 mm

^{크기군부터는}^요각 류유생의

%RI

는크게감소하여

4.0%

이하였으나

,

긴노요각 목요각류의

%RI

는크게증가하여

45.0%

^{이상이었고}

,

^만각류 유생의

%RI

도

15.0%

이상으로높아졌다

.

전체적으로체장이 증가할수록긴노요각목요각류의섭식이증가하는반면

,

^요각 류유생과미성숙체의섭식은감소하는경향을보였다

.

^치어의 경우에도모든크기군에서갯지렁이류유생과유공섬모충류의

%RI

는매우낮은비율을보였다

.

^멸치^치어는^체장^증가에^따라

먹이생물의조성이통계적으로유의한차이를보였다

(ANOVA , F

_3.627

= 17.877, P<0.05).

고 찰

본연구에서멸치자치어의공복율은

50%

^이상으로^높았다

.

광양만에출현한척색장

3.0-5.0 mm

의멸치후기자어의공복

율은

38.1%

^로^{보고되어졌고}

(Park and Cha, 1995),

^낙동강^하 구역에서채집한멸치와같은청어목청어

(Clupea pallasii)

^자 치어의공복율은

39.9%

로보고되었다

(Choi et al., 2015).

이 와같이청어목자치어는높은공복율을보이는반면

,

^보구치

(Pennahia argentata)

와같이농어목자치어는매우낮은공복율 을보였다

(Cha and Park, 2001).

^이는^청어목^자치어는^직선형 장을가지고있어시료채집과고정과정중에장내용물을배설 하였거나토하기쉬운반면

(Hay, 1981; Yamashita, 1990),

농 어목자치어들은곡선형으로꼬인장의형태를가지고있어낮 은공복율을보이는것으로생각된다

(Cha and Park, 2001).

또 한

,

^본^연구에서^멸치^자치어의^높은^공복율은^장의^형태에^의 한것외에자치어가채집되기전낭장망어구안에머무는동 안소화가이루어졌기때문일가능성도더해질수있다

.

그리고 본연구에서멸치가후기자어에서치어로성장하면서공복율은 소폭감소하는경향은성장함에따른입크기의증가

,

유영력과 먹이탐색능력향상등으로인해섭식율이높아진일반적인현 상인것으로판단된다

.

멸치의식성은발육단계에따라달라진다고알려져있다

(Mi- tani, 1988).

^본^{연구에서는}^남해안^연안역에^서식하는^멸치^자 치어의중요먹이생물과후기자어에서치어로성장함에따른 먹이생물의변화를명확히하였다

.

^기존에^보고된^바처럼

(Mi- tani, 1988; Park and Cha, 1995),

^본^{연구결과에서도}^멸치^자치 어의주먹이생물은 요각류

(copepoda)

및이들유생

(nauplii)

Fig. 3. Ontogenetic changes in the composition of gut contents by RI of postlarval (A) and juvenile (B) anchovies Engraulis japonicus.

0 50

10 15 20 25

25

0 50

25 30 35

Standard length (mm)

40 25

juvenile, n = 116

Frequency (%)

Notochord length (mm)

(A)

(B)

0 20 40 60 80 100

10-15 15-20 20<

Notochord length (mm)

Empty gut (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

25-30 30-35 35<

(B) juvenile stage

Standard length (mm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-15 15-20 20<

RI

Notochord length (mm)

Postlarval stage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

25-30 30-35 35<

Standard length (mm)

Juvenile stage

0 50

10 15 20 25

25

0 50

25 30 35

Standard length (mm)

40 25

juvenile, n = 116

Frequency (%)

Notochord length (mm)

(A)

(B)

0 20 40 60 80 100

10-15 15-20 20<

Notochord length (mm)

Empty gut (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100

25-30 30-35 35<

(B) juvenile stage

Standard length (mm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10-15 15-20 20<

RI

Notochord length (mm)

Postlarval stage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

25-30 30-35 35<

Standard length (mm)

Juvenile stage

(5)

유준택

ㆍ

정재묵

646

이였다

(Fig. 3A, 3B; Table 1). Yasue et al., (2010)

^은^일본

Kii Channel

에서

2007

년

4

월

-2008

년

3

월동안채집한체장

17.0- 24.9 mm

^크기의^멸치^{먹이생물의}^월^변화를^{조사하였고}

, 6-8

^월 과

10-11

월에는긴노요각목요각류

(Calanoida), 3-4

월과

9

월에 는

Oncaea sp., 1

월과

12

^월에는

Oithona sp.

가가장중요한먹 이생물이었다고보고하였다

.

^본^{연구에서도}

7-8

^월^동안^채집한 멸치자치어의가장중요한먹이생물은긴노요각목요각류였 고

(Fig. 3A, 3B; Table 1), Yasue et al. (2010)

^의^{연구결과와}^일 치하였다

.

하지만

, Mitani (1988)

^는^일본

Sagami Bay

^에서

1984

^년

7

^월

-10

월동안채집한멸치치어의가장중요한먹이생물은요각류 중에서도

Oithona

였다고보고하였다

.

또한

,

만각류유생도멸치 치어의중요한먹이생물이었다

(Table 1).

^위에^언급한

Mitani (1987)

의연구에서보면

,

소화관내용물중만각류유생의출현 은전장

30 mm

^{이하보다는}^이상에서^많았고

,

^본^{연구에서도}^만

각류유생은체장

30 mm

^{이하보다는}^이상에서^많은^섭식이^이

루어지고있음을보였다

(Fig. 3B).

따라서

,

위에언급한기존의 연구와본연구의결과에서유추해보면

,

^멸치의^{먹이생물은}^시

·

공간적으로섭식하는먹이생물을달리한다고보다명확히말할 수있을것이다

.

^이는^멸치가^{성장하면서}^생존률을^높이기^위한 전략으로서해양환경변화에따른먹이생물변화에대한적응 력과유연성을높이는것으로추측되고

,

이러한생존전략에대 해서는멸치성어의식성연구사례에서도언급되어진바있다

(Kim et al., 2013).

멸치후기자어와치어모두성장할수록긴노요각목요각류의 섭식이증가하는반면

,

^요각류^유생의^섭식은^감소하는^경향을 보였다

(Fig. 3A, 3B).

또한

,

후기자어단계에서는요각류유생

(

^{미동정요각류}^유생

, Paracalanus sp.

유생

, Calanus sp.

유생

, Oithona sp.

유생

)

의

%F

와

%N

가높았던반면

,

치어단계에서 는이들의

%F

와

%N

는급감하였다

. Mitani (1988)

^의^선행연구 에의하면멸치치어는성장할수록큰동물플랑크톤을선호하 여섭식한다고하였다

.

이러한멸치의섭식행동에의해멸치자 치어가성장할수록소형의요각류유생을섭식하는비율은감 소하는것으로풀이된다

.

또한

,

이들결과로부터만약소형과대 형플랑크톤이달리분포하는해역이있다면

,

^멸치^자치어는^성 장하면서소형종이분포하는해역에서대형종이분포하는해역 으로이동할것으로추정할수있다

.

Islam and Tanaka (2009)

^는^해양에서^요각류^중^우점종과^멸 치자치어의소화관내용물의우점종이다르다고보고하면서

,

자치어의먹이선택성을언급하였다

.

^이는^해양에서^우점종과 멸치자치어가섭식하는우점종이다를수있음을시사한다

.

^따 라서

,

해양에서채집한요각류종조성자료를멸치자치어의자 원상태

,

^해역간^이동^등의^예측에^사용하기^위해서는^해양에^분 포하는먹이생물의종별출현량변동과소화관내용물의종별 변화와의관계를명확히해야되며

,

^이는^앞으로^풀어가야^할^과 제가될것이다

.

사 사

^본^연구는

2016

^년도^{국립수산과학원}^{수산과학연구사업}

(

^남 해연안어업및환경생태조사

, R2016033)

의지원으로수행되 었으며

,

^연구비^지원에^감사^드립니다

.

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