• 검색 결과가 없습니다.

: } ºŒ ˜ m ù o Ú Œ Ÿ ¤ Ò Å ù p § T “ Ó Þ” X ¢ P92P ê s8 ý ° ‚ Ç× D ç g Ë; c å ¾ ˔ X ¢ Ž ì ŏ Œ

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share ": } ºŒ ˜ m ù o Ú Œ Ÿ ¤ Ò Å ù p § T “ Ó Þ” X ¢ P92P ê s8 ý ° ‚ Ç× D ç g Ë; c å ¾ ˔ X ¢ Ž ì ŏ Œ"

Copied!
5
0
0

로드 중.... (전체 텍스트 보기)

전체 글

(1)

: } ºŒ ˜ m ù o Ú Œ Ÿ ¤ Ò Å ù p § T “ Ó Þ” X ¢ P92P ê s8 ý ° ‚ Ç× D ç g Ë; c å ¾ ˔ X ¢ Ž ì ŏ Œ

™ »¬ £+ ä  · - ! H) ç %  

î

ß –1 l x @ /† < Ɠ § Ó ü t o † < Æõ , î ß –1 l x 760-749

™ »‹ È Ñ+ Ö < · ö ¶ B) ç  . >

$ í

ç  H› ' a @ /† < Ɠ § l > / B N † < ÆÂ Ò, à º" é ¶ 440-746

(2010¸   11 Z 4 5{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, 2010¸   11 Z 4 24{ 9  à º& ñ ‘ : r ~ à Î6 £ §, 2011¸   1 Z 4 17{ 9  > F  S X ‰& ñ )

 â

• ¸8 £ ¤& ñ ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ѝ  H õ l Z O õ , q  õ l Z O s  e ” Ü ¼ 9, q  õ l Z O  ×  æ \   H œ í6 £ §  l Z O s  V ,  o

 & h 6   x ÷ &“ ¦ e ”  . œ í6 £ § _  5 Å q • ¸  H { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð  ⠕ ¸ü < q Y V l  M :ë  H \ , 5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð+ ‹  ⠕ ¸

° ú

כ_  ç ß –] X  8 £ ¤& ñ s  0 p x  . { 9 ì ø Í& h “   ^ ‰& h  œ í6 £ §  l Z O “ É r F « ф  ^ ‰\  @ /ô  Ç 5 Å q • ¸ ° ú כÜ ¼– Ð  ⠕ ¸¨ î \  ¦

t ë ß – \ P  o\  _ ô  Ç Ó ü t$ í    o  H ³ ð€  t % i \ " f r  Œ •  9 õ & h   ⠕ ¸ ¨ î  % i r  ³ ð€  \  @ /K " f à º' Ÿ 

 )

a  . ‘ : r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H \ P  o  ) a ³ ð€  t % i _   ⠕ ¸ ¨ î \  ¦ 0 AK  Rayleigh ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í \  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç  ⠕ ¸8 £ ¤& ñ _

 l Z O s  r • ¸÷ &% 3  . : £ ¤ y  Rayleigh ³ ð€   _  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ & ñ x 9  >  8 £ ¤& ñ l  0 AK  þ j™ èì ø Í Ö  ¦ / B G‚  `  ¦ s

6   x % i  . þ j™ èì ø Í Ö  ¦`  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç Rayleigh ³ ð€    5 Å q • ¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ `  ¦ P92 y © œ_   ⠕ ¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ \  & h 6   x # Œ ] j î

ß –l Z O _  $ í 0 p x`  ¦ ¨ î  % i  .

Ù þ

˜d ” # Q: œ í6 £ § , Rayleigh ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í ,  ⠕ ¸, \ P  o, þ j™ è ì ø Í Ö  ¦

Degradation Assessment of P92 Steel by Using Ultrasonic Minimum Reflection

Soo-Jeong Kim · Sung-Duk Kwon

Department of Physics, Andong National University

Hak-Joon Kim · Sung-Jin Song

School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University

(Received 5 November 2010 : revised 24 November 2010 : accepted 17 January 2011)

Destructive and non-destructive technique are used for hardness measurements. The ultrasonic wave technique is universally applicable as a non-destructive technique. The velocity of the ul- trasonic wave is proportional to the general hardness, so the hardness can be measured using the velocity of the ultrasonic wave. The general ultrasonic wave technique estimates the hardness of the overall specimen. However, transformations due to deterioration caused by heat occur on the surface of the specimen. For that reason, in this studys we tried to measure the hardness by using the Rayleigh wave. Especially, we used minimum reflection in order to accurately measure the Rayleigh wave. We estimate the performance of the suggested technique and we used the velocity of the Rayleigh wave to measure the hardness of P92 steel.

PACS numbers: 43.35 Cg, 43.35 Pt, 43.35 Zc

Keywords: Ultrasound, Rayleigh surface wave, Hardness, Degradation, Minimum reflection

E-mail: [email protected]

-165-

(2)

I. " e  ] Ø

P92 y © œ“ É r ŠҖ Ð  o§ 4 µ 1 τ  ™ è_  Å Ò×  æ l  › ' a 1 p x · ú š§ 4  6   x l – Ð



6   x ÷ &“ ¦ e ”  . P92y © œ\  “ ¦“ : r “ ¦· ú š ¨ 8 Š â \ " f_   © œr ç ß –_ 

\ P

 o\  _ K  p [ j› ¸f ” \  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ p u “ ¦, p [ j› ¸f ” õ  › ' a º

 ô  Ç Å Òכ ¹“   _     o  H y © œ• ¸ x 9 ï ß –” > r à º" î \  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ z 

•

2 ; .   " f “ ¦“ : r \ P  o  ) a P92 y © œ_  ¨ î \  ¦ 0 Aô  Ç l Z O s 

€ 9

כ ¹  .  ⠕ ¸8 £ ¤& ñ _  l Z O Ü ¼– Ð q  õ l Z O \  5 Å q ô  Ç œ í 6

£

§  l Z O `  ¦  6   x # Œ œ í6 £ §  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ # Œ  ⠕ ¸ ° ú כ

`

 ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç . s   H  ⠕ ¸ü < œ í6 £ §  5 Å q • ¸ { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð q  Y

V l  M :ë  H \  œ í6 £ §  5 Å q • ¸– Ð 8 £ ¤& ñ s  0 p x  . { 9 ì ø Í& h 

“

  œ í6 £ §  l Z O “ É r F « ф  ^ ‰\  @ /ô  Ç  ⠕ ¸¨ î  s À Ò# Q

”

  . t ë ß – \ P  o– Ð “  ô  Ç P92y © œ_  Ó ü t$ í    o  H ³ ð€  t 

%

i \ " f r  Œ • l  M :ë  H \  Rayleigh ³ ð€   \  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç  ⠕ ¸ 8

£ ¤& ñ l Z O s  • ¸{ 9 ÷ &% 3  .   " f ‘ : r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H q  õ

¨ î

 ì  r   ×  æ œ í6 £ §  l Z O  ×  æ ³ ð€   \  ¦  6   x “ ¦, : £ ¤ y  Rayleigh ³ ð€   _  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ & ñ x 9  >  8 £ ¤& ñ l  0 AK  þ j™ è ì

ø Í Ö  ¦ / B G‚  `  ¦ s 6   x % i  . þ j™ èì ø Í Ö  ¦ \  _ K  8 £ ¤& ñ  ) a Rayleigh ³ ð€   _  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ P92 y © œ_   ⠕ ¸8 £ ¤& ñ \  & h 6   x 

#

Œ ] jî ß –l Z O _  $ í 0 p x`  ¦ ¨ î  % i  .

II. ÷ m Ç] M ö õ m Í T Â ] Ø

1. P92P ê s S ] M ö Å

Figure 1“ É r 580

C _  1 p x“ : r¨ 8 Š â \ " f y Œ •l    É r \ P  or  ç

ß –`  ¦ & h 6   x ô  Ç r + « >¼ # [ þ t – Ð ¢ , aA á ¤  Ò'  0 hr, 400 hr, 800 hr, 1600 hr, 8100 hr, 10000 hr – Ð & ñ _ Ù þ ¡ .

2. ÷ m Ç] M öX ê sR  þ

j™ èì ø Í  ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦   è ­ q à º e ”   H Õ ªA á Ô\  ¦ % 3 l  0 A 

#

Œ, Fig. 2\     · p  כ õ  ° ú  s   1 l x œ í6 £ §  à º| 9  © œu \  ¦ s

6   x % i  . s   1 l x œ í6 £ §  ’    ñ à º| 9  © œu   H 8 ú x 4 > h_ 

—

¸m ' \  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 0.05• ¸ ç ß –  Ü ¼– Ð œ í6 £ §  ’    ñ\  ¦ à º| 9 

½

+ É Ã º e ” • ¸2 Ÿ ¤ [ O > ÷ &% 3  . z  ´+ « >\   H œ í6 £ §  µ 1 ÏÒ q t`  ¦ 0 AK  y

Œ

•l  20 MHz(0.25 inch), 10 MHz(0.25 inch)_  „ à Ð8 ú ¤  \  ¦



6   x % i  . Fig. 3“ É r  1 l x œ í6 £ §  à º| 9  © œu \  ¦ s 6   x # Œ



“ : r þ j™ è ì ø Í Ö  ¦ / B G‚  s  . " é ¶ î ß –\  ì ø Í Ö  ¦ s  þ j™ è ÷ &



 H y Œ •• ¸ ˜ Ðs  9 s \  ¦ s 6   x K  ³ ð€    5 Å q • ¸_  8 £ ¤& ñ s   0

p x  .

Fig. 1. stainless steel specimens.

Fig. 2. Photos of the fabricated system for measuring reflected signals in a pitch-catch immersion setup.

Fig. 3. Minimum Reflection of stainless steel using the pitch-catch immersion setup.

3. Rayleigh ƒ »ì Å 

Figure 4 \ " f ˜ Ð1 p w s  œ í6 £ §  c ” _  { 9  y Œ •s  r + « >¼ # _  Rayleigh y Œ •s  ÷ &€   œ í6 £ §  { 9  ô  Ç ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð ì ø Í ÷ &

t

 · ú §“ ¦,  _  — ¸Ž  H œ í6 £ §  \  -t  r + « >¼ # _  ³ ð€  `  ¦



 " f „    # Œ Rayleigh ³ ð€    µ 1 ÏÒ q t >  ÷ & 9, ³ ð

€

  _  ”  ' Ÿ 1 l x î ß – ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó$ í \  -t  ¾ º[ O \  ® éâ ì(schoch)  

(3)

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of Rayleigh surface wave.

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram for reflectivity of ultrasonic waves near Rayleigh angle [3].

0

A, V , (null)  © œ, þ j™ èì ø Í ‰ & ³ © œ 1 p x q @ /g A$ í ì ø Í  © œs  + þ A

$ í

 ) a   [1].   " f œ í6 £ §  c ” _  { 9  y Œ •`  ¦    â r v €  " f Pitch-catch Z O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ r + « >¼ # _  ³ ð€  \ " f ì ø Í  “ ¦

\

 -t  þ j™ è ÷ &  H { 9  y Œ •`  ¦ ¹ 1 Ô`  ¦ à º e ” Ü ¼ 9, s  M : _

 { 9  y Œ •s  Å Ò# Q”   r + « >¼ # _  Rayleigh y Œ •s   ) a   [2].

4. : } º Œ ˜ m ù o Ú ”  ôV ê s Ó 

o^ ‰-“ ¦^ ‰  â > €  (Fig.5)\ " f œ í6 £ §  Rayleigh y Œ •   H

%

ƒ\ " f • ¸² ú ˜ % i `  ¦ M : Rayleigh ³ ð€    µ 1 ÏÒ q t “ ¦ ì ø Í  Ö

 ¦“ É r / å L   >  y Œ ™™ è   H ‰ & ³ © œs  þ j™ è ì ø Í Ö  ¦ ‰ & ³ © œs  .

œ

í6 £ §  Rayleigh y Œ •Ü ¼– Ð { 9   €  " f  _  @ / Òì  r _  \ 



-t  Rayleigh ³ ð€   – Ð „  ¨ 8 Š ÷ &# Q ³ ð€  `  ¦    „     l

 M :ë  H \  s  Qô  Ç   õ  Ò q t|    [4].

Fig. 6. Snell’s law.

5. ­ ާ x (Snell)8 ý 0 n ÉÈ k Ä

œ

í6 £ §  „ à Ð8 ú ¤  \ " f µ 1 ϔ     H œ í6 £ §   â > €  `  ¦ Fig.

6 õ  ° ú  s   â  t >  { 9   | ¨ c M : ¿ º B | 9 _  6 £ § † ¾ Ó e ” x ~   Û

¼ s \  _ K " f œ í6 £ § _  — ¸× ¼  ¨ 8 Š x 9 Ï ã J] X s  µ 1 ÏÒ q t 

>

 ÷ &  H X <, Ï ã J] X  œ í6 £ § _  7 á x À Ó\    É r Ï ã J] X y Œ •`  ¦ { 9  y Œ • õ

 ¿ º B | 9 _  6 £ §5 Å q`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  . d ” Ü ¼– Ѝ  H (1)d ” Ü ¼– Ð   è ­ q à º e ”  .

C

i

sin θ

i

= C

L

sin θ

L

= C

S

sin θ

S

(1)

#

Œl " f C

i

  H Ó  o^ ‰ ? / 7 á x  5 Å q • ¸, C

L

õ C

S

  H y Œ •l  “ ¦^ ‰ ? / 7

á

x  x 9 “ É r S   5 Å q • ¸s  . θ

i

  H { 9  y Œ •, θ

L

  H 7 á x  Ï ã J] X  y

Œ

•, θ

S

  H S   Ï ã J] X y Œ • s  . s  M :, { 9    ) a œ í6 £ §  “ ¦

^

‰\ " f 7 á x ü < S  – Ð Ï ã J] X ÷ &t  · ú §“ ¦, — ¸Ž  H œ í6 £ §  \  - t

 ³ ð€  `  ¦    Rayleigh ³ ð€   – Ð   ¨ 8 Š ÷ &# Q „   ½ + É M

:_  { 9  y Œ •(θ

i

)`  ¦ Rayleigh y Œ •s  “ ¦  9, Rayleigh ³ ð

€

   þ j@ /– Ð µ 1 ϔ  ÷ &  H { 9  y Œ • (θ

i

) – РÒ'  Å Ò# Q”   r + « >

¼

# _  Rayleigh ³ ð€   _  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ Û ¼3 A q_  Z O g Ë :\  & ñ _   ) a d ”

(2)\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  .

C

R

= C

i

sin(θ

i

) (2)

III. ÷ m Ç] M ö+ s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í À X Ø8 ý

^

‰& h  œ í6 £ § \  ¦ s 6   x   H { 9 ì ø Í& h “   l Z O Ü ¼– Ѝ  H r ¼ # 

„

 ^ ‰\  @ /ô  Ç „   : £ ¤$ í s  ¨ î ÷ &Ù ¼– Ð, œ í6 £ §  5 Å q • ¸– ÐÂ Ò '

 Ä »Æ Ò÷ &  H F « Ñ_   ⠕ ¸  H r ¼ # _  ³ ð€  : £ ¤$ í s   m  

(4)

Fig. 7. measured angle using the Rayleigh wave.

Fig. 8. Measured velocity using the minimum reflection.

r

¼ #  „  ^ ‰_   ⠕ ¸ ¨ î ç  H s   ½ + É Ã º e ”  . Õ ª Q  z  ´] j F 

«

Ñ_  õ & h   ⠕ ¸ ¨ î   H ³ ð€  \  @ /K  s À Ò# Q t “ ¦, : £ ¤ y

 \ P  o\  _ ô  Ç Ó ü t$ í    o  H ³ ð€  t % i \   © œ  H    o\  ¦ ï

 r  .   " f ³ ð€  t % i \  à º  © œ ? /\  „    \  -t  ô  Ç

&

ñ ÷ &  H Rayleigh ³ ð€   _  5 Å q • ¸  H  – Ð ³ ð€  t % i _  Ó ü t$ í

`

 ¦ f ” ] X & h Ü ¼– Ð @ /  ô  Ç “ ¦ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . Fig. 7“ É r \ P % ƒo  r

ç ß –s  y Œ •l    É r r ¼ # [ þ t \  @ /ô  Ç þ j™ èì ø Í  / B G‚  _  þ j™ è ì

ø Í y Œ •[ þ t s  9, Fig. 8“ É r d ” (2)_  Û ¼3 A q_  Z O g Ë :`  ¦ s 6   x 

#

Œ ³ ð€    5 Å q • ¸– Ð ¨ 8 Š í ß –  ) a  כ s  .

Figure 9  H { 9 ì ø Í& h “   œ í6 £ §  l Z O Ü ¼– Ð 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç 7 á x  — ¸

×

¼_  œ í6 £ §  5 Å q • ¸s  . Fig. 10“ É r P92 y © œ_  ³ ð€  \  @ /K 

 â

• ¸\  ¦ ô  Ç r ¼ # { © œ 4 rm ”  8 £ ¤& ñ # Œ ¨ î ç  H ô  Ç   õ s  . \ P 



or ç ß –s  8000 hr t   H Fig. 8 \  ˜ Ð# Œ”   Rayleigh ³ ð€   ò

ø Í$ í _  5 Å q • ¸    oü < Fig. 10_   ⠕ ¸    o  H & ñ $ í & h Ü ¼

–

Ð q Y V† < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . Õ ª Q  Fig. 9_  7 á x  5 Å q • ¸ü <  H

„

 ) € “  õ  › ' a > \  ¦ ¹ 1 Ô`  ¦ à º \ O % 3  . \ P  or ç ß –s  8000 hr\  ¦

œ

íõ ô  Ç  â Ä º\  ³ ð€    5 Å q • ¸ü < 8 £ ¤& ñ  ) a  ⠕ ¸  s \   H 

Fig. 9. Measured velocity using the Bulk wave.

Fig. 10. measured hardness of P92 steel.

s

 ˜ Г    כ “ É r \ P  o d ” y Œ •K  t €  " f 5 Å q • ¸ ° ú כ\  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ Å

ҍ  H   É r Ó ü t$ í _     o e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ Æ Ò8 £ ¤ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . Fig.

9 _  7 á x 5 Å q • ¸ % i r  8000 hr s  © œ\ " f ³ ð€   ü < ° ú  s  5 Å q

•

¸ ° ú כ_   H 7 £ x \  ¦ ˜ Г    כ “ É r s \  ¦ z ´ » ~ à Îg Ë >ô  Ç .

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨  H  © œr ç ß –_  \ P  o– Ð “  ô  Ç P92y © œ_  p [ j› ¸f ” _ 



  o, : £ ¤ y   ⠕ ¸   o\  ¦ q  õ & h Ü ¼– Ð ¨ î  l  0 A # Œ Rayleigh ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í _  5 Å q • ¸\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . & ñ x 9 ô  Ç 8 £ ¤

&

ñ `  ¦ 0 A # Œ þ j™ èì ø Í  / B G‚  Z O s  & h 6   x ÷ &% 3  . { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼

–

Ð 7 á x  — ¸× ¼\  ¦  6   x   H œ í6 £ §  l Z O “ É r r ¼ # _  Ó ü t$ í „  

^

‰\  ¦ @ /    9, \ P  o\  _ K   © œ  H % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ~ à Γ ¦  ⠕ ¸8 £ ¤

&

ñ % ò % i “   ³ ð€  t % i _  ¨ î \  ¦ 0 AK " f  H ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í \  ¦

(5)



6   x % i  . & ñ x 9 ô  Ç ³ ð€    5 Å q • ¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ `  ¦ 0 AK  Rayleigh { 9

 y Œ •\ " f      H q @ /g A ì ø Í €   ‰ & ³ © œ“   þ j™ èì ø Í  / B G

‚

 `  ¦ s 6   x % i  . ³ ð€  _   ⠕ ¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ u ü < ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í _  5

Å

q • ¸  H œ íl  \ P  o % ò % i \ " f  H & ñ $ í & h Ü ¼– Ð { 9 u  % i Ü ¼  8000 hr s  © œ_  “ ¦• ¸ \ P  o\  @ /K " f  H  ⠕ ¸  H \ V © œ@ /– Ð



Œ

• t     É r Ó ü t$ í _     o– Ð “  K  7 á x  x 9 ³ ð€    — ¸¿ º 5

Å

q • ¸ 7 £ x    H s  © œ™ è| `  ¦ ˜ Ð% i  . ‘ : r ƒ  ½ ¨\  ¦ : Ÿ x K  þ j

™

èì ø Í  ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç Rayleigh ³ ð€   ò ø Í$ í wave _  5 Å q

•

¸8 £ ¤& ñ l Z O _  Ä »6   x$ í õ  \ P  o\  _ ô  Ç  ⠕ ¸   o\  ¦ q   õ

& h Ü ¼– Ð ¨ î ½ + É Ã º e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ S X ‰ “   % i  .

P

c p 8 ý ò k >

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨  H 2010¸  • ¸ t d ”  â ] j Ò_  F " é ¶ Ü ¼– Ð ô  Dz D G \  - t

 l Õ ü t¨ î " é ¶(KETEP) _  t " é ¶`  ¦ ~ à Î  à º' Ÿ ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨ õ  ]

j{ 9 m  .

Y

c p w Š à U Ø ”  ô

[1] R. S. Sharpe, Research Techniques in Nondestructive Testing 1, 94 (1973).

[2] D.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Kim and S.-J. Song, S.-D. Kwon, Sae Mulli 58, 225 (2008).

[3] H. L. Bertoni and T. Tamir, Appl. Phys. 2, 152 (1973).

[4] R. S. Sharpe, Research Techniques in Nondestructive

Testing 1, 102 (1973).

수치

Fig. 2. Photos of the fabricated system for measuring reflected signals in a pitch-catch immersion setup.
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram for reflectivity of ultrasonic waves near Rayleigh angle [3].
Fig. 7. measured angle using the Rayleigh wave.

참조

관련 문서

The projection images of phase contrast X-ray images showed the detailed structure of the hair, including the cuticle, cortex and medulla.. On 3D reconstruction of phase contrast

For the measurement of the θ 13 parameter, currently, construction is underway for the Double Chooz (France), Daya Bay (China), and RENO (Korea) experiments. They are ex- pecting

(a) The amplitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line) and (b) the irradiance of the light wave on the fractional-Talbot plane, where a focusing error δζ 0 = (1/72)(2p 2 /λ) is

The optimum performance was obtained when the filter angle was 2 degrees, where the side-mode suppression ratio was 45 dB and the optical power was 1.8 mW at 30 mA. PACS

We also measured the attenuation lengths to be 46 cm for the long component and 5.8 cm for the short component by using several GeV hadron beams at the KEK-PS π2 beamline, and we

Our loss measurement system, with a standard detector, the tunable LD sources, and the polarization controller, has shown a good measurement uncertainty within 0.015 dB in the

A High Efficiency Coupling Technique for Photonic Crystal Waveguides Using Mode Adaptor.. Woo-Lim Chae, Hyun-Shik Lee, Hyun-Jun, Kim, Beom-Hoan Oh, Seung-Gol Lee, Se-Geun Park

A backpropagation neural network was applied to ultrasonic testing to evaluate crack location, size and orientation around the keyway of a turbine rotor disk.. The RF signals