Journal of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Vol.21 No.5 Serial No.94 _ 2012. 10
On the Characteristics of the Colors in the Kitchens and Dining Rooms of the Cyber Model Houses in Korea
- Focused on Medium Sized Units(99～165m
2) Constructed in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in the Late 2000s - 아파트 사이버 모델하우스 주방 및 식당의 사용 색채특성
- 2000년대 후반 수도권 지역에 건설된 중규모 주호(99～165m
2)를 대상으로 -
Author 최진희 Choi, Jin-Hee / 정회원, 상명대학교 실내디자인학과 강사, 미술학박사
정유나 Jeong, Yoo-Na / 감사, 상명대학교 실내디자인학과 교수, 공학박사
Abstract This study is aimed to identify the color characteristics of the current Korean Brand Apartment, focused on the color of kitchens and dining rooms in the cyber model houses. The Brands which were selected for this study ranked from first to fifth in the contractor ranking and now account for 64 percent of the apartments in sale in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. In addition, the size between 99m
2and 165m
2were selected, because it was most preferred at the 2011 survey for user preference on the size of apartment. As this study is for the colors shown on the monintor, colors were extracted from the images of web site with L*, a*, b* . And then, they were converted to Munsell values through computer program, which values were used to identify the color characteristics of hue, tone and to apply the theory of Moon Spencer.
The result of the study on the color characteristics of the kitchen and dining room of the five brands’ apartments is as follows. Regarding the color use, most of the brands used Y and YR color while as the accent color, P, PB and G were used. This result of main color use for hue was same as the guideline by the literature review, but color for tone showed the difference between brands and the difference between sizes. Next, regarding the color combination, first ambiguity of color harmony was shown the most. And the larger the size was, the more the contrast of color harmony was shown. It means that the color tone had close relation with the sizes of households.
Keywords 색채특성, 사이버 모델하우스, 주방, 식당, 브랜드 아파트
Color Characteristics, Cyber Model House, Kitchen, Dining Room, Brand Apartment
1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Objective of the Study
Before 1990s, apartment construction companies sold most apartments at high competitive rate because of economic growth and investment in real estate, without much change in brand or floor plan as it is now.However, as shortfall of sales of apartment extended over a long period of time due to the economic recession in 1990s, construction companies in 2000s put up differentiated policies and made brands for each company. In the beginning of development of brands, the change of floor plan took place, and the change occurred much greater in the mid-2000s. Image making
of brand like the one above was used as the way to improve images of construction companies, and as a means of enhancing such brand image, model houses were used. The model house has changed from the place for sales of apartment to complex space which shows information on real estate and patterns of residential changes or display trend of residential space.
The purpose of this study is to extract characteris- tics of color and color harmony of kitchens and dining rooms used in modern Korean apartment model houses, investigating the difference of colors used in preceded studies of colors by comparing with them.
This study may be related to studies on consumer satisfactions of the color scheme or color design in
residential space, and be useful information for interior designers.
1.2. Scope and Methods of the Study
As the criteria for selecting objects of investigation, first, five apartment brands of construction companies were selected in consideration of contract ranking in 2010; second, the apartments with the area more than 99㎡ and less than 165㎡(in the past, 30～40 pyeong), opened from the late 2009 to 2011; third, the locations of those model houses were in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province.
Next, the colors used for parts including ceiling, wall, floor, furniture, furnishings and equipment were extracted through a computer monitor. The methods of extracting color are as follows: First, the images of kitchens and dining rooms were processed into mosaic-treated photos. And excluding bright and dark parts, 5∼7 pixels were used to count the average of L*, a*, b* values. Then, L*, a*, b* values were converted into Munsell color values by Munsell Conversion Program.
For the color harmony, colors adjacent to each element were selected to identify and theory suggested by Moon and Spencer was adopted. Although Moon and Spencer's theory of color harmony has limits in systemizing complexity of colors into ideas of numbers, but it has an advantage of analyzing color harmony quantitatively.
2. Color Theories and Literature Review for Colors in Kitchens and Dining Rooms
2.1. Color Theories for the Study
Globally, Munsell Color System and NCS(Natural Color System) are the most useful color systems. This study employed Munsell Color System, which is the system officially employed by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in Korea, in order to analyze from ISCC-NBS tones designated by ISCC-NIST (Inter-Society Color Council-National Institute of Standards and Technology) and MoonžSpencer's Color Theory. ISCC-NBS presents basic names of colors, modifiers of tones and achromatic colors. The
advantage of using systematic colors is to express many colors with the small number of words,1) and in color naming method examined by ISCC-NBS, tones consist of total 16 signs, and achromatic colors are divided into 5, which are different from Korean standard of designating color. The locations of tones are as follows:
<Figure 1> ISCC-NBS Tone Arrangement2)
MoonžSpencer's Color Theory is divided into three categories. This theory has its significance that it can explain theory of harmony quantitatively, while the traditional color harmony theories treated emotionally.3) When the difference between each color composed by Moon and Spencer is clear, it is told that the colors be in harmony.
<Figure 2> MoonžSpencer's Color Harmony4)
The clear distinction in colors may express identity, similarity and contrast in the interval of level. The gap between identity and similarity, and the one between similarity and contrast are called interval of ambiguity.5) Moon and Spencer distinguished harmony and disharmony as pleasant and unpleasant intervals, 1) Moon, Eun-Bae, Understanding and Use of Colors, Ahn Graphics,
2005, p.315 2) Ibid., p.329
3) Park, Do-Yang, Practical Colors, Bando Press, 1997, p.87 4) http://colour-emotion.co.uk.
5) Ibid.
§Use them by contrasting the surface of a wall and furniture
§Use bright tones in upper part of furniture (sink)
§When steel materials are often seen in the kitchen, weaken colorless feeling of steel by using strong colors in other elements
§Generally use bright and soft tones
§Use Y, YR, R colors / pale and light tone
§Use the colors to stimulate appetite (warm color)
§Generally use warm colors, and especially use Y, YR, R colors / light tones
§Achromatic colors with clean images
§Generally use bright and soft tones
§Use colors ranged from warm colors to neutral tones, and change with strong colors at small areas or emphasizing parts
<Table 1> Colors of kitchens and dining rooms through reviewing literature
indicating that there is an appearance of harmony and disharmony in hue, value and chroma.
2.2. Literature Review for Colors in Kitchens and Dining Rooms
Interior space of residence is the most fundamental space among areas human beings use, so it should be directed in comfortable and homely atmosphere.
Residential space can be divided into the passage space, public space and private space according to its function in use, and their color plans should be done in a mutually related, considering harmony as each domain in a house.6) Colors influences scents and tastes. Pink, lavender, light yellow and green colors are related with pleasant scents. Coral, peach, soft yellow, bright green, flamingo and amber colors are related with delightful taste. It's said that red suggests sweet and strong taste, pink for a specific taste, brown for baked taste, yellow and yellowish green colors for stimulus taste, bluish green colors are related with salty and fresh taste, and purple for sweet taste.7) So, when using colors in space, each color can have some ways to be used with related taste.
In Color in Interior Design, John F. Pile(2002) stated on color plans for living room, dining room and kitchen as follows: ‘These rooms(living rooms and dining rooms) are usually most successful in color tones ranging from mildly warm to neutral, with stronger tones restricted to smaller areas or accents.
... Yellows, if not intense, are workable tones for living spaces in such pale or neutralized forms as cream, beige or light tan. ... As spaces occupied for limited periods of time, kitchens can make use of strong color for walls, cabinet fronts and floors.
Countertops are usually best kept in lighter tones to make visibility of food materials easy. All neutral color, with its extensive use of natural wood tones, is also satisfactory in kitchens and white remains satisfactory, especially if combines with some areas of chromatic color.’8) he said.
Color Design for Interior Architecture(2000) by
6) Korean Institute of Interior Design, Color Design for Interior Architecture, Kimoondang, 2000, p.73
7) Frank H. MahnkežRudolf H. Mahnke, Color, Environment, and Human Response, John, Wiley and Sons, 1996, p.74
8) John F. Pile, Color in Interior Design, McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp.159-162
Korean Institute of Interior Design, recommends color of kitchen to present dignity of family rather than using intense colors of excessive personality. ‘Bright and soft colors(ivory, pastel colors, and bright tones of neutral colors with low chroma)’ should be used, and as the case may be, use warm color in emphasizing element when using cold colors to give contrast effect.
Also, ‘when background is processed by wood, if the tones of wood are dark and warm colors, it is good to make the surroundings contrast with white color, and light and cold wood finishing is effective when contrasted with low brightness or warm colors.’
In Interior Design, Kim Sang-Kwon(2005) defines kitchen and dining room as the space for family to gather, have meals and converse, and therefore, recommends we should choose colors that can make food look delicious. He said that it's effective to use
‘colors such as orange, cream and red colors, centered on warm colors.’9)
Theory and Practice of Residential Space Design by Han Young-Ho and Lee Jin-Young(2004), recommends colors that give cozy and comfortable images. It advises that ‘Gray close to white or yellow is effective, and using many colors with white will give clear and cheerful feeling to kitchen.’ A dining room is defined as the space in which people gather, loosen up and have meals with pleasure. Warm colors including brown, orange, red and yellow should be used to give vitality. ‘On the other hand, yellowish green and purple are the colors that decrease appetite, so we should be careful to use those colors.’10)
The contents of the above literature can be summarized as <Table 1>
9) Kim Sang-Kwon, Interior Design, Mijinsa, 2005, p.144
10) Han Young-Ho and Lee Jin-Young, Theory and Practice of Residential Space Design, Kimoondang, 2004, pp.200∼201
Image Color Color Band Color Harmony
Hue Value/Chroma
Young- tong (110㎡)
S.E
Floor 1.8Y 5/1.3 Ceil*-Fur**(wall) 3.7Y 5/2.7-1.9Y 5.1/2.7 1stAmbiguity Identity Ceil-Fur(Wall) 3.6Y 5/2.4-3.6Y 5/2.4 Identity Identity Wall 7.9YR 6.9/1
Ceil-Fur 3.7Y 5/2.7-0.7Y 3.6/1.4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Ceiling 7.9YR 6.9/1 Wall-Floor 1.5Y 5.7/1.5-1.3Y 5/2 Identity Similarity
FFE Ft.
2Y 6/2.2 Wall-Elec 0.4Y 5.7/1.7-9.2YR 5.2/1.8 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Floor-Fur 1.3Y 5/2-9.9YR 5.4/4.3 1stAmbiguity Similarity 3.7Y4.5/1.5 Fur(Wall)-Fur 1.9Y 5.1/2.7-0.7Y 3.6/1.4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Fur-Fur 9.9YR 5.4/4.3-4.3Y 7.4/1.3 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity 9.4Y 5.4/4.4
Fur-Fur 0.4Y 5.6/1.7-4.3Y 7.4/1.3 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Fs.&E 1.9Y 6.9/7.7 Fur-Deco 0.4Y 5.6/1.7-1.5Y6.8/5.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Fur-Deco 4.3Y 7.4/1.3-1.5Y6.8/5.8 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Fur(Wall)-Deco 0.4Y 5.7/1.7-0.8Y 5.8/1 Identity 1stAmbiguity
Young- tong (129㎡)
S.E
Floor 10YR 5.7/3.9 Ceil-Fur(wall) 9.9YR 4.3/1.9-2.8Y 5.2/2.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Fur(Wall) 3.7Y 4.4/1.5-9.5YR 4.6/1.7 1stAmbiguity Identity
Ceil-Fur 9.9YR 4.3/1.9-3.9GY 3.4/1 2ndAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Wall 2Y4.2/1 Ceil-Wall 9.9YR 4.3/1.9-9.2YR 4.9/2.3 Identity Similarity
Ceil-Deco 6Y 5.1/0.9- 0.6Y 6.4/4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Wall-Floor 9.2YR 4.9/2.3-9.2YR 5.9/1.9 Identity 1stAmbiguity Ceiling 4.7Y 5/1.9 Floor-Fur(wall) 9.2YR 4.9/2.3-9.5YR 4.4/2.9 Identity Similarity
Floor-Fur 9.1YR 3.6/2.9-1.6Y 2.8/1.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity FFE Ft.
2.4G 5/0.8 Floor-Fur 8.2YR 1.4/2.2-4.6Y 5.3/1.6 1stAmbiguity Contrast Floor-Fur 8.9YR 5.2/2.8-2.8Y 6/1.7 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Fur-Fur 2.8Y 5.2/2.5-3.9G 3.4/1 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity 9.7Y 5.9/1.8
Fur-Fur 1.6Y 2.8/1.7-4.6Y 5.3/1.6 1stAmbiguity Contrast Fur-Deco 1.6Y 2.8/1.7-3.7B 8/4.9 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
Fur-Deco 8.1B 2.7/2.3-0.6Y 6.4/4 Contrast Contrast
Young- tong (151㎡)
S.E
Floor 8.7YR 6.2/4.2 Ceil-Fur(wall) 1.3Y 6.9/1.3-2.8Y 6.2/1.1 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Fur(wall) 7.2YR 6.6/3.2-1.6Y 6.4/2.0 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Wall 10YR 6.6/3.4 Ceil-Wall 1.2Y 6.7/1.2-0.2Y 6.3/2.3 Identity 1stAmbiguity
Ceil-Deco 6.1Y 6.2/1.1-1.1YR 6.7/0.8 2ndAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Ceiling 9.1YR 7/3.5
Floor-Fur(wall) 0.3Y 6.6/2.6-1.6Y 4.7/2.2 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
FFE Ft.
9.2YR 2.9/1.4 Floor-Fur(wall) 8.4YR 6.4/4.7-0.9Y 6.6/1.3 1stAmbiguity Similarity Floor-Fur 7.6YR 4.6/4.2-6.1PB 1/0.2 Contrast Contrast
4.7PB 1.6/0.2 Floor-Fur 0.3Y 6.6/2.6-0.1Y 2.4/1 Identity Contrast
Fur-Fur 6.1PB 1/0.2-0.1Y 2.4/1 Contrast 2ndAmbiguity
Fs.&E 1.3Y 6.7/1.9 Fur-Fur 0.1Y 2.4/1-6Y 7.7/0.9 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Fur-Deco 6.1PB 1/0.2-3.9Y 7.6/1.6 Contrast Contrast Ceil-Ceil 4.6Y 5.9/1.5-2.6Y 6.5/1.3 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Han-gang (127㎡)
S.E
Floor 1.5Y 6/3 Ceil-Fur(wall) 4.6Y 5.9/1.5-5.5Y 6.7/1.8 Identity Similarity
Ceil-Wall 2.6Y 6.5/1.3-2.7Y 6.4/1.5 Identity Identity Wall 7.8Y 7.3/0.5
Ceil-Wall 2.6Y 6.5/1.3-7.8Y 7.3/0.5 1stAmbiguity Similarity 2.7Y 6.4/1.5 Ceil-Deco 2.6Y 6.5/1.3-3.5GY 7.4/0.3 2ndAmbiguity Similarity Floor-Deco 1.3Y 5.8/2.7-3.5GY 7.4/0.3 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Ceiling
4.8Y 6.3/1.2 Floor-Fur(wall) 1.3Y 5.8/2.7-5.5YG 6.7/1.8 2ndAmbiguity Similarity Wall-Fur 6.6Y 6/2.4-8.8Y 5.2/4.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity 2.6Y 6. 5/1.3 Floor-Wall 1.5Y 6/3-2.7Y 6.4/1.5 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Floor-Wall 1.5Y 6/3-7.8Y 7.3/0.5 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity FFE Ft. 1.6GY 8.2/1.5
Floor-Fur 2.4Y 6.1/3-8.8Y 5.2/4.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity 7.2Y 6.7/3.1
Floor-Fur 1.3Y 5.8/2.7-3.3Y 6.2/2.5 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Fs.&E 1.4Y 4.4/1.5
Fur-Fur 8.8Y 5.2/4.7-0.2GY 7.8/0.7 1stAmbiguity Contrast
<Table 2> R Brand using Colors * Ceil : Ceiling, **Fur : Furniture
3. Investigation on Colors for Each Brand’s Kitchens and Dining Rooms
For the diagram to investigate using color of brands, the colors used in spatial elements(S.E.) and FFE(furniture, furnishings and equipment; Ft / Fs&E) were described in Munsell values, and these using
colors were arranged in a form of color band so that the using colors could be recognized at a glance. The chart was made by using systematic color names in order to derive properties of hue and tones, and specified color harmonies of adjacent spheres were analyzed.
3.1. Samsung C&T, R brand
Image Color Color Band Color Harmony
Hue Value/Chroma
Gang- seo (112㎡)
S.E
Floor 9.5Y 5.7/4 Ceil-Wall 6.2R 6.2/1.1-6.1RP 6.3/0.8 Similarity Identity
Ceil-Fur(Wall) 7.6YR 6.9/1.6-4.6PB 4.8/0.3 Contrast 2ndAmbiguity Wall
8.1YR 7.5/1.2 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 1.2Y 6.3/1.6-9.9Y 6.0/0.4 Similarity 1stAmbiguity Ceil-Fur 0.2Y 7.6/1.1-6.1RP 9.8/0.6 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity 9.8Y 4.7/0.6 Wall-Fur(Wall) 4.6R 7.7/1.3-0.2R 7.6/1.3 1stAmbiguity Identity
Wall-Fur 4.6R 7.7/1.3-6.2YR 6.6/1.1 2ndAmbiguity Similarity Ceiling 6.5YR 7.5/1
Wall-Fur 7.6GY 4.0/1-6.1RP 9.8/0.6 Contrast Contrast
FFE Ft
8.1YR 4/3 Wall-Fur 7.6GY 4.0/1-7.9YR 6.8/1 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
Floor-Wall 0.4Y 6.2/3.7-4.6R 7.7/1.3 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-fur(Wall) 2.3Y 6.9/3.3-7.9YR 6.8/1 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity 9.7P 6.3/0.7 Floor-fur(Wall) 0.4Y 6.2/3.7-6.2YR 6.6/1.1 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Floor-fur 0.6Y 6.6/3.2-7.2YR 6.6/1.3 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity 1.9Y 9.6/0.2 Floor-fur 3.2Y 6.9/3.7-7.4YR 7.6/1.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Fur-Fur 8.1YR 4/3-2.4YR 8/1.1 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Gang- (161㎡)seo
S.E
Floor 8.8YR 6.3/3.7 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 4.4YR 4.9/1.3-8.6YR 5.4/2.2 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Fur(Wall) 7.0YR 6.4/1.8-6.3R 6/1.1 Similarity 1stAmbiguity Wall 6.3YR 6.6/1.9 Ceil-Deco 2.6Y 7.7/3.1-3.3Y 9.4/1.2 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Wall-Fur 6.3YR 6.6/1.9-7.8YR 4.9/2.6 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity 7.2YR 6.5/1 Floor-Wall 7.6YR 6.2/3.6-6.3YR 6.6/1.9 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Floor-Deco 7.6YR 6.2/3.6-1.3G 6.4/1.2 2ndAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Ceiling 5YR 6/1.5 Deco-Fur 1.3G 6.4/1.2-6.4Y 1.1/0.2 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
Floor-Fur(wall)) 7.6YR 6.2/3.6-7.6YR 4.9/2.6 Identity 2ndAmbiguity FFE Ft 3.1YR 2.7/1.4 Floor-Fur(wall) 8YR6.9/3.3-4.6YR 6.1/4 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Floor-Fur 7YR 7/6.7-3.3r 3.8/0.6 1stAmbiguity Contrast Fs.&E 9YR 5.6/1.1 Fur-Fur 3.3R 3.8/0.6-7.4YR 6.8/1.8 2ndAmbiguity Contrast Fur-Deco 6.4Y 1.1/0.2-3.2R 6.1/0.9 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
<Table 4> H Brand using Colors * Ceil : Ceiling, **Fur : Furniture
Identity 1st Ambiguity Similarity 2nd Ambiguity Contrast
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Youngtong
110㎡ Hue 3 25% 9 75% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Ton 2 17% 2 17% 2 17% 5 41% 1 8%
Youngtong
129㎡ Hue 3 21.5% 7 50% 0 0% 3 21.5% 1 7%
Ton 1 7.5% 3 22% 4 28% 2 14.5% 3 28%
Youngtong
151㎡ Hue 2 18% 5 46% 0 0% 1 9% 3 27%
Ton 0 0% 3 27% 2 18% 2 18% 4 37%
Hangang new
127㎡ Hue 2 15% 8 62% 0 0% 3 23% 0 0%
Ton 1 8% 2 15% 7 54% 2 15% 1 8%
Hangang new
156㎡ Hue 3 21.5% 6 43% 0 0% 1 7% 4 28.5%
Ton 1 7% 0 0% 2 14.5% 2 14.5% 9 64%
<Table 3> R Brand Color Harmony Analysis Han-
gang (156㎡)
S.E
Floor 7.7YR 5.6/4.7 Ceil-Ceil 1.6Y 5.9/1.8-1.3Y 6.9/1.3 Identity Similarity
Ceil-Ceil 1.6Y 5.9/1.8-2.8Y 6/1.5 1stAmbiguity Identity Wall 2Y 7.7/0.3 Ceil-Fur(wall) 2.8Y 6/1.5-9.5YR 2.8/2 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Ceil-Fur(wall) 1.3Y 6.9/1.3-4.4Y 3.4/1.7 1stAmbiguity Contrast
8.4YR 3.2/2 Ceil-Fur 1.3Y 6.9/1.3-1Y 9.8/0.3 Identity Contrast
Ceil-Deco 1.3Y 6.9/1.3-0.8PB 8.8/3.2 Contrast 2ndAmbiguity Ceiling
1.6Y 5.9/1.8
Wall-Fur 3.6Y 4.4/0.4-5.5B 7.1/0.4 Contrast Contrast Wall-Deco 3.6Y 4.4/0.4-0.8PB 8.8/3.2 Contrast Contrast 0.5Y 7.5/1.3
Floor-Fur(wall) 5.9YR 4.4/4.3-2YR 3.7/1.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity Floor-Fur(wall) 6.6YR 6.2/4-4.6YR 3.7/2 1stAmbiguity Contrast
FFE Ft
8.4YR 3.2/2 Floor-Fur(wall) 6.6YR 6.2/4-9.8Y 7.3/0.4 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Fur 5.9YR 4.4/4.3-5.5B 7.1/0.4 Contrast Contrast
4.2Y 8/1.2 Floor-Fur 6.6YR 6.2/4-6.3YR 3.9/2 Identity Contrast
Fur-Fur 6.3YR 3.9/2-9.2YR 7.3/0.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast
3.2. Hyundai E&C, H brand
Gawng -jang (112㎡)
S.E
Floor 5YR 6.6/4 Ceil-Wall 6.7YR 7.4/2.6-6.7YR 7.1/2.8 Identity 1stAmbiguity
Ceil-Wall 3.4GY 6.9/0.3-3.4B 8/0.9 Contrast Similarity Ceil-Fur(Wall) 9.4YR 6.4/1.7-9.8YR 6.8/1.7 Identity Identity Wall 3.1YR 7.7/2 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 6.9R 8/0.1-1.1Y9.8/0 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Ceil-Deco 3.4GY 6.9/0.3-1.9Y 8.4/2 Similarity 2ndAmbiguity
6.8B 7.4/0.6 Wall-Deco 3.4B 8/0.9-1.9Y 8.4/2 Contrast 1stAmbiguity
Wall-Fur 2.3PB 7.3/1.3-1.5PB 7.6/1 1stAmbiguity Identity Ceiling 6YR 7.8/2.3 Wall-Fur 6.7YR 7.2/2.8-9.3YR 6.3/2.2 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Floor-Wall 4.8YR 6.5/1.8-6.7YR 7.1/2.8 1stAmbiguity Similarity
FFE Ft
7.6YR 7.5/1 Floor-Fur(Wall) 6.YR 6.6/3.5-7.2YR 7/0.4 2ndAmbiguity Similarity Floor-Fur 4.2YR 6.4/6-6.1PB 8.2/5.5 Contrast 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Fur 7.4YR 7.7/1.1-1.6PB 7.6/1 Contrast Identity
9.9YR 7.2/3.6 Fur-Fur 9.2YR 9.3/0.7-9.9PB 9.1/1.1 Contrast Identity
Fur-Fur 6.1PB 8.2/5.5-1.6PB7.6/1 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Gawng -jang (130㎡)
S.E
Floor 5.7YR 8.3/3.5 Ceil-Fur 3.1YR 6.6/2.3-3.1R 9.8/0.6 Similarity Contrast
Ceil-Fur(Wall) 0.6Y 9.9/0-3.8YR 7.6/3.2 1stAmbiguity Contrast Wall 9YR 7.7/1.6
Wall-Fur 2.6YR 7.4/9.0-4YR 3.6/3.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast 6.2YR 3.3/2.6
Floor-Fur(Wall) 6.3YR 7.9/3.3-6.7YR 6.6/6.4 Identity 2ndAmbiguity Ceiling 9YR 7.7/1.6
Floor-Fur 4.7YR 8.1/2.1-6.1YR 6.7/4.7 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
FFE Ft
5.7YR 4.3/3.4
Floor-Fur 0.8YR 9.3/1.9-4.3YR 7.4/6.9 1stAmbiguity Contrast Floor-Fur 6.3YR 7.9/3.3-6.9YR 2.9/1.7 Identity Contrast 5.8YR 1.7/1
Fur-Fur 6.1YR 6.7/4.7-4.3YR 7.4/6.9 1stAmbiguity Similarity Fur-Fur 6.9YR 2.9/1.7-6.1YR 6.7/4.7 Identity Contrast 4.5YR 7.3/4.9
Fur-Fur 6.9YR 2.9/1.7-5.7YR 4.3/3.4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
wonSu- (130㎡)
S.E
Floor 1.7Y 7.1/2.5 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 2.2Y 6.2/2.9-1.2Y 6.9/3.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Fur 6.1Y 6.6/2.3-0.8Y 6.1/2.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Wall 6Y 7.3/1.3 Ceil-Deco 6.1Y 7.4/2-0.9GY 4.3/1.6 1stAmbiguity Contrast
1.2YR 0.5/1.3 Wall-Wall 6Y 7.3/1.3-1.2YR 0.5/1.3 Similarity Contrast
Wall-Floor 1.2YR 0.5/1.3-1.6Y 6.2/3 Similarity Contrast Ceiling 4.3Y 7.3/1.3 Floor-Wall 1.3Y 7.6/2.3-4.4Y 7.7/1.2 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
FFE Ft
1.2Y 6.6/2.8 Floor-Fur(Wall) 2Y 7/2.7-1.3Y 6.5/2.9 Identity Similarity
Floor-Fur 1.6Y 6.2/3-2.2Y 6.2/2.8 Identity Identity 1.8Y 6.6/2.4 Floor-Fur 0.4Y 6.4/2.5-4.2R 0.9/0.2 2ndAmbiguity Contrast 4.3Y 7.3/1.4 Floor-Fur 0.4Y 6.4/2.6-4Y 6.1/2.2 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Fur-Fur 4.2R 0.9/0.2-4Y 6.1/2.2 2ndAmbiguity Contrast 5.7Y 2.4/1.5 Fur-Fur 4Y 6.1/2.2-2.2Y 6.2/2.8 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
wonSu- (156㎡)
S.E
Floor 2.1Y 7.7/0.7 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 8.6Y 6.6/1.2-3.7YR 3.6/2.8 2ndAmbiguity Contrast Ceil-Fur 7.3YR 6.4/0.9-4.6YR 3.9/4 1stAmbiguity Contrast Ceil-Deco 6.8Y 7.1/0.8-3.6Y 8.7/1.6 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Wall 2.4Y 7/1 Wall-Wall 2.3Y 7.3/1.1-1.7Y 6.4/1.6 Identity Similarity
Wall-Fur(Wall) 4.4Y 8.6/1-0.2Y 8.9/0.7 1stAmbiguity Identity Ceiling 6.5YR 9/0.5 Floor-Fur(Wall) 8.2YR 6.1/1-6.6YR 2.9/2.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Floor-Fur(Wall) 2.3Y 7.4/0.4-9.7YR 6.0/1.3 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Deco 2.3Y 7.4/0.4-3YR 3.6/1.2 Similarity Contrast FFE
Ft
5.5YR 3.1/3.5 Floor-Fur 4.7Y 7.6/1-4.6Y 7.8/1 Identity Identity
Floor-Fur 4.7Y 7.6/1-1.3Y 6/1.1 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
0.2GY 8.7/0.7 Deco-Fur 3.9YR 3.9/1-1.3Y 6/1.1 Similarity 2ndAmbiguity
Deco-Fur 3YR 3.6/1.2-7.9G 0.7/1.2 Contrast Contrast Fur-Fur 4.6YR 3.9/4-2.3Y 7.3/1.1 Similarity Contrast Fs.&E 8YR 2.7/1.1 Fur-Fur 1.3Y 6/1.1-4.6Y 7.8/1 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Fur-Deco 1.3Y 6/1.1-2.6Y 6.6/1.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Identity 1stAmbiguity Similarity 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Gangseo
112㎡ Hue 0 0% 6 43% 2 14% 4 29% 2 14%
Ton 2 14% 4 29% 2 14% 3 21.5% 3 21.5%
Gangseo
161㎡ Hue 1 8% 6 50% 1 8% 4 34% 0 0%
Ton 0 0% 3 25% 2 17% 3 25% 4 33%
Gawngjang
112㎡ Hue 2 14% 4 29% 1 7% 2 14% 5 36%
Ton 4 29% 2 14% 4 29% 4 29% 0 0%
Gawngjang
130㎡ Hue 3 30% 6 60% 1 10% 0 0% 0 0%
Ton 0 0% 0 0% 1 10% 3 30% 6 60%
Suwon 130㎡
Hue 2 17% 6 49% 2 17% 2 17% 0 0%
Ton 1 8% 3 25% 3 25% 0 0% 5 42%
Suwon 156㎡
색상 2 13% 8 53% 3 20% 1 7% 1 7%
색조 2 13% 0 0% 2 13% 5 34% 6 40%
<Table 5> H Brand Color Harmony Analysis
Image Using Color Color Band Color Harmony
Hue Value/Chroma
heungSi- (115
㎡)
S.E
Floor 7.7YR 6.7/5.7 Ceil-Wall 9YR 6.9/3.3-7.1YR 7.4/3.9 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Wall 3.6YR 9.3/1.9-7.8YR 8.6/2.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Wall 7.1YR 8/3.7-6.1YR 7.7/4.6 Identity Contrast Wall 6.3YR 9.3/2 Ceil-Fur(Wall) 1.2Y 7.4/2.0-6.6YR 7.9/3.4 1stAmbiguity Similarity Ceil-Deco 9.9YR 7.6/1.9-7.2YR6.8/7.4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Ceiling 6.3YR 9.3/2 Wall-Floor 6.1YR 7.7/4.6-6.6YR 7/6.9 Identity Similarity
Wall-Fur 9.6YR 7.4/1.9-3.4Y 6.6/6.6 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Wall-Fur 1.9Y 8.6/0.8-6.9YR 7.6/4.3 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
FFE Ft
2Y 6.4/6.2 Floor-Fur 8.8YR 6.7/4.6-2.6Y 6.4/4.9 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Floor-Fur 1.2Y 6.9/6.1-3.4Y 6.6/6.6 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity 6.5YR 5.5/6.7 Floor-Fur 6.6YR 7/6.9-4.8YR 4.9/6.7 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Fur-Fur 6.9YR 7.6/4.3-3.4Y 6.6/6.6 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Si- heung
(136㎡)
S.E
Floor 2.7YR 3.3/2.8 Ceil-Wall 6.8YR 8.4/1.6-1.9Y 8.2/1.2 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Ceil-Fur 9.8Y 7.3/0.4-6.6B 9.3/0.7 Contrast 2ndAmbiguity Wall 1.9Y 8.6/0.6 Ceil-Elec 6.9YR 6.6/1.9-9.2YR 6.7/3.1 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Wall-Floor 2.2Y 7.6/0.4-6.7YR 2.6/2.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast Ceiling 2Y 8.3/0.4
Wall-Fur 2.6Y 6.8/1.6-6.6B 9.3/0.7 Contrast Contrast
FFE Ft
1Y 0.8/0 Wall-Fur 2.6Y 6.8/1.6-6YR 2.4/3.3 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Floor-Fur 6.7YR 2.6/2.4-6.2YR 0.6/1.2 Identity 2ndAmbiguity
6.9YR 2.6/2.9 Floor-Fur 3.1YR 3.8/2.7-2.6Y 6.9/0.3 Similarity Contrast
Fur-Deco 6.2YR 0.6/1.2-6.0PB 9.6/1.1 Contrast Contrast 3.2YR 5.6/0.8
Fs.&E Fur-Elec 6YR 2.4/3.3-9.2YR 6.7/3.1 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Fur-Elec 6.6B 9.3/0.7-8.8YR 6/1.1 Contrast Contrast
joongUn- - dong(112
㎡)
S.E
Floor 8.2YR 7/1 Ceil-Wall 7.6YR 7.8/1.7-1Y 9.8/0.1 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Ceil-Deco 6.4PB 8.6/1-3.6YR 2.2/4.4 Contrast Contrast
Ceil-Fur 0.7G 8/0.7-2.2G 9/0.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity Wall 5.4PB 7.8/1.7 Wall-Fur 8.2G 8.3/0.6-2.2G 9/0.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity Wall-Fur 2.9Y 6.3/0.4-6.9YR 1.3/2.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Ceiling 3.7GY 7.6/0.3 Wall-Fur 8.2G 8.3/0.6-9YR 6/4.6 Contrast Contrast
Wall-Elec 2.6Y 6.7/0.7-0.7Y5.7/0.9 1stAmbiguity Similarity
FFE Ft
7.8R 0.6/1.4 Wall-Deco 2.9Y 6.8/0.4-7.2YR 3.2/4.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast Floor-Fur 2.9Y 7.1/1.1-9YR 6/4.6 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity 8.8YR 6.3/3.6 Floor-Elec 8YR 6/2-0.7Y5.7/0.9 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity Floor-Fur 2.3YR 6.7/1.6-8.9YR 4/3.4 Similarity Contrast 8.4G 8.9/0.8 Floor-Fur 2.3YR 6.7/1.6-9.7RP 0.6/1.6 2ndAmbiguity Contrast Fur-Fur 8.9YR 4/3.4-9.7RP 0.6/1.6 2ndAmbiguity Contrast
Fs.&E 7.2YR 3.2/4.8 Fur-Fur 9.7RP 0.6/1.6-6.6B 9.4/0.7 Contrast Contrast
Heuk- seck(109
㎡)
S.E
Floor 8.2YR 7.2/5.8 Ceil-Wall 2G 7.7/0.8-6.6GY 7.8/1 1stAmbiguity Identity Ceil-Fur 0.9GY 7.1/1.6-1.6GY 7/1.7 Identity Identity Wall
4GY 8.2/0.7 Ceil-Fur 1.7GY 7.4/1.7-6.2GY 8.2/1.3 1stAmbiguity Similarity Wall-Fur 9.8YR 2.4/2.1-0.6GY 6.6/1.9 Similarity Contrast 6.2YR 3.4/2.7
Wall-Fur 6.4YR 2.8/2.3-2.1Y 6.9/1.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast Ceiling 4GY 8.2/0.7 Floor-Fur 3.3Y 6/3.6-6.4Y 6.9/2.1 1stAmbiguity Similarity Floor-Fur 6.8Y 6.1/2.4-6.7GY 6.6/1.7 Similarity Similarity
FFE Ft 7.2Y 8.9/0.5 Floor-Fur 8.6YR 7/6.6-2Y 7.6/4.7 1stAmbiguity Similarity
Floor-Fur 1.9Y 7.6/3.2-2.1Y 6.9/1.4 Identity Similarity
Heuk- seck(130
㎡)
S.E
Floor 9.7YR 6.3/5.1 Ceil-Wall 1.9Y 7.7/3.6-2.4Y 9.2/3.2 Identity 2ndAmbiguity Ceil-Wall 6.1Y 9.8/0.7-7.1Y 6.8/1.3 Identity Contrast
Wall 9Y 5.5/4.1 Ceil-Fur 1Y 9.8/0.1-0.6Y 9.9/0 Identity Identity
Ceil-Fur 1.2GY8.6/1.3-1.6G 8.8/0.6 Similarity Similarity 7.2Y 8.4/1.5 Wall-Fur 7.1Y 6.8/1.3-1.6G 8.8/0.6 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Wall-Fur 0.6Y 4/2.7-0.6Y 9.9/0 Identity Contrast
Ceiling 0.1Y 9.5/1.9 Wall-Fur 0.6Y 4/2.7-0.2Y 6.8/5.3 Identity Contrast
Wall-Fur 9.7YR 3.7/3.3-7.4YR 6/8.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast
FFE Ft
6YR 5/8 Floor-Wall 8.6YR 6.7/4.7-3.2Y 8.3/2.4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Fur 6.3YR 7.3/7.3-0.2Y 6.8/5.3 1stAmbiguity Similarity 7.5YR 6.4/9 Floor-Fur 6.3YR 7.3/7.3-7.4YR 6/8.8 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity
Floor-Fur 6.3YR 7.3/7.3-3YR 4.8/8.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast 0.1Y 9.5/1.9 Floor-Fur 6.3YR 7.3/7.3-7.9YR 2/2.3 1stAmbiguity Contrast
<Table 6> P Brand using Colors * Ceil : Ceiling, **Fur : Furniture
3.3. Daewoo E&C, P brand
Identity 1st Ambiguity Similarity 2nd Ambiguity Contrast Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Siheung
115㎡ Hue 2 17% 11 83% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
Ton 0 0% 2 17% 5 42% 4 33% 1 8%
Siheung
136㎡ Hue 1 9% 5 46% 1 9% 0 0% 4 36%
Ton 0 0% 2 18% 0 0% 2 18% 6 64%
Unjoongdong 112㎡
Hue 0 0% 8 58% 1 7% 2 14% 3 21%
Ton 0 0% 1 7% 3 21% 2 14% 8 58%
Heukseck
109㎡ Hue 2 22.5% 5 55% 2 22.5% 0 0% 0 0%
Ton 2 22.5% 0 0% 4 45% 0 0% 2 22.5%
Heukseck
130㎡ Hue 5 38% 6 46% 1 8% 1 8% 0 0%
Ton 1 8% 0 0% 3 23% 3 23% 6 46%
<Table 7> P Brand Color Harmony Analysis
3.4. Daelim E&C, E brand
Image Using color Color Band Color Harmony
Hue Value/Chroma
Gwang 100㎡gyo
S.E
Floor 9.7YR 5.3/4 Ceil-Fur 0.9Y 6.1/4.2-0.4Y 6.3/4.6 Identity Identity
Ceil-Wall 8.8YR 6.1/4.9-7.4YR 6.9/3.2 1stAmbiguity Similarity Wall 9.1YR 9.2/1
Ceil-Wall 8.8YR 6.1/4.9-9.2YR 4.1/4.3 Identity 2ndAmbiguity Ceiling 9.1YR 9.2/1
Ceil-Deco 0.2Y 6.6/4.5-0.6Y 7.1/3.4 Identity Similarity
FFE Ft
9.4Y 6.2/5.5 Wall-Foor 7.4YR 6.9/3.2-8.9Y 6.2/6.7 Similarity Similarity Wll-Floor 9.2YR 4.1/4.3-8.9Y 6.2/6.7 Similarity 2ndAmbiguity 1.3Y 9.5/0.7
Floor-Fur 8.9Y 6.2/6.7-6.7YR 7.6/2 2ndAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Fur 8.9Y 6.2/6.7-1.6Y 1.4/2.7 Similarity Contrast 7.4YR 1.8/4
Fur-Fur 1.6Y 1.4/2.7-6.7YR 7.6/2 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Gwang gyo 119㎡
S.E
Floor 9.4YR 4.6/4.6 Ceil-Fur 0.5Y 7.1/2.4-1.6Y 9/0.8 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Ceil-Wall 9.7YR 6.6/3.1-7.5YR 6.8/2.4 1stAmbiguity 1stAmbiguity
Wall 9.5YR 6.5/2.3 Ceil-Wall 0.4Y 5.3/4-9.2YR 4.8/4.5 Identity Similarity
Wll-Floor 9.1YR 5/3.6-9.4YR 4/4.5 Identity Similarity Ceiling 9.5YR 7.3/1.7 Wll-Floor 8.7YR 7/4.5-8.2YR 6.5/1.6 Identity Similarity Floor-Fur 9.2YR 5/4.7-7.6YR 2.6/4 1stAmbiguity Contrast FFE Ft 9YR 4.4/4.2
Floor-Fur 8.7YR 7/4.5-9Y 4/5 Similarity Contrast
Fur-Fur 7.6YR 2.6/4-9.6YR 7.4/1.8 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Fur-Fur 9Y 4/5-1.6Y9/0.8 Similarity Contrast
Gwang 145㎡gyo
S.E
Floor 5.4YR 4.5/8.8 Ceil-Fur 0.1PB 7.6/1.9-0.6PB 8.7/2.8 Identity Similarity
Ceil-Wall 1.9Y 8/0.4-2Y/7.9/1.3 Identity 1stAmbiguity Wall 9.2YR 8.9/1.5 Ceil-Deco 9.5PB 9.3/2.1-2.8PB 6.7/3.7 1stAmbiguity Contrast
Wll-Floor 4.8PB 8.4/0.4-9.7PB 6/3.6 1stAmbiguity Contrast Ceiling 9.2YR 8.9/1.5 Wll-Floor 7.6YR 9/1.7-6.4YR 6.6/2.9 1stAmbiguity Contrast Floor-Fur 6.4YR 6.6/2.9-9.8R 4.1/0.9 1stAmbiguity Contrast
FFE Ft
3.7Y2.3/5
Wll-Floor 9.7PB 6/3.6-4.8YR 8.4/0.4 Contrast Contrast
2.7YR 4/5.2 Fur-Fur 9.8R 4.1/0.9-9.4YR 3.6/6.4 Similarity 2ndAmbiguity
Uiwang 127㎡
S.E
Floor 4.2YR 4.5/6.5 Ceil-Fur 5.3YR 5.5/4.1-3.1YR 2.9/3.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast Ceil-Wall 5.4YR 6.2/3.9-4.6YR 2.1/3.4 Identity Contrast Wall 7.6YR 8.3/1.8 Wall-Fur 7.8YR 6.1/3.5-3.1YR 2.9/3.4 1stAmbiguity Contrast Wall-Floor 5.7YR 2.3/4.6-4YR 3.8/5.2 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Ceiling 5YR 8.8/1.8 Floor-Fur 3.8YR 3.8/5.5-6.8YR 2.2/4 1stAmbiguity 2ndAmbiguity Floor-Fur 4YR 3.8/5.2-4.6YR 5.1/5.2 Identity 2ndAmbiguity
FFE Ft
5.7YR 2/3
Floor-Fur 3.8YR 3.8/5.5-2.2YR 0.7/1 1stAmbiguity Contrast
6.5Y 9.2/1 Fur-Fur 2.2YR 0.7/1-4.6YR 5.1/5.2 1stAmbiguity Contrast
<Table 8> E Brand using Colors * Ceil : Ceiling, **Fur : Furniture
