산림바이오매스 확대보급과 산업화에 관한 연구

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(1)연구보고 C2008-58 / 2008.12.. 산림바이오매스 확대보급과 산업화에 관한 연구. 석 현 덕 김 성 주. 연구위원 위촉연구원.

(2) 연구 담당 한국농촌경제연구원(1-4장, 7장, 부록2, 부록4). 석. 현. 덕. 김. 성. 주. (사) 한국산림기술인협회(5-6장, 부록3). 마. 상. 규. 김. 남. 홍. 산림조합중앙회 임업기능인훈련원(6장, 부록1). 이. 근. 태. 이. 재. 현. 최. 병. 채. 김. 희. 율. 최. 인. 혁. 최. 일. 훈.

(3) i. 머 리 말. 유가상승, 기후변화 등에 대응하기 위하여 바이오매스에 대한 수요가 증가하고 산림바이오매스 활용에 대한 국민적 관심이 커지고 있다. 산림에서는 숲 가꾸기 산물을 활용한 칩, 펠릿, 바이오에탄올 등 목재 및 목질계 에너지의 공급 잠재력이 있지만 이를 실제로 활용하기위해서는 산물수집에서부터 생산·가공·유통에 이르기까지 다양한 문제점들이 제기되고 있다. 이 연구는 목질계 에너지 가운데 가장 경제적이고 환경적인 펠릿을 중심으로 산 업화를 연구하고 이를 위해 원활하고 지속가능한 산림바이오매스 확대공급을 위한 효율적인 산물수집체계개선방안을 모색하여 산림바이오에너지의 산업화와 운영방 안을 마련하여 제시하였다. 이 연구보고서는 산림바이오매스의 활용을 늘리고 환경친화적인 목질계 에너지 를 확대생산하는데 활용되기 바란다. 이 사업의 원활한 진행을 위해 아낌없는 지원 을 해준 산림조합중앙회와, 임업기능인훈련원, 한국산림기술인협회의 관계자들과 관련기관 여러분들께 깊은 감사를 드린다.. 2008. 12. 한국농촌경제연구원장 오 세 익.

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(5) iii. 요. 약. 국제유가와 온실가스배출량 감축 문제 해결 및 정부의 ‘저탄소 녹색성장’ 정 책을 성공적으로 이끄는 핵심적 역할을 수행하는 데 있어서 가장 유리한 에너지 원인 산림바이오매스 자원육성과 산물수집의 근원적 확대방안을 강구하여 펠릿 의 생산・공급에 이르기까지 펠릿의 보급과 산업화 방안을 모색하는데 목적이 있음. 펠릿 생산시설은 유럽·북미·중국 및 동남아시아지역에 집중적으로 분포되어 있으며, 펠릿 최대 생산지인 스웨덴 등을 중심으로 약 400∼450여개의 펠릿생 산 시설이 입지하여 2007년 약 460만 톤의 펠릿을 생산하는 등 전 세계적으로 2010년 1,500만 톤 펠릿 생산을 예상하고 있음. 국내에서 연간 20만㏊의 산림을 관리하여 10만㏊의 산물을 바이오매스 고체 연료(펠릿 등)로 만들면 273,684톤의 난방유 절약, 4,418억 원의 수입대체 효과 및 숲 가꾸기 작업 실시로 연간 2만 여명의 고용창출 효과를 얻을 수 있음. 또한 난방유가 아닌 펠릿을 사용하였을 경우 99만 톤의 탄소배출량 절감효과 가 나타나는데, 이는 현재(2008.11.24)의 탄소 가격으로 3백억 원의 탄소배출절 감액으로 환산되고, 저탄소·온실가스 감축에 적합한 에너지원임. 펠릿 생산의 경제성 파악을 위한 재무분석 결과 숲 가꾸기 산물수집에 대한 정부보조가 없는 경우에는 수익성이 전혀 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 기계 가동률 이 불량할수록 수익성이 발생하는 시점의 숲 가꾸기 산물수집에 대한 정부 보조 율은 높아지는 것으로 나타났음. 일반적으로 자본에 대한 사회적 기회비용이 3%∼5%수준임을 고려하면 펠릿 생산의 경제적 타당성은 매우 높음. 따라서 숲 가꾸기 산물을 활용한 펠릿 생산 은 국가 경제적인 측면에서 필요성이 매우 높으며, 이를 위해서는 숲 가꾸기 산 물수집에 대한 적극적인 정부지원이 필요할 것으로 판단됨. 중국, 일본 및 유럽 등 펠릿을 이용하여 탄소배출 의무감축량의 일정부분을 대체하고 있는 등 국내에서도 펠릿의 수요가 급격히 증대될 것으로 보이나 국내 산림바이오매스 자원을 지속적이고 효과적으로 생산하고, 생산된 산림바이오매.

(6) iv. 스의 시장확대와 산업화를 위해서는 많은 장애요인들이 있음. 따라서 숲가꾸기 산물수집 기반 조성 및 오퍼레이터 등 전문인력을 양성하여 안정적인 원료 공급체계가 구축되도록 하고, 보일러 기술개발 촉진 및 보급과 펠릿 유통체계 개선, 규격화 등으로 생산된 산림바이오매스의 시장확대 및 산업 화가 이루어질 수 있도록 하며, 소비자들에게 세제지원, 펠릿 사용규제완화, 투 자설비 지원 및 발전차액지원 등의 제도적 지원방안 마련이 필요함..

(7) v. ABSTRACT. A Study of Industrializations and Usages of Forest Biomass The aim of the study is to devise industrializations of pellet which is the most economical and environmentally friendly resource among renewable resources. If 200,000㏊ of forests are managed annually and by-products are collected for biomass solid fuels from them, 273,684 tons of heating fuels from fossil fuels can be saved annually. This induces an import substitution of fossil fuels to the amount of 441.8 billion wons and the effects of 20,000 job creation annually. In addition, 990 thousand tons of carbon emission can be reduced. Financial rate of returns for pellet production can be over 10% in case of biomass collection costs are reduced to the 70% of a total cost, while economic rate of returns are over 30% on the same condition. Therefore, an economic feasibility for pellet production facilities with reduction of collecting cost of forest biomass is quite high. In order to reduce the collection cost of forest biomass, projects such as constructing intensive forest roads, mechanizing forest practices, and establishing biomass collecting system should be launched.. Researchers: Hyun Deok Seok(Ph.D.), Seong Ju Kim E-mail address: [email protected].

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(9) vii. 차 례. 제1장 서 론 1. 연구의 필요성과 목적 ··························································································· 1 2. 선행연구 검토 ········································································································· 2 3. 연구범위와 추진체계 ····························································································· 4 4. 연구방법 ·················································································································· 5 제2장 왜 산림바이오매스인가? 1. 산림바이오매스의 정의 ·························································································· 6 2. 산림바이오매스 이용의 당위성 ············································································ 7 3. 산림바이오매스의 종류별 이용형태 ··································································· 21 제3장 세계 우드펠릿 산업의 현황 1. 우드펠릿은 무엇인가? ·························································································· 23 2. 세계 우드펠릿산업의 현황 ·················································································· 27 3. 시사점 ···················································································································· 37 제4장 우드펠릿의 산업화 1. 우드펠릿 생산공정 ······························································································· 38 2. 우드펠릿 생산의 경제성 분석 ············································································ 46 제5장 우드펠릿 수요전망과 이용확대의 문제점 1. 우드펠릿 수요전망 ······························································································· 55 2. 우드펠릿 이용확대에 따른 문제점 ····································································· 57 제6장 우드펠릿시장 활성화 및 산업화 방안 1. 원료공급 방안 ······································································································· 65 2. 우드펠릿시장 활성화 방안 ·················································································· 72 3. 제도적 지원방안 ··································································································· 76 4. 정부 부처별 협력방안 ························································································· 78.

(10) viii. 제7장 요약 및 결론 요약 및 결론 ············································································································· 80 부 록 1. 효율적인 숲가꾸기 산물수집 시스템 개발 ·········································· 82 부 록 2. 열 병합발전 경제성 ··············································································· 101 부 록 3. 칩을 활용한 난방 및 발전사업 사례 조사 ········································ 106 부 록 4. 저탄소 녹색성장기본법 제정안 ··························································· 120 참고문헌 ······················································································································ 145.

(11) ix. 표 차 례. 제2장 표 2-1. 산림바이오매스의 구성 ······················································································· 6 표 2-2. 미국의 에너지원별 비용비교 ············································································· 8 표 2-3. 국내 에너지원의 경제성 비교 ············································································· 9 표 2-4. 대체에너지원별 설비의 경제성 비교(일본) ···················································· 10 표 2-5. 목질칩 생산을 위한 바이오매스 이용 가능량 ··············································· 11 표 2-6. 펠릿연료 및 화석연료의 온실가스 배출량 비교 ··········································· 14 표 2-7. 일자리 창출효과 ··································································································· 14 표 2-8. 열원별 난방비 비교표 ························································································· 15 표 2-9. 에너지 수입대체 효과 ························································································· 16 표 2-10. 일자리 창출효과 ································································································· 17 표 2-11. 탄소배출량 절감효과 및 절감액 산출 ··························································· 19 표 2-12. 각국의 1차에너지 대비 산림바이오매스 활용비율 ····································· 20 표 2-13. 산림바이오매스 2012년 보급목표. ····························································· 20. 표 2-14 . 종류별 이용형태 비교 ····················································································· 21 표 2-15. 우드펠릿과 우드칩의 특징비교 ····································································· 22. 제3장 표 3-1. 펠릿 연료 형태 ····································································································· 23. 제4장 표 4-1. 원료구입비용 ········································································································· 46 표 4-2. 건조비용 ················································································································· 47 표 4-3. 인건비용 ··············································································································· 48 표 4-4. 기계운전비(1식기준) ·························································································· 49 표 4-5. 건축 시설물 및 기계설비비 ············································································· 50 표 4-6. 총 비용 ··················································································································· 50 표 4-7. 펠릿 판매가격 ····································································································· 51 표 4-8. 기계 가동률이 가장 양호한 경우의 FIRR ······················································ 52 표 4-9. 기계 가동률이 기준조건인 경우의 FIRR ························································ 53 표 4-10. 기기 가동율이 가장 불량한 경우의 FIRR ···················································· 54.

(12) x. 제5장 표 5-1. 용도별 수요전망(2012년) ··················································································· 55 표 5-2. 펠릿 연료 유통체계 ····························································································· 61 표 5-3. 외국의 산림바이오매스 보급 정책 ··································································· 64. 제6장 표 6-1. 작업로 밀도에 따른 시설비용 ··········································································· 66 표 6-2. 작업 시스템별 생산비용 내역 ··········································································· 68 표 6-3. 지역별 경영계획 ··································································································· 70 표 6-4. 우리나라의 목질 펠릿 규격(예정안) ································································ 73 표 6-5. 숲가꾸기 사업지의 산물수집비 보조사례(일본 경도부) ······························ 77. 부록 표 1. 작업시스템별 작업기준 ···························································································· 82 표 2. 원료 구입비 ··············································································································· 101 표 3. 우드칩 생산비용 ······································································································· 102 표 4. 인원구성 및 인건비 ································································································· 102 표 5. 기기설비 투자비 ······································································································· 102 표 6. 기타영업비용 ············································································································· 103 표 7. 생산 에너지 판매를 통한 수입 ··········································································· 103 표 8. 건물 및 기계설비비의 정부 보조율에 따른 수익률(FIRR) 변화 ··················· 105 표 9. 우드칩 구입에 따른 열 병합발전 수익률(FIRR) 변화 ····································· 105 표 10. 칩과 난방유 연료비 비교 ····················································································· 107 표 11. 소형 발전사례 비교 ······························································································· 115 표 12. 신재생에너지 발전차액 지원내용(’06년) ·························································· 116 표 13. 해외 신재생에너지 발전차액 지원 제도(독일.’06년) ····································· 116.

(13) xi. 그 림 차 례. 제1장 그림 1-1. 연구추진체계 ······································································································· 4. 제2장 그림 2-1. Dubai 유가 추이 ································································································ 7 그림 2-2. 발전원별 거래단가 ····························································································· 9 그림 2-3. 저탄소 연료 ······································································································· 12 그림 2-4. 연료별 CO2 배출량 비교 ··············································································· 13 그림 2-5. 바이오매스 난방의 온실가스 배출량 비교 ················································· 13 그림 2-6. 임분밀도 조절에 따른 흉고직경변화 ··························································· 18 그림 2-7. 탄소배출 거래가 ····························································································· 18. 제3장 그림 3-1. 가정식 펠릿 설비 형태 ··················································································· 24 그림 3-2. 펠릿 대비 난방유 비용 ··················································································· 25 그림 3-3. 펠릿 일자리 창출효과 ····················································································· 25 그림 3-4. 펠릿의 안전함 ··································································································· 26 그림 3-5. 세계 펠릿생산 시설 입지현황 ······································································· 27 그림 3-6. 연도별 세계펠릿생산량 현황 ········································································· 28 그림 3-7. 세계펠릿시장 성장시나리오 ··········································································· 28 그림 3-8. 유럽 내 펠릿생산 시설 입지현황 ································································· 29 그림 3-9. 유럽의 연간 펠릿생산량 변화추이 ······························································· 30 그림 3-10. 스웨덴의 연간 펠릿생산량 변화추이 ······················································· 30 그림 3-11. 독일의 연간 펠릿생산량 변화추이 ····························································· 31 그림 3-12. 오스트리아의 연간 펠릿생산량 변화추이 ··············································· 32 그림 3-13. 캐나다 내 펠릿생산 시설 현황 ································································· 33 그림 3-14. 미국 내 펠릿생산 시설 현황 ······································································· 33 그림 3-15. 캐나다의 연간 펠릿생산량 변화추이 ························································· 34 그림 3-16. 중국 및 동남아시아 지역 내 펠릿생산 시설 입지현황 ························· 35 그림 3-17. 중국의 향후 펠릿생산규모 예상추이 ························································· 36.