독도 알아야 지킨다-영문판

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(독도책자)187x257_표1.4

D O K D O O F K O R E A

Knowing

Dokdo

Protects

Dokdo

Knowing

Dokdo

Protects

Dokdo

(2)

Contents

Dokdo

of

Korea

D O K D O O F K O R E A

What Is Dokdo Like?

02 Dokdo’s Natural Environment

04 Dokdo’s History

06 A Chronological Table on Dokdo

08 Dokdo Is Korean Territory Historically, Geographically,

and according to International Law

10 Japan’s Incorrect Arguments about Dokdo

12

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• Golden fishing grounds rich in squid and

other marine resources

• Significant deposits of methane hydrate,

phosphate, and other minerals

•Natural tourism resources

• Defense base on the East

Sea and strategic location

• A post protecting the

sovereignty of Korean

territorial seas

• Marine science base for research

on the East Sea

• An ideal place to study landforms

resulting from subsurface volcanic

eruptions, and the ecosystems of

oceanic volcanic islands

Value and

Importance

Academic

value

Economic

value

Military and

security value

Seodo

37° 14′ 30.6′′ north latitude

131° 51′ 54.6′′ east longitude

Dongdo

14′ 26.8′′ north latitude

52′ 10.4′′ east longitude

Location

Dongdo and Seodo cover an area of 73,297m

2

_{and 88,740m}

2

_{, respectively. Seodo, with its}

Daehanbong Peak(168.5m above sea level) is also higher than Dongdo(Usanbong Peak:

98.6m).

Area and Altitude

Value and Importance of Dokdo

Getting to Dokdo

Dokdo, the easternmost island of Korea, consists of two main islands, Dongdo and

Seodo, and 89 surrounding islets.

Dongdo Seodo Usanbong Daehanbong CHINA KOREA Gangneung Mukho Jukbyeon JAPAN Ullengdo Dokdo Oki Island (Hupo) Ullengdo Dokdo Oki Island 130.3 km 216.8 km 87.4 km 157.5 km Gangneung Mukho (Hupo) Pohang

Ullengdo Jeodong Port Port Sadong Port Dokdo

Korean

Peninsula

(mainland)

▶▶ ▶▶

Ulleungdo

• You can reach Ulleungdo by taking a ship from passenger terminals in Gangneung and Donghae (Mukho), Gangwon-do Province, Uljin (Hupo) and Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-Gangwon-do Province, and other places.

Ulleungdo

▶▶ ▶▶

Dokdo

• Ships operate two to four times a day but only go to the Dongdo dock pursuant to the Ordinance on the Management of Natural Preservation Areas on Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Visitors are limited to one-hour visits.

• The voyage from Ulleungdo to Dokdo usually takes about an hour and 40 minutes, with some variation between ships. Knowing Dokdo Protects Dokdo

What Is Dokdo Like?

02

03

Seoul East Sea Uljin

37°

131°

Uljin Dodong

(4)

Dokdo is a group of volcanic islets

formed by solidification of lava

that erupted some 2,100 meters

below the ocean surface, between

4.6 and 2.5 million years ago.

Black-tailed gull Stormy petrel Korean buzzard

Hemipyxis foveolata Allograpta javana Painted lady butterfly

Morrow's honeysuckle Camellia Evergreen spindle Broad-leaved oleaster Giant knotweed Broomrape ➋ Dongnimmun (“Independence Gate”) Rock ➓ Tanggeon-bong Peak 14 Kokkiri (“elephant”) Rock ➐ Samhyeongjegul (“three brothers’ cave”)

Flora observed on Dokdo (plants) Flora observed on Dokdo (trees):

Striped beakfish Black plaice Korean rockfish Sea animals

Aphelasterias japonica Frilled anemone Patiria pectinifera Bellonella rigida Melithaea flabellifera Culicia japonica

Coral reefs and sea anemones

Fauna observed on Dokdo

Dokdo features

a mysterious

ecosystem.

Dokdo features

beautiful natural

scenery.

Dokdo’s marine ecosystem

➍ Eolgul (“face”) Rock

Squid Pacific saury

Ulleungdo stonecrop

➊ Hanbando (“Korean Peninsula”) Rock

Bochal Rock

Kokkiri (“elephant”) Rock Neopdeong Rock Gunham (“warship”) Jinae (“centipede”) Rock ➓ Tanggeon-bong Peak

➒ Dak (“chicken”) Rock ➑ Chotdae (“candlestick”)

Rock

➐ Samhyeongjegul (“three brothers’ cave”) Rock

➏ Buchae (“fan”) Rock ➎ Sutdol (“whetstone”) Rock

➍ Eolgul (“face”) Rock ➌ Cheonjanggul Cave ➋ Dongnimmun (“Independence Gate”) Rock ➊ Hanbando (“Korean Peninsula”) Rock

04

05

Knowing Dokdo Protects Dokdo

Dokdo’s Natural Environment

Keun(Big) Gaje Rock & Jageun(Small) Gaje Rock

Approximately 140 species of birds have been observed around Dokdo, including

black-tailed gulls, stormy petrels, hawks, and russet sparrows. There are also 50 to 60 species

of plants including seashore spatulate aster, giant knotweed, Ulleungdo stonecrop,

broomrape, the Morrow's honeysuckle, and the broad-leaved oleaster.

Sailfin sandfish

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Seokdo, Dolseom, and Dokseom

Dokdo has been called

Usando

, Sambongdo,

Dokseom, Dolseom, and other names throughout

history. Ulleungdo and Dokdo used to belong to

what was known as Usanguk state, subjugated by

the Silla general, Isabu, in 512. The name Usando

is believed to have derived from Usanguk.

Usando

The log of the Japanese cruiser warship Niitaka

in 1904 states, “The Koreans have already been

writing

name of the island

Dokdo

.” In

1906, Uldo County (Ulleungdo) Magistrate Sim

Heung-taek wrote, “… Dokdo, which is under the

jurisdiction of this county.” Accordingly, Dokdo is

a phonetic transcription of Dolseom and Dokseom

into Chinese characters.

Dokdo

▲Sejong Sillok Jiriji (1454)

▲Jeungbo Munheon Bigo (1908) ▲Mangi Yoram (1808)

Since ancient times, Ulleungdo has been inhabited by

people and was ruled by the Joseon dynasty after Silla and

Goryeo, Joseon’s predecessors.

Samguk-Sagi

(History of the Three Kingdoms) (1145) is

the oldest historical record about Ulleungdo: it records the

process of Silla’s Isabu conquering Usanguk.

The section covering the 13th year of King Jijeung’s reign in

Samguk-Sagi Vol. 4 states, “Isabu, the governor of Haseulla state (present-day

Gangneung) subjugated Usanguk.”

Sejong Sillok Jiriji states, “The two islands of Usan [Dokdo] and Mureung

[Ulleungdo] are not far apart and are visible to each other on a clear day.”

Dokdo is the only island that can be seen with the naked

eye from Ulleungdo on clear days. According to

Sejong

Sillok Jiriji

(Geography Section of the Annals of King

Sejong’s Reign) (1454), Dokdo was considered part of

Usanguk.

Dongguk Munheon Bigo

(Reference Compilation of

Documents on Korea) (1770) and

Mangi Yoram

(Manual of

State Affairs for the Monarch) (1808), both published by

royal command, mention Ulleungdo and Dokdo.

The particular statement is “Ulleung [Ulleungdo] and Usan [Dokdo] are both territories of Usanguk and Usan [Dokdo] is what the Japanese refer to as Matsushima.” Matsushima is the old Japanese name for Dokdo.

Under the Uljin article in Yeojigo (Geography of Korea) 19 of Jeungbo

Munheon Bigo Vol. 31, it is recorded, “Usando and Ulleungdo are located

350 li [about 137km] to the east and they are now Uldo County.”

Jeungbo Munheon Bigo

(1908) is a revised and augmented

version of Dongguk Munheon Bigo. It also records the

chronological history of Ulleungdo and Dokdo and contains

a detailed account of An Yong-bok’s endeavors to defend

the two islands.

The many names of

Dokdo

in Literature

▲Dongguk Munheon Bigo (1770)

Dokdo’s History

06

07 In the latter part of Joseon, people from Jeolla

province visited Ulleungdo and Dokdo to gather

seafood and they called Dokdo, Dolseom or

Dokseom.

Seokdo

, which first appeared in “Imperial

Decree No. 41” in 1900 was a Chinese-character

rendering of

Dolseom

or

Dokseom

.

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1454

Sejong Sillok Jiriji

Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu

Imperial Decree No. 41

Dongguk Munheon Bigo

Dajokan Order

Chosenkoku Kosai Shimatsu

Naitansho

Treaty of Peace with Japan

Log of the Niitaka

Cairo Declaration

“The two islands are not far apart and are visible to each other on a clear day.”

A map produced with permission of the Japanese shogunate. It indicates Dokdo as Joseon territory.

“Japan is defined to include … excluding (a) Utsuryo (Ullung) Island, Liancourt Rocks [Dokdo] and Quelpart (Saishu or Cheju) Island.”

Declared to the international community that Ulleungdo and Dokdo (Seokdo) were territories of the Korean Empire.

“Ulleung and Usan are both territories of Usanguk and Usan is what the Japanese refer to as Matsushima.”

Japan’s highest administrative

authority, the Dajokan, recognized “Ulleungdo and one other island [Dokdo]” as Joseon territory.

As a result of negotiations between Joseon and Japan in the aftermath of the kidnapping of Joseon fisherman An Yong-bok in 1693, the Edo Shogunate issued a ban in January 1696 that prohibited Japanese fishermen from sailing to Ulleungdo or Dokdo, as they were Joseon territories.

Officials of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed that Ulleungdo and Dokdo belonged to Joseon.

The Allied Powers recognized Japan’s sovereignty and Japan renounced all right, title, and claim to its former colonies.

“The Koreans have already been writing the name of the Liancourt Rocks as Dokdo.”

Dokdo as Korea’s Natural

Monument No. 336 and a

“Natural Preservation Area”

Gyeongsangbuk-do Provincial

Ordinance on Dokdo Month

_{To respond to Japan’s}

intentional distortions of history and increase students’ sense of Korean sovereignty, the Ministry of Education offers a variety of classes on Dokdo in relation to multiple subjects in the second week of April. Dokdo is where large groups of

black-tailed gulls, stormy petrels, streaked shearwaters, and more breed along the East Coast. Therefore it was designated as a protected breeding place of seabirds.

T h r o u g h t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l Proclamation on Sovereignty over the Adjacent Seas, ROK President Rhee Syng-man announced at home and abroad that Dokdo lay in Korean territorial waters.

Gyeongsangbuk-do urges abolition of the Shimane Prefecture (Japan) ordinance that established a so-called “Takeshima Day” and celebrates October as Dokdo Month with a variety of events.

Ulleungdo and Dokdo

National Geopark

To p r e s e r v e t h e e x c e l l e n t g e o l o g i c a l r e s o u r c e s o n Ulleungdo and Dokdo and use them as educational and tourism resources, they were designated as the first national geopark, together with Jejudo.

This Act is meant to contribute to the sustainable use of Dokdo and its neighboring waters by prescribing m a t t e r s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e u s e , preser va tion, mana gement, and protection of the natural ecosystems of Dokdo Island and its neighboring waters.

A Chronological Table on Dokdo

08

09 1693~1699

1770

1779

1870

1877

1900

1904

1943

1946

1951

1952

1982

2005

2012

2016

SCAPIN

(Supreme Commander for the Allied

Powers Instruction Number) 677

“Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which it has taken by violence and greed.”

Peace Line

Act on the Sustainable Use

Dokdo Education Week

of Dokdo Island

(7)

On Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu, produced in 1781 with permission of the authorities, Dokdo,

Ulleungdo, and Joseon are all shown achromatically, and the longitudinal meridians and latitudinal

parallels do not extend to the islands, which indicates that the Japanese recognized them as Korean

territory. As such, the Japanese government hides evidence that is damaging to its claim and backs its

groundless claim to Dokdo with fabricated evidence.

▲Imperial Decree No. 41(1900)

▲ Simplified Map of Isotakeshima (Isotakeshima Rakyuzu) attached to the Dajokan Order(1877)

Explaining Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu, posted on the Japanese Ministry of

Foreign Affairs Website

Japan has known since ancient times that Dokdo belongs to Korea and confirmed as much on several occasions throughout history.

Japan came to know of the existence of Dokdo

only in the 17th century and declared it as

Joseon territory many times in its old maps and

through an order from the highest administrative

authority.

2

Dokdo is Korean territory under international law.

The Treaty of Peace with Japan (1951) gave

Jejudo, Geomundo, and Ulleungdo as examples

of Korean territory to which Japan should

renounce all right, title, and claim. Japan argues

that Dokdo is their territory because Dokdo

was not indicated under the treaty, but SCAPIN

677 in 1946 excluded from Japanese territory

Dokdo together with Ulleungdo and

indicated such on a map.

3

▲ Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu (1781) produced the same as the original map of 1779 with government permission

▲ Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu (1844), a pirated version fabricating the original map without government permission

▲Dokdo indicated on a map attached to SCAPIN 677(1946)

Dokdo is an integral part of Korean territory.

May we never forget the following three

facts

Dokdo has historically been Korean territory.

Ulleungdo and Dokdo can be seen from each

other with the naked eye on clear days. Sejong

Sillok Jiriji (1454) states, “The two islands are not

far apart and are visible to each other on a clear

day.” Dokdo, a dependency of Ulleungdo, was

declared as Korean territory to the international

community through Emperor Gojong’s Imperial

Decree No. 41 in 1900.

1 The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs shows the 1846 version of Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei Zenzu

(Complete Revised Map of Japanese Lands and Roads) on its website as evidence of legitimacy of its

claim to territorial sovereignty over Dokdo. However, this map is not the original edition produced in

1779 with permission of the government (shogunate), but is a pirated version later fabricated.

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11 Dokdo Is Korean Territory Historically,

Geographically, and according to

International Law.

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12

1 Te r r i t o r i a l o w n e r s h i p w a s

established in the 17

th

_century.

Japan secured dominion over Dokdo in the mid-17th_{century. Japanese fishermen} used Dokdo as an anchorage and for other purposes on their way to Ulleungdo for fishing with a passage license.

No ban was placed on passage to

Dokdo.

As a result of negotiations between Korea and Japan on fishing operations near Ulleungdo in the late 17th_{century, the Japanese} government issued a ban on passage to Ulleungdo, but not to Dokdo.

An Yong-bok’s statement was

false.

An Yong-bok’s statement, which Korea has used as evidence of its ownership, is believed to have been fabricated by An to hide his illegal journey to Japan. It does not coincide with Japanese records.

The historical name of Dokdo is

unclear.

Korea did not recognize Dokdo in old times. Korea failed to prove that the old name Usando refers to Dokdo. There is a high possibility that Usando was Ulleungdo.

On the contrary, they showed Dokdo as

Joseon territory

The original edition of Kaisei Nihon Yochi Rotei

Zenzu (1779) painted Ulleungdo and Dokdo the

same color as Joseon and positioned them outside the longitudinal and latitudinal lines of Japan. Other various maps and literature from Japan did not describe Ulleungdo and Dokdo as Japanese territory.

Old maps back up its claim.

Japan has known Dokdo since old times and such is confirmed with various Japanese maps and literature including Kaisei Nihon

Yochi Rotei Zenzu (1846).

Japan’s own Dajokan Order refutes this.

They would not have needed a passage license if they were to sail to Japanese islands. This reveals that the Japanese then did not recognize Ulleungdo and Dokdo as Japanese territory. In 1877, Japan’s highest administrative authority, the Dajokan, officially recognized that “Japan has nothing to do with Ulleungdo and one other island [Dokdo].”

Dokdo was regarded as a dependency

of Ulleungdo.

Such Japanese documents as the Records of the Oya Family and the Dajokan Order include descriptions like “Matsushima [Dokdo]

within the confines of Takeshima [Ulleungdo].” This reveals their understanding of Dokdo as a dependency of Ulleungdo. Hence, the ban of passage to Ulleungdo also covered Dokdo.

An official Japanese document corroborates its

authenticity.

Genroku Kyu Heishinen Chosenbune Chakugan Ikkan No Oboegaki

(Memorandum on the Arrival of a Vessel from Joseon in 1696), a historical document discovered in 2005 in Japan, is a report on An’s visit to the Oki Islands and was drafted by an official of those islands, specifying that Ulleungdo and Dokdo belonged to Gangwon-do Province as mentioned in An’s statement.

Records show that “Matsushima” referred to Usando

and Dokdo.

Dongguk Munheon Bigo (1770), Mangi Yoram (1808), and more

state, “Ulleung [Ulleungdo] and Usan [Dokdo] are both territories of Usanguk and Usan is what the Japanese refer to as Matsushima.” The Japanese used to call Dokdo “Matsushima.” The names Usando, Dolseom, and Seokdo all refer to Dokdo.

Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has ten arguments about its claim to Dokdo posted on its website. The ROK Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Dokdo Research Institute of the Northeast Asian History Foundation have refuted them as follows:

Refutations of ten arguments by the Japanese

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Japan’s arguments

Korea’s refutations

2

3

4

5

▲ Map of Joseon’s East Coast (1857) ▲ Dajokan Order (1877)

An Yong-bok statue in Busan City’s Suyeong Sajeok Park ▲

▲ Passage Ban Sign (1837)

Korea’s occupation is unlawful.

Korea is unlawfully occupying Dokdo without foundation under international law and any action taken by Korea in relation to Dokdo has no legal justification.

Dokdo was not included among the

territories Japan had to let go.

Korea requested that the Treaty of Peace with Japan specify Dokdo among the territories Japan should renounce, but the US refused, arguing it was under the jurisdiction of Japan.

Dokdo was incorporated in 1905.

The Japanese government incorporated Dokdo into Shimane Prefecture in 1905 to reaffirm its intention of territorial ownership of Dokdo. It is questionable whether Seokdo in Imperial Decree No. 41 is Dokdo, and even if that is the case, there is no evidence that Korea then had effective control over Dokdo.

Japan is willing to involve the ICJ.

Japan wants to refer the dispute over Dokdo to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), but Korea refuses.

Japanese sovereignty over Dokdo

was recognized by the US.

Dokdo’s designation as a bombing range for the US occupation forces in Japan in 1952 was based on the US-Japan Administrative Agreement, which is evidence of Dokdo being treated as Japanese territory.

7

9

8

10

6

▲ICJ

Japan has no right to make such statements.

The Japanese claim is illegal and infringes on Korea’s territorial sovereignty, since Japan never had ownership of Dokdo at any time. Japan attempted to take ownership of Dokdo in 1905, but Korea had already declared its ownership in 1900. All the aforementioned documents confirm Dokdo as Korean territory. Korea is legally justified in exerting sovereign authority over Dokdo.

The US sent notification to Korea.

At a protest by Korea, the US Air Force immediately removed Dokdo from its bombing ranges and officially notified Korea of this fact. Comments made at the Japanese Diet that induced the US forces to make such designation remain on record (May 23, 1952 record of the Foreign Affairs Committee, the House of Representatives of Japan).

The treaty is an extension of the Cairo and Potsdam

Declarations.

The General Headquarters of the Allied Powers treated Dokdo as part of Korea, separate from Japan, throughout its occupation of Japan. The treaty concluded in San Francisco in September 1951 carried on the measures that had been taken by the Allied Powers. This means that Dokdo was naturally included in Korean territory. The Rusk documents Japan advocates as evidence of its claim to Dokdo do not have any effect as they are only the sole opinion of the US.

Imperial Decree No. 41 was proclaimed in 1900.

It explicitly placed Dokdo under the jurisdiction of Uldo-gun (Ulleungdo), confirming the historical fact that the Korean Empire exerted sovereign authority over Dokdo as part of Ulleungdo.

Japan’s arguments

Korea’s refutations

The only solution is for Japan to give up its

unreasonable claim.

Dokdo is an integral part of Korean territory historically, geographically, and under international law and the ROK government exercises Korea’s irrefutable territorial sovereignty over it. Dokdo is not a matter to be dealt with through diplomatic negotiations or judicial settlement. The only way to put a stop to this issue is for Japan to recognize its history of aggression and let go of its claim to sovereignty over Dokdo.

▶ Official Gazette (October 27, 1900)

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13 Japan’s Incorrect Arguments about Dokdo

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▲ Government agencies such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and local governments such as the Gyeongsangbuk-do provincial government are consistently and firmly responding to Japan’s attempts to turn the Dokdo issue into an international territorial dispute.

▶ The Dokdo Research Center, part of the KIOST’s East Sea Research Institute, published a photo book entitled, Dokdo’s Natural Marine

Ecosystem.

The research institutes specializing in Dokdo work to refute

Japan’s claims to the islets and support Korea’s sovereignty through

systematic research.

Specialized research institutes

For their part, government agencies and organizations are actively engaged in activities to defend

Dokdo. These activities enjoy the interest and participation of the central and local governments,

civic groups, specialists, and the general public.

Efforts by the ROK government and its agencies

Many civic groups are working to safeguard Dokdo in such ways as publicizing Korean

sovereignty over Dokdo at home and abroad, refuting the Japanese claim, and preserving

Dokdo’s value. They also publicize the beauty of Dokdo overseas, which helps consolidate Korean

sovereignty over it.

Endeavors by civic groups

▲ VANK(Voluntary Agency Network of Korea): corrects erroneous information o n D o k d o a n d t h e E a s t S e a o n the Internet and provides relevant information to foreigners.

▲ Environmental Protection Association of Ulleungdo and Dokdo: A group formed by Ulleungdo residents in 1988 towards human inhabitation of Dokdo, its afforestation, preservation of its ecosystem, and memorial services for victims of the Dokdo bombing incidents.

▲ Dokdo Research Institute, Northeast Asian History Foundation: Established to undertake comprehensive research and systematic development of strategic policies and to systematically correct errors regarding indications of the East Sea and Dokdo.

◀ Gyeongsangbuk-do has the Division of Dokdo Maritime Policies and the Dokdo Foundation in place to support research and various activities related to Dokdo. Its Provincial Council operates the Special Committee to Defend Dokdo and has designated October as Dokdo Month in commemoration of Imperial Decree No. 41

◀ Ulleung-gun County runs the Dokdo Management Office and the Dokdo M u s e u m t o h e l p p r e s e r v e t h e environment on Dokdo, educate the public on Dokdo, and publicize the issue. ◀ The Ulleungdo and Dokdo Ocean Research Station was established through active effort and support by Gyeongsangbuk-do and Ulleung-gun and is run by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST). It plays a pivotal part in ocean research encompassing study of the waters surrounding Ulleungdo and Dokdo, on-site support, management and preservation, monitoring of fisheries, and territorial education.

▲ Association of Dokdo Residents: A group formed by people who transferred their place of family register to Dokdo, done to show that Dokdo is under the jurisdiction of the ROK. Members in the Association engage in a variety of activities to defend Dokdo.

Korea’s Efforts to Show the World that

Dokdo is Korean Territory

(10)

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Dokdo, the easternmost island in the East Sea, is an integral part of Korean territory historically, geographically, and under international law. No territorial dispute exists regarding Dokdo, and therefore Dokdo is not a matter to be dealt with through diplomatic negotiations or judicial settlement.

Dokdo is

not the end of

the East Sea,

but a gateway to

the ocean.

D O K D O O F K O R E A

Ulleungdo

Dokdo

(독도책자)187x257_표2.3

More details about Dokdo can be found on the Dokdo pages on the ROK Ministry of Foreign Affairs website; the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries’ Dokdo Information System website; the Dokdo pages on the Gyeongsangbuk-do Province website; the Dokdo Management Office pages on the Ulleung-gun County website; the K-Dokdo website; the Dokdo Museum website; and the website belonging to the Dokdo Research Institute, under the Northeast Asian History Foundation.