음료 소비 패턴에 따른 식품/영양소 섭취 특성

각각의 음료 패턴 내에서 요인점수 3분위수에 따른 영양소 및 식품군 섭취 상태의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 모든 영양소 및 식품군 분석 모델은 성별, 연령, 소득 수준, 교육 수준, 흡연 여부, 신체활동 여부, 영양조사일, BMI 등으로 보정하였으며, 일부 영양소 (식이섬유, 나트륨, 칼슘) 및 모든 식품군 분석 모델에서는 일일 총에너지 섭취량을 추가적으로 보정하여 분석을 수행하였다.

‘Unsweetened Coffee’ 패턴

‘Unsweetened coffee’ 패턴 점수에 따른 영양소 및 식품군 섭취 상태는 각각 표 41, 42에 제시하였다.

‘Unsweetened coffee’ 패턴 점수가 높아짐에 따라 총 에너지 섭취량 및 음료를 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 유의적으로 감소한 반면에 식품을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 유의적으로 증가하였다 (all, P <0.01). 또한

‘Unsweetened coffee’ 패턴 점수가 증가할수록 탄수화물을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율을 감소하였으며, 단백질 및 지방을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율, 식이섬유, 나트륨, 칼슘의 섭취는 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

‘Unsweetened coffee’ 패턴 점수에 따라 특징적인 식품군 섭취가 나타났다. ‘Unsweetened coffee’ 패턴의 경우 음료 섭취에 있어서는 패턴 점수가 증가할수록 가당 커피의 섭취는 감소하는 특징을 나타내지만, 오히려 식품군 중에서는 당류의 섭취가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이 외에도 패턴 점수가 높아짐에 따라서 전곡류, 두류, 채소류의 섭취는 증가하지만 백미밥 등의 정제된 곡류의 섭취는 감소하는 것으로 조사되었다.

표 41. Energy and nutrient intakes by tertiles of ‘Unsweetened coffee’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 KDRIUnsweetened Coffee Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6323)Tertile 2 (n = 6871)Tertile 3 (n = 6606) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Total energy, kcal2049.2 ± 15.322000.2 ± 14.81976.8 ± 14.9<0.0001**3 Energy intake from foods, kcal1767.2 ± 13.91734.1 ± 13.41777.7 ± 13.50.4999 Energy intake from beverages, kcal254.21 ± 5.34237.37 ± 5.93171.53 ± 5.34<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, kcal156.69 ± 2.7575.52 ± 2.3576.35 ± 2.42<0.0001** Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, kcal97.53 ± 5.11161.85 ± 5.9595.18 ± 4.980.6232 Energy intake from foods, %86.60 ± 0.1087.45 ± 0.2390.44 ± 0.22<0.0001** Energy intake from beverages, %12.02 ± 0.2011.14 ± 0.238.07 ± 0.21<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, %8.11 ± 0.134.36 ± 0.124.17 ± 0.13<0.0001** Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, %3.92 ± 0.196.78 ± 0.233.90 ± 0.180.9140 Carbohydrate, g333.71 ± 2.55312.70 ± 2.34318.93 ± 2.39<0.0001** Carbohydrate, % of energy55-7066.90 ± 0.2464.66 ± 0.2766.28 ± 0.250.0229* Protein, g71.28 ± 0.7170.94 ± 0.7170.91 ± 0.750.6716 Protein, % of energy7-2013.71 ± 0.0814.07 ± 0.0814.24 ± 0.08<0.0001** Fat, g40.49 ± 0.5738.21 ± 0.6039.85 ± 0.610.3549 Fat, % of energy15-2517.01 ± 0.1516.46 ± 0.1617.41 ± 0.170.0253* Energy adjusted dietary fiber, gM25, W217.19 ± 0.167.32 ± 0.187.45 ± 0.180.0223* Energy adjusted sodium, mg1.1-1.54841.6 ± 53.44873.4 ± 52.14885.4 ± 55.50.0469* Energy adjusted calcium, mg700-750485.83 ± 5.72490.48 ± 5.36516.55 ± 5.71<0.0001** 1 Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting for the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. 2 Values represented mean ± standard errors. 3* P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01

Food group intakes by tertiles of ‘Unsweetened coffee’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 Unsweetened Coffee Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6603)Tertile 2 (n = 6597)Tertile 3 (n = 6600) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Whole grains3.67 ± 0.1323.56 ± 0.124.45 ± 0.14<0.0001**3 White rice and refined grains41.31 ± 0.3440.71 ± 0.3639.14 ± 0.37<0.0001** Noodles, ramen, and dumplings5.81 ± 0.225.52 ± 0.246.15 ± 0.250.1907 Flour and breads4.67 ± 0.174.23 ± 0.185.23 ± 0.220.0468* Starchy vegetables1.61 ± 0.081.76 ± 0.071.89 ± 0.090.0454* Sugars and sweets1.09 ± 0.051.69 ± 0.062.54 ± 0.07<0.0001** Legumes and legume products2.11 ± 0.072.27 ± 0.062.40 ± 0.070.0470* Nuts and seeds0.71 ± 0.040.70 ± 0.040.86 ± 0.050.2282 Vegetables4.64 ± 0.064.76 ± 0.064.82 ± 0.060.0305* Fruits3.31 ± 0.153.49 ± 0.123.65 ± 0.120.1464 Meats and poultry7.22 ± 0.217.42 ± 0.207.23 ± 0.200.1059 Eggs1.52 ± 0.051.43 ± 0.061.49 ± 0.050.1951 Fish and shellfish3.36 ± 0.093.53 ± 0.093.53 ± 0.100.2065 Solid type dairy products0.51 ± 0.060.49 ± 0.050.57 ± 0.060.9334 Oils and fats2.47 ± 0.063.09 ± 0.073.59 ± 0.07<0.0001** Seasonings2.55 ± 0.062.70 ± 0.072.86 ± 0.070.0538 Others0.04 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.020.04 ± 0.010.9522 Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting for the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. Values represented mean ± standard errors. * P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01

‘Sweetened Beverage’ 패턴

‘Sweetened beverage’ 패턴 점수별 영양소 섭취 상태를 살펴본 결과 (표 43), 총 에너지 섭취량 및 음료를 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 증가하였으나, 식품을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다 (all, P <0.01). 패턴 점수가 증가함에 따라, 단백질을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율을 증가하였으나, 이 외에 탄수화물 및 지방을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율, 식이섬유, 나트륨, 칼슘의 섭취는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. ‘Sweetened beverage’ 패턴의 경우, 패턴 점수가 증가할수록 육류/가금류 및 생선/어패류의 섭취는 증가하였으나, 전곡류, 두류, 채소류, 과일류, 난류 등의 식품군 섭취는 유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다 (표 44).

‘Alcoholic Beverage’ 패턴

‘Alcoholic beverage’ 패턴의 에너지 섭취 경향은 ‘Sweetened beverage’ 패턴과 비슷한 경향을 보였다.

패턴 점수가 높아짐에 따라 일일 총 에너지 섭취량 및 음료를 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 증가하였지만, 식품을 통한 에너지 섭취 비율은 감소하였다 (표 45) (all, P <0.01). 또한 ‘Alcoholic beverage’ 패턴 점수 1분위수에 비해 3분위수에서 다량 영양소 (탄수화물, 단백질, 지방)를 통한 에너지 섭취 비율과 식이섬유 및 칼슘의 섭취량은 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나, 이와 반대로 나트륨의 섭취량은 유의적으로 증가하였다. ‘Alcoholic beverage’ 패턴의 식품군 섭취 경향은 ‘Sweetened beverage’ 패턴과 어느 정도 유사한 특징을 보였다 (표 46). 패턴 점수가 증가할수록 육류/가금류와 생선류/어패류의 섭취는 증가하였고, 이에 더해 유지류와 면류/만두류 등의 섭취도 증가하였다. 반면에 전곡류, 정제된 곡류, 빵류, 두류, 채소 및 과일류 등의 경우 3분위수로 갈수록 섭취량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

Energy and nutrient intakes by tertiles of ‘Sweetened beverage’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 KDRISugar-Sweetened Beverage Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6506)Tertile 2 (n = 7014)Tertile 3 (n = 6280) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Total energy, kcal1965.2 ± 14.621882.0 ± 14.32174.8 ± 14.8<0.0001**3 Energy intake from foods, kcal1743.4 ± 13.61730.6 ± 13.01805.0 ± 13.3<0.0001** Energy intake from beverages, kcal192.84 ± 4.87122.39 ± 4.74343.65 ± 5.78<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, kcal126.12 ± 2.4355.17 ± 1.92130.06 ± 2.800.1021 Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, kcal6672 ± 4.5467.21 ± 4.57213.59 ± 6.12<0.0001** Energy intake from foods, %88.8 ± 0.292.3 ± 0.283.6 ± 0.2<0.0001** Energy intake from beverages, %9.71 ± 0.196.12 ± 0.1915.25 ± 0.22<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, %6.93 ± 0.123.28 ± 0.106.57 ± 0.140.0406* Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, %2.78 ± 0.162.84 ± 0.178.68 ± 0.23<0.0001** Carbohydrate, g324.36 ± 2.46315.03 ± 2.35326.70 ± 2.38<0.0001** Carbohydrate, % of energy55-7067.34 ± 0.2468.43 ± 0.2462.30 ± 0.28<0.0001** Protein, g68.65 ± 0.7166.66 ± 0.6777.58 ± 0.72<0.0001** Protein, % of energy7-2013.86 ± 0.0814.03 ± 0.0814.10 ± 0.080.0178* Fat, g39.49 ± 0.5935.16 ± 0.5543.87 ± 0.60<0.0001** Fat, % of energy15-2517.49 ± 0.1616.19 ± 0.1617.24 ± 0.16<0.0001** Energy adjusted dietary fiber, gM25, W217.43 ± 0.177.69 ± 0.176.84 ± 0.19<0.0001** Energy adjusted sodium, mg1.1-1.54881.9 ± 55.25046.1 ± 53.74670.7 ± 50.1<0.0001** Energy adjusted calcium, mg700-750520.71 ± 6.23507.96 ± 5.48465.04 ± 5.49<0.0001** Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting r the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. Values represented mean ± standard errors. 3* P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01

표 44. Food group intakes by tertiles of ‘Sweetened beverage’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6506)Tertile 2 (n = 7014)Tertile 3 (n = 6280) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Whole grains4.44 ± 0.1424.08 ± 0.143.21 ± 0.12<0.0001**3 White rice and refined grains41.31 ± 0.3444.46 ± 0.3535.55 ± 0.33<0.0001** Noodles, ramen, and dumplings5.90 ± 0.236.08 ± 0.255.54 ± 0.240.4531 Flour and breads4.76 ± 0.204.08 ± 0.185.30 ± 0.190.1778 Starchy vegetables1.75 ± 0.081.80 ± 0.081.71 ± 0.080.0152* Sugars and sweets1.71 ± 0.072.00 ± 0.061.60 ± 0.070.1229 Legumes and legume products2.31 ± 0.072.56 ± 0.071.93 ± 0.06<0.0001** Nuts and seeds0.77 ± 0.000.76 ± 0.060.74 ± 0.040.1058 Vegetables4.77 ± 0.065.06 ± 0.064.40 ± 0.060.0002** Fruits3.66 ± 0.153.78 ± 0.123.02 ± 0.12<0.0001** Meats and poultry6.63 ± 0.216.39 ± 0.198.79 ± 0.21<0.0001** Eggs1.56 ± 0.061.54 ± 0.051.35 ± 0.050.0093** Fish and shellfish3.27 ± 0.093.51 ± 0.093.63 ± 0.10<0.0001** Solid type dairy products0.54 ± 0.060.43 ± 0.050.60 ± 0.060.5744 Oils and fats2.83 ± 0.063.23 ± 0.063.07 ± 0.060.1682 Seasonings2.52 ± 0.062.51 ± 0.063.06 ± 0.070.0035** Others0.02 ± 0.010.06 ± 0.020.07 ± 0.020.0144* 1 Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting for the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. 2 Values represented mean ± standard errors. 3* P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01

Energy and nutrient intakes by tertiles of ‘Alcoholic beverage’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 KDRIAlcoholic Beverage Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6323)Tertile 2 (n = 6871)Tertile 3 (n = 6606) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Total energy, kcal2004.3 ± 14.721840.8 ± 14.22154.3 ± 15.0<0.0001**3 Energy intake from foods, kcal1758.6 ± 13.71721.4 ± 13.51794.2 ± 13.00.0148* Energy intake from beverages, kcal214.22 ± 4.5489.73 ± 3.57336.46 ± 6.28<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, kcal174.37 ± 2.8175.92 ± 1.9969.31 ± 2.32<0.0001** Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, kcal39.84 ± 3.5213.81 ± 3.18267.16 ± 6.07<0.0001** Energy intake from foods, %87.5 ± 0.293.4 ± 0.284.4 ± 0.2<0.0001** Energy intake from beverages, %11.0 ± 0.25.0 ± 0.114.5 ± 0.2<0.0001** Energy intake from non-alcoholic beverages, %9.25 ± 0.144.46 ± 0.103.54 ± 0.11<0.0001** Energy intake from alcoholic beverages, %1.74 ± 0.130.56 ± 0.1210.92 ± 0.22<0.0001** Carbohydrate, g335.55 ± 2.48320.96 ± 2.39311.89 ± 2.40<0.0001** Carbohydrate, % of energy55-7068.19 ± 0.2270.70 ± 0.2160.21 ± 0.26<0.0001** Protein, g71.49 ± 0.7264.14 ± 0.6776.46 ± 0.72<0.0001** Protein, % of energy7-2014.13 ± 0.0813.76 ± 0.0814.09 ± 0.08<0.0001** Fat, g40.90 ± 0.5934.26 ± 0.5742.86 ± 0.58<0.0001** Fat, % of energy15-2517.57 ± 0.1516.14 ± 0.1617.18 ± 0.16<0.0001** Energy adjusted dietary fiber, gM25, W217.60 ± 0.197.63 ± 0.156.82 ± 0.19<0.0001** Energy adjusted sodium, mg1.1-1.54756.6 ± 53.75007.7 ± 51.44835.9 ± 52.5<0.0001** Energy adjusted calcium, mg700-750550.19 ± 6.12497.96 ± 5.61453.67 ± 5.12<0.0001** Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting for the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. Values represented mean ± standard errors. 3* P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01

표 46. Food group intakes by tertiles of ‘Alcoholic beverage’ pattern scores among Korean adults, KNHANES 2008-20121 Alcoholic Beverage Pattern score P-trendTertile 1 (n = 6323)Tertile 2 (n = 6871)Tertile 3 (n = 6606) Mean ± SEMean ± SEMean ± SE Whole grains4.55 ± 0.1524.06 ± 0.133.23 ± 0.12<0.0001**3 White rice and refined grains39.22 ± 0.3446.90 ± 0.3535.90 ± 0.32<0.0001** Noodles, ramen, and dumplings5.55 ± 0.236.15 ± 0.255.80 ± 0.220.9396 Flour and breads5.29 ± 0.214.12 ± 0.174.75 ± 0.180.0002** Starchy vegetables1.95 ± 0.091.69 ± 0.081.65 ± 0.07<0.0001** Sugars and sweets1.68 ± 0.071.62 ± 0.061.97 ± 0.070.0681 Legumes and legume products2.36 ± 0.072.45 ± 0.072.02 ± 0.070.0413* Nuts and seeds0.86 ± 0.050.61 ± 0.040.80 ± 0.050.8463 Vegetables4.68 ± 0.065.03 ± 0.064.54 ± 0.060.4944 Fruits3.69 ± 0.133.86 ± 0.142.99 ± 0.13<0.0001** Meats and poultry6.62 ± 0.206.01 ± 0.208.91 ± 0.20<0.0001** Eggs1.58 ± 0.061.53 ± 0.061.36 ± 0.050.0003** Fish and shellfish3.24 ± 0.093.47 ± 0.093.66 ± 0.10<0.0001** Solid type dairy products0.58 ± 0.050.52 ± 0.050.49 ± 0.060.3081 Oils and fats2.84 ± 0.062.89 ± 0.063.35 ± 0.07<0.0001** Seasonings2.72 ± 0.072.41 ± 0.062.93 ± 0.070.0750 Others0.06 ± 0.020.06 ± 0.020.04 ± 0.010.3095 1 Data were from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). All data except for sample size were weighted accounting for the complex study design according to the directions of the KNHANES analytical guidelines. 2 Values represented mean ± standard errors. 3* P-values <0.05, ** P-value <0.01