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Volume 62, Number 5, 2012¸   5 Z 4, pp. 488∼491

New Physics: Sae Mulli (The Korean Physical Society), DOI: 10.3938/NPSM.62.488

LiNbO 3 ‰ ˜ m+ s ÇX N Ë 5 8 ý V ê s V R Ë ÷ s ÚÅ U Øö n Ú; c 6 ” X ¢ ; c .U  Ç U Ø ü 4  ˜ m

* 9 ? ‡ Ú

' õ

AÅ Ò@ /† < Ɠ § s / B N @ /† < Æ Y Us $  F g& ñ ˜ Ð/ B N † < Æõ , ' õ AÅ Ò 360-764

(2012¸   3 Z 4 14{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, 2012¸   4 Z 4 17{ 9  à º& ñ ‘ : r ~ à Î6 £ §, 2012¸   5 Z 4 7{ 9  > F  S X ‰& ñ )

y

© œÄ »„  ^ ‰ Ó ü t| 9 “   LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ ? /\ " f  Œ ™~ ½ Ó& ñ > “   C

3

² D G ™ è@ /g A$ í  o \  e ”   H Nb

5+

s “ : r`  ¦ u 

¨ 8

Š “ ¦ [ þ t # Q  H Mn

2+

 © œ $ í s “ : r _   { Œ •  © œI \ " f_  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ ½ ¨ % i  . Mn

2+

s “ : r _  Ä »´ ò Û

¼— 2 ;“ É r S = 5/2 – Ð ü @ Ò\ " f  l  © œ`  ¦  €   Zeeman \  -t  ì  r o \  _  # Œ 6> h_  \  -t  ï  r 0 A– Ð ° ú ˜



t >  ÷ &  H X < s [ þ t _  \  -t  ° ú כ`  ¦ > í ß – % i  . \  -t  > í ß –\   H LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ ? /\ " f C

3

² D G ™ è@ / g A$ í `  ¦ ° ú   H Mn

2+

s “ : r _  ì  rF g † < Æ& h  ì  r o “    g

ij

x 9 % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l  B

kq

° ú כ`  ¦ s 6   x % i  . ¹ ¢ ¤ ~ ½ Ó

&

ñ >  ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ”   H LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ _    & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“   a-» ¡ ¤ õ  c-» ¡ ¤ Ü ¼– Ð  ê ø Í >   l  © œ`  ¦ Ù þ ¡

` 

¦ M :_  > í ß –  ) a \  -t   H  l  © œ`  ¦ 7 £ x r &  y Œ ™\     " f– Ð   É r ° ú כ`  ¦ ° ú   H  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç > í ß –ô  Ç % ò  l 



© œ ° ú ˜ t l  ° ú כ“ É r | ± 5/2 > ↔ | ± 3/2 > x 9 | ± 3/2 > ↔ | ± 1/2 >  s _  „  s \ " f y Œ •y Œ • 8.6874 GHz x 9 4.3629 GHzs  .

Ù þ

˜d ” # Q: LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ , „     © œ $ í / B N" î , \  -t  ï  r 0 A

Energy Level Calculation for the Mn 2+ Paramagnetic Impurity Ion in a LiNbO 3 Single Crystal

Tae Ho Yeom

Department of Laser and Optical Information Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju 360-764 (Received 14 March 2012 : revised 17 April 2012 : accepted 7 May 2012)

The ground-state energy levels of the Mn

2+

paramagnetic impurity ion which substitutes at Nb

5+

ion sites in the ferroelastic LiNbO

3

single crystal were calculated when a magnetic field B was applied along the crystallographic principal axes. The Mn

2+

ion (effective spin S = 5/2) has six energy levels because of the Zeeman splitting that occurs when the magnetic field is applied. The energy diagrams for the Mn

2+

ion calculated when the magnetic field is applied along the crystallographic a- and c-axis are different from each other. The calculated ZFS (zero field splitting) energies of the Mn

2+

ion in the LiNbO

3

single crystal for the | ± 5/2 > ↔ | ± 3/2 > and the | ± 3/2 > ↔ | ± 1/2 >

transitions are 8.6874 GHz and 4.3629 GHz, respectively.

PACS numbers: 76.30.Fc, 76.60.-K

Keywords: LiNbO

3

single crystal, EPR, Energy level

E-mail: [email protected]

-488-

(2)

LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ ? /_   © œ $ í Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t \  @ /ô  Ç \  -t  ï  r 0 A > í ß – – % i I   ñ · Tae Ho Yeom -489-

I. " e  ] Ø

Lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) é ß –  & ñ “ É r y © œÄ »„  $ í , · ú š„  

$ í

, F g„  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ” # Q" f 6 £ x6   x€  \ " f B Ä º < É ª p  e ”   H Ó

ü t| 9 s  . „  l  F g † < Æ  & ñ “   LiNbO 3 \ " f F g’ < H  © œs  % ƒ6 £ § Ü

¼– Ð µ 1 Ï|  ) a Ê ê # Œ Q t  „  l  F g † < Æ   & ñ s   q ‚  + þ AF g

†

< Æ   & ñ \ " f• ¸ › ' a8 £ ¤ ÷ &% 3  . s  ‰ & ³ © œ`  ¦ & h F G& h Ü ¼– Ð s 6   x ô

 Ç  כ s  ^ ‰& h 0 A © œ f . Ë – ÐÕ ªÏ þ ›_  + þ A$ í “  X <, ‰ & ³ © œs  Ô  ¦€ 9 כ ¹ ô

 Ç z  ´r ç ß – f . Ë – ÐÕ ªÏ þ › l 2 Ÿ ¤ B | 9 – Ð LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ s  ´ ú §“ É r

› '

a d ” `  ¦ = å J% 3   [1–3]. s    ^ ‰& h 0 A © œ f . Ë – ÐÕ ªÏ þ › $  © œ ~ ½ ÓZ O 

\

" f  6   x   H F gÏ ã J] X  ´ òõ   H …  ;s  F K5 Å q ° ú  “ É r Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t _ 

”

> r F ü <  © œ › ' a› ' a > \  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ”   [4].

Õ

ª 1 l x î ß – „     © œ $ í / B N" î (electron paramagnetic res- onance: EPR) õ  Ù þ ˜  l  / B N" î (nuclear magnetic reso- nance: NMR)“ É r LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /_   © œ $ í Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t ƒ  

½

¨\  Ä »6   x l  M :ë  H \  ´ ú §“ É r < É ª p ü < › ' a d ” `  ¦ = å J # Q M ® o  . y © œ Ä

»„  ^ ‰ LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /_  „  s  F K5 Å q Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t“   Mn 2+

[5], Fe 3+ [6,7], Cr 3+ [8], 1 p x \  @ /ô  Ç „     © œ $ í / B N" î ƒ  

½

¨ µ 1 ϳ ð÷ &% 3  . : £ ¤ y  LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /_  Li + s “ : r õ  Nb 5+ s “ : r _  ² D G ™ è @ /g A$ í 1 p x s  ° ú   " f  © œ $ í Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t`  ¦ V ,

# Q   & ñ `  ¦ $ í  © œÙ þ ¡`  ¦ M : # QÖ ¼  o \  ¦ u  ¨ 8 Š “ ¦ [ þ t # Q



 H t \  @ /ô  Ç ´ ú §“ É r  7 HÔ q ts  e ” # Q M ® o   [9,10].

LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ “ É r  ƒ  \   H ” > r F  t  · ú §  H X <, Matthias 1 p x [11] \  _ K  LiF_  6   x ] j\ " f % ƒ6 £ § Ü ¼– Ð $ í  © œ r

†   LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ s  y © œÄ »„  $ í `  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ” 6 £ § s  µ 1 ß) €

&

’  . LiNbO 3   H R3c / B N ç ß –ç  H(space group) \  5 Å q  9 & h  ç

 H(point group)“ É r 3 m [12–14] s  .   & ñ ½ ¨› ¸– Ð ¹ ¢ ¤ ~ ½ Ó& ñ

>

(hexagonal) ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ s À ғ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9 é ß –0 A [ jŸ í { © œ 6> h _

 ì  r  \  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ”  . Li + s “ : r õ  Nb 5+ s “ : r“ É r 3-fold @ / g A`  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ”   H c-» ¡ ¤`  ¦    Z  ~ # Œe ” “ ¦, O −2 s “ : r“ É r c-» ¡ ¤ õ

 à ºf ” ô  Ç €  \  Z  ~ # Œe ”   [15–17]. LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ _    



 © œÃ º  H a = 0.5154 nm, c = 1.3781 nm s  . y © œÄ »„  ^ ‰ 0

A © œ  s   H 620 C s  9 0 l q  H& h “ É r €  • 1560 C s   [18].

„

    © œ $ í / B N" î “ É r é ß –  & ñ ? /_   © œ $ í Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t _  ² D G

™

è @ /g A$ í x 9 u  ¨ 8 Š  o  1 p x _  & ñ ˜ Ð\  ¦ Šғ ¦, y Œ ™• ¸ s Å Ò a

% ~“ É r Ä »6   x ô  Ç z  ´+ « >l Õ ü t s  . y © œÄ »„  ^ ‰ LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /

\

 Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t – Ð [ þ t # Q e ”   H Mn 2+ s “ : r“ É r C 3 ² D G ™ è @ /g A$ í

`

 ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9 s  @ /g A$ í \ " f_  Mn 2+ s “ : r _  EPR  © œ Ã

º µ 1 ϳ ð÷ &% 3   [5].

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /_  Mn 2+  © œ $ í Ô  ¦ í

 HÓ ü t \  @ /ô  Ç ± ú “ É r @ /g A$ í \  › ' a ô  Ç „     © œ $ í / B N" î z  ´+ « >

[5] \ " f % 3 “ É r ì  rF g † < Æ& h  ì  r o “    x 9 % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l  _

 s  † ½ Ó x 9 4 † ½ Ó ° ú כ`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ Mn 2+ „  s  F K5 Å q s “ : r

\

 @ /ô  Ç  { Œ • © œI \ " f_  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ > í ß – % i  . \ 



-t  ï  r 0 A  H ü @Â Ò  l  © œs    & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤ ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ӓ   a-» ¡ ¤ x 9

c-» ¡ ¤ 1 p x \  y Œ •y Œ • K & ’ `  ¦ M :  l  © œ ° ú כ\    É r \  - t

 ° ú כ_     o\  ¦ > í ß – % i  . 0 A_  > í ß –\ " f s p  ˜ Г ¦  ) a Mn 2+ s “ : r _  ² D G ™ è @ /g A$ í s  C 3 “   Mn 2+ s “ : r _  ì  rF g † < Æ

&

h

 ì  r o “    gü < % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l  (zero-field splitting:

ZFS)  © œÃ º ° ú כ`  ¦ V , # Q Ä »´ ò Û ¼— 2 ; x 9 ž Ðm î ß –`  ¦ + ‹" f > í ß –

% i  .

II. T  ] Ø õ m Í ; c .U  Ç U Ø ü 4  ˜ m

Mn 2+ s “ : r s  LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /\  [ þ t # Q e ” `  ¦ M : Mn 2+ s “ : r“ É r s Ö  © “ ¦ e ”   H s “ : r[ þ t \  _  # Œ   & ñ  © œ (crystal field)`  ¦ ~ à Î>   ) a  . { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð p [ j½ ¨› ¸  H   

&

ñ  © œ, Û ¼— 2 ;-C • ¸  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x, Û ¼— 2 ;-Û ¼— 2 ;  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x M :ë  H \  { 9

# Q >   ) a  . Mn 2+ s “ : r“ É r „   C \ P s  3d 5 s “ ¦ „    Û

¼— 2 ; S = 5/2“   S- © œI _  s “ : r Ü ¼– Ð 6 S 5/2 _   { Œ •  ×  æ

†

½ Ó`  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ”  . Mn 2+ s “ : r _  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ > í ß –½ + É M :, ì

 rF g † < Æ& h  ì  r o “    x 9 % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l   © œÃ º(B q k ) – Ð

½

¨$ í ÷ &# Qe ”   H Ä »´ ò Û ¼— 2 ; x 9 ž Ðm î ß –`  ¦ + ‹" f > í ß – % i   [19,20]. 7 £ ¤,

H = H Z + H ZF S = β ~ B · ← → g · ~ S + X

B q k O k q . (1)

#

Œl " f H Z   H Zeeman † ½ Ós “ ¦, H ZF S “ É r % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜  t

l  † ½ Ó, 7 £ ¤ p [ j½ ¨› ¸ † ½ Ós  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç β  H ˜ Ð  Õ ªW 1— : r, B ~  H ü @ Ò l  © œ 7 ˜' , ← → g   H ì  rF g † < Æ& h  ì  r o “    J $ ™" f, S ~  H „   Û ¼— 2 ; ƒ  í ß – , Õ ªo “ ¦ B k q   H S X ‰  © œ  ) a Û ¼w ‘ É r Û ¼ ƒ   í

ß – (extended Stevens operator) O q k ü < › ' a >  e ”   H % ò   l

 © œ ° ú ˜ t l   © œÃ ºs  .

LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /\ " f  Œ ™~ ½ Ó& ñ > (trigonal)“   C 3

@

/g A$ í `  ¦ ° ú   H Mn 2+ s “ : r _  % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l 

†

½ Ó( P B q k O k q ) _  [ jÂ Ò x 9 ž Ðm î ß –“ É r  6 £ § õ  ° ú  s     · p



 [21].

H ZF S tri = B 0 2 O 2 0 + B 4 0 O 0 4 + B 3 4 O 3 4 + B 4 −3 O 4 −3 (2)

#

Œl " f Û ¼— 2 ; x 9 ž Ðm î ß –`  ¦  6   x ½ + É M : z  ´+ « >z  ´ ý a³ ð> \  ¦ ™ è ë

 H   x, y, z– Ð % i “ ¦ s   H y Œ •y Œ •   & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“   a, b, c

»

¡

¤ \   ê ø Í  . Õ ªo “ ¦  l & h “   Å Ò» ¡ ¤`  ¦ @ /ë  H   X, Y , Z

»

¡

¤ Ü ¼– Ð % i  . ô  Ç > h ¢ ¸  H ¿ º > h_   l & h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤`  ¦ Ÿ í† < Ê

“ ¦ e ”   H ¨ î €  \  ü @Â Ò  l  © œs  K & ’ `  ¦ M :, / B N" î  l 



© œ_  F G ° ú כs  { 9 u    H ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ós  Ò q t|   . s  : £ ¤Z > ô  Ç ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó`  ¦



l & h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤ s   Â ÒØ Ô 9, s   l & h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“ É r g-J $ ™" fü < % ò



l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l  J $ ™" f_  Å Ò» ¡ ¤ õ  { 9 u  >   ) a  . \  -t  ï

 r 0 A > í ß –\   H ( Ž É Ó'  á Ԗ ÐÕ ªÏ þ › (EPR ver. 6.0) [24]`  ¦



6   x % i  .

(3)

-490- ô  Dz D GÓ ü t o † < Æ rt  “D hÓ ü t o ”, Volume 62, Number 5, 2012¸   5 Z 4

% ò

 l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l   © œÃ º_  2 † ½ Ó x 9 4 † ½ ӓ É r  7 Hë  H \ 



  # Œ Q t  " f– Ð   É r l   ñ– Ð ³ ðr    H X < s [ þ t   s

_  › ' a > d ” “ É r  6 £ § õ  ° ú    [21,23,24].

2 † ½ Ó : D ZZ = D = b 0 2 = 3B 0 2 ,

4 † ½ Ó : b q 4 = 60B q 4 (3)

LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /_  Nb 5+ s “ : r  o \  ¦ u  ¨ 8 Š “ ¦ [ þ t # Q



 H Mn 2+ s “ : r _  „     © œ $ í / B N" î z  ´+ « >\ " f % 3 “ É r þ j& h  o

 )

a Û ¼— 2 ; x 9 ž Ðm î ß –  © œÃ º g ij , D ij , B k q \  ¦  6   x # Œ Mn 2+ - /

B N" î ×  æd ” \  @ /ô  Ç  { Œ • © œI \ " f_  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ > í ß – 

%

i  . 7 £ ¤, g k = 1.997, g = 2.009, D xx = -724 MHz, D yy

= -724 MHz, D zz = 1448 MHzx 9 ° ú כ b 0 4 = -0.036 MHz, b 3 4 = -0.47 MHz, b −3 4 = 34.18 MHz [5]\  ¦  6   x % i  .

Mn 2+ s “ : r _  „    Û ¼— 2 ;s  ü @ Ò\ " f  l  © œ`  ¦  t 

· ú

§€ Œ ¤`  ¦ M : (B = 0)\ • ¸ \  -t  ï  r 0 A |± 5 2 >, |± 3 2 >, |±

1

2 > – Ð ì  r o ÷ &# Q e ”   H X < s \  ¦ % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l   ô  Ç .

% ò

 l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l   H   & ñ  © œ, Û ¼— 2 ;-Û ¼— 2 ;  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x, Û ¼— 2 ;- C

• ¸  © œ  ñ Œ •6   x \  _  # Œ Ò q tl >   ) a  . d ”  (1)õ  (2)\  ¦   6

 

x ô  Ç > í ß –\ " f % 3 “ É r % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l  ° ú כ“ É r |±5/2 > ↔

| ± 3/2 >  s  8.6874 GHz s “ ¦, |±3/2 > ↔ |±1/2 >



s  4.3629 GHzs  .

ü

@ Ò\ " f ô  Ç  l  © œ B   & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“   a-» ¡ ¤ x 9 c-» ¡ ¤ \   ê ø ͽ + É M :_  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • Fig. 1_  (a), (b) \    ? /% 3 “ ¦, ¢ ¸ô  Ç ü @ Ò l  © œ B (Θ, φ) = (90 , 60 ) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó x 9 (Θ, φ) = (90 , 120 ) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð K & ’ `  ¦ M : _

 \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦ Fig. 1 (c) \    ? /% 3  . Mn 2+ s “ : r“ É r Ä

»´ ò „    Û ¼— 2 ;s  S = 5/2s Ù ¼– Ð  l  € ª œ à º m s = 5/2

∼ -5/2\  ¦ ° ú   H  . s \  ¦ Fig. 1 _  š ¸ É rA á ¤ \    ? /% 3   H X <, Õ

ü

w   1 ∼ 6“ É r  l  € ª œ à º | + 5/2 > Ò'  | − 5/2 >\  @ / 6

£

x ÷ &  H ° ú כ`  ¦    · p .

LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /\  [ þ t # Q e ”   HMn 2+ s “ : r _  ² D G ™ è

@

/g A$ í “ É r  Œ ™~ ½ Ó& ñ > “   C 3 s  . LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ _  ¹ ¢ ¤ ~ ½ Ó& ñ

>

 ½ ¨› ¸\ " f ˜ Ð1 p w s    & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤ _  U  ´s  a, b  H " f– Ð

° ú

 “ ¦ c  Ø ÔÙ ¼– Ð,  l  © œ`  ¦   & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“   a-» ¡ ¤ x 9 c-» ¡ ¤ Ü ¼– Ð  % i `  ¦ M : " f– Ð   É r — ¸_ þ v _  \  -t  ï  r 0 A\  ¦



    H  כ `  ¦ \  -t  ï  r 0 A Õ ªa Ë > (Fig.1 (a), (b))\ " f · ú ˜ Ã

º e ”  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç  l  © œ`  ¦ (Θ, φ) = (90 , 60 ) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó x 9 (Θ, φ) = (90 , 120 ) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð  % i `  ¦ M :_  \  -t  Fig.

1(c)  H s  ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ós    & ñ † < Æ& h  Å Ò» ¡ ¤“   a-» ¡ ¤ õ  1 l x{ 9  l  M : ë

 H \  \  -t  ï  r 0 A Fig. 1 (a)ü < ° ú  6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . ü @ Â

Ò\ " f K Šҍ  H  l  © œ\  _  # Œ Zeeman \  -t  ì  r o 

 { 9 # Q “ ¦ (Fig. 1) s [ þ t ° ú ˜ ”   \  -t  ï  r 0 Aü < { 9 u  



 H \  -t  [ þ t # Q M ® o`  ¦ M : „     © œ $ í / B N" î s  { 9 # Q  / B N

"

î f  ¨ à º‚  `  ¦ Å Ò>  ÷ &  H  כ s  .

Fig. 1. The energy-level diagram of Mn 2+ paramagnetic ion in a LiNbO 3 single crystal when magnetic field B is applied to the crystallographic (a) a-axis, (b) c-axis, and (c) (90 , 60 ) and (90 , 120 ) direction.

III. + s Ç Â ] Ø

y

© œÄ »„  ^ ‰ LiNbO 3 é ß –  & ñ ? /\  Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t – Ð [ þ t # Q e ”   H Mn 2+  © œ $ í s “ : r \  @ /ô  Ç „     © œ $ í / B N" î z  ´+ « >s  ˜ Ð

“

¦ ÷ &% 3   [5]. ˜ Г ¦  ) a  7 Hë  H \  _  €   Mn 2+ s “ : r _  ² D G ™ è



l  © œ“ É r  Œ ™~ ½ Ó& ñ > “   C 3 @ /g A$ í `  ¦ ° ú “ ¦ e ” “ ¦, Mn 2+ s 

“

: r“ É r — ¸ é ß –  & ñ ? /\ " f Nb 5+ s “ : r`  ¦ u  ¨ 8 Š ô  Ç “ ¦ ô  Ç .

(4)

LiNbO

3

é ß –  & ñ ? /_   © œ $ í Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t \  @ /ô  Ç \  -t  ï  r 0 A > í ß – – % i I   ñ · Tae Ho Yeom -491-

¢

¸ô  Ç Mn 2+ s “ : r _  % ò  l  © œ ° ú ˜ t l   © œÃ º° ú כ, & h  „   

—

¸4 S q x 9 ×  æ^ o ?— ¸4 S q(superposition model)`  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç s  : r

&

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수치

Fig. 1. The energy-level diagram of Mn 2+ paramagnetic ion in a LiNbO 3 single crystal when magnetic field B is applied to the crystallographic (a) a-axis, (b) c-axis, and (c) (90 ◦ , 60 ◦ ) and (90 ◦ , 120 ◦ ) direction

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