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1 Ì ¦ R x ¢ Œ º ! a( a• «ù p § T “ Ó Þ # b V R ËX ê s” X ¢ GaN ; cY • «8 ý — ¤V R Ë Ä Z ØV Ä

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(1)

1 Ì ¦ R  x ¢ Œ º ! a( a• «ù p § T “ Ó Þ # b V R ËX ê s” X ¢ GaN ; cY • «8 ý — ¤V R Ë Ä Z ØV Ä

,

>

* > + ä  · - ! HA I ÷ 7 B · ' Ö < . > * å  · L |* × <+ ä  · ¼ ÿ ›0 ï F¬ £ · T „ ‘ ž$ ß 

ô

 Dz D G K € ª œ@ /† < Ɠ § 6 £ x6   x õ † < Æõ ,  Òí ß – 606-791

 ò 6 BÂ 6 Ò

ô

 Dz D G ³ ðï  r õ † < ƃ  ½ ¨" é ¶ „  | Ä Ìl Õ ü t Â Ò  ” ¸™ è ƒ  ½ ¨é ß –, @ /„  , 305 (2009¸   11 Z 4 4{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §)

Hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð { 9  " é ¶ GaN  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ + þ A$ í “ ¦, s \  ¦ ! Q( 8 £ x Ü ¼

–

Ð # Œ s  " é ¶ GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr (   . GaN  ” ¸m [ þ t õ   ” ¸– Ð× ¼ ! Q( 8 £ x“ É r 600, 650

C \ " f 2r  ç

ß –m ”  $ í  © œr (  Ü ¼ 9, HCl:NH

3

_  Ä »| ¾ Óq   H 1:40 < ʓ É r 1:50 Ü ¼– Ð › ¸] X  % i  . GaN \ x 8 £ x ¢ ¸ô  Ç HVPE

~

½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð HCl:NH

3

= 1:50 _  Ä »| ¾ Óq \ " f 5ì  r, 20ì  r x 9 40ì  r ç ß – $ í  © œr (   . HCl:NH

3

= 1:50 _  Ä »| ¾ Ó q

\ " f $ í  © œô  Ç  ” ¸m [ þ t ! Q( 8 £ x 0 A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x s  HCl:NH

3

= 1:50 \ " f $ í  © œô  Ç  ” ¸– Ð× ¼

!

Q( 8 £ x 0 A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x ˜ Ð  ³ ð€  s   8¹ ¡ ¤ ¨ î ò ø Í % i  . Å Ò „   ‰ & ³p  â `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ GaN \  x

8 £ x _  + þ AI \  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï % i Ü ¼ 9, strain1 p x _    & ñ † < Æ& h  : £ ¤$ í “ É r X-‚    r] X , cathodoluminescence(CL)\  ¦ s

6   x # Œ ì  r$ 3  % i  .

PACS numbers: 73.61.Tm, 81.10.bk, 81.05.Ys Keywords:  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸, GaN \ x 8 £ x, HVPE

I. " e  ] Ø

GaN  H  © œ“ : r \ " f 3.39 eV_  f ” ] X …  ;s + þ A \  -t   ½ ™× ¼ Ì

“

s`  ¦ ° ú   H  o½ + ËÓ ü t ì ø ͕ ¸^ ‰– Ð" f, In < ʓ É r Al õ _   Œ ™" é ¶ ì ø ͕ ¸

^

‰  o½ + ËÓ ü t`  ¦ + þ A$ í ½ + É  â Ä º † < Ê| ¾ Ó    o\      ü @‚  \ " f

&

h ü @‚   t _  \  -t   ½ ™× ¼Ì “ s`  ¦ t • ¸2 Ÿ ¤ › ¸] X ½ + É Ã º e ”  Ü

¼Ù ¼– Ð µ 1 Ï F g  s š ¸× ¼, Y Us $  s š ¸× ¼ Õ ªo “ ¦ F g  s š ¸

×

¼ü < ° ú  “ É r  € ª œô  Ç F g ™ è – Ð 6 £ x6   x ½ + É Ã º e ”   [1,2]. ¢ ¸ô  Ç GaN  H \ P „  • ¸• ¸ ß ¼“ ¦ Ö 6 x& h s  Z  }   “ ¦“ : r \ " f î ß –& ñ  9, „   s 1 l x • ¸• ¸ ß ¼Ù ¼– Ð “ ¦“ : r x 9 “ ¦Ø  ¦§ 4  ™ è , hetero- junction field effect transistor, hetero-junction bipolar transistor ü < ° ú  “ É r [ j@ / „   ™ è – Е ¸ l @ /  ) a   [3–6].

Si“ É r „   s 1 l x • ¸ ß ¼“ ¦ q “ §& h  & h “ É r q 6   x, @ /€  & h Ü ¼

–

Ð s 6   x 0 p x    H s & h [ þ t – Ð “   # Œ Si l ó ø Í`  ¦ s 6   x ô  Ç GaN _  $ í  © œ“ É r  © œ{ © œô  Ç › ' a d ” `  ¦ = å J “ ¦ e ”  . Õ ª Q  Siõ  GaN  s _   H     Ô  ¦{ 9 u (17 %)ü < Z  }“ É r \ P ¨ î ‚ ½ Ó> à º _

 s (56 %)– Ð “  K  Si l ó ø Í 0 A\  GaN\  ¦ f ” ] X  $ í  © œ 



 H  כ “ É r B Ä º j Ë µ[ þ t  . s  ¿ º Ó ü t| 9  ç ß –_     ü < \ P Ø Ÿ … ½ Ó>  Ã

º_  s [ þ t“ É r stress ü < ƒ  › ' a ) a ë  H ] j\  ¦  l r v  9, s  כ

“ É

r ¿ º î  r GaN \ x 8 £ x ? / Ò\ " f_  strain\  _ ô  Ç ì  rF G

E-mail: [email protected]

õ

 ç  H\ P `  ¦ Ô  ¦  Q { 9 Ü ¼v  9 ¢ ¸ô  Ç ™ è _  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ y Œ ™™ èr †  



. s  Qô  Ç ë  H ] j[ þ t`  ¦ F G4 Ÿ ¤ “ ¦, GaN_  ¾ ¡ §| 9 `  ¦ † ¾ Ó © œr v  l

 0 AK  GaAs, AlAs, AlN, ZnO, SiC 1 p x _  ! Q( 8 £ x`  ¦ s  6

 

x # Œ Si l ó ø Íõ  GaN \ x 8 £ x _  stress\  ¦ þ j™ è o l  0 A ô

 Ç  € ª œô  Ç ~ ½ ÓZ O [ þ t s  > hµ 1 Ï÷ &% 3   [7–10].

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H hydride vapor phase epitaxy(HVPE)  © œ u

\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 1 " é ¶ GaN  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸ ! Q( 8 £ x`  ¦ ë ß –[ þ t “ ¦ Õ ª 0

A\  2 " é ¶ GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œ½ + É  â Ä º, þ j& h _  ³ ð€   + þ A I

\  ¦ ° ú   H $ í  © œ› ¸| `  ¦ „ à ÐÒ  o “ ¦, $ í  © œr ç ß –\    É r GaN

\

x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa ü < strain_  œ íl  s  ¢ - a  1 l x`  ¦ · ú ˜ ˜ Ѐ Œ ¤ .

II. ÷ m Ç] M ö U ê s0 n É

Ã

º¨ î + þ A HVPE\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ GaN  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸ ! Q( 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í



© œr †   Ê ê, Õ ª 0 A\  GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr v   H í  H Ü ¼– Ð r 

¼

# `  ¦ ] j Œ • % i  . €  $  buffered oxide etchant(BOE) 6   x Ó 

o`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ Si(111) l ó ø Í 0 A_   ƒ  í ß – o} Œ •`  ¦ ] j  

“

¦,  [ j— : r õ  B jò ø Í`  ¦ 5 Å q \ " f y Œ •y Œ • 5ì  rm ”  œ í6 £ § [ j' ‘ `  ¦

% i  . [ j' ‘ ô  Ç Si(111) l ó ø Í 0 A\  rf-Û ¼( ' a AÜ ¼– Ð AlN

\

 ¦ 25ì  r ç ß – €  • 50 nm & ñ • ¸ 7 £ x ‚ à Ìr (   . AlN 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì r _  Û ¼ (

'  Õ þ ›! Q ? / Ò_  · ú š§ 4 “ É r 5 × 10

−3

torr, Ar Ä »| ¾ ӓ É r 50

-461-

(2)

sccm, e  ¦  Ý ¼  0 >  H 200 W – Ð Ä »t  % i  . Õ ª Ê ê à º

¨ î

+ þ A HVPE\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ GaN  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸– Ð s À Ò# Q”   ! Q (

8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr (   . HVPE_  „  l – Ѝ  H ™ èÛ ¼% ò % i (source zone), ì ø Í6 £ x% ò % i (react zone), $ í  © œ% ò % i (growth zone)_  [

j Òì  r Ü ¼– Ð  ¾ º# Q y Œ •y Œ •_  “ : r • ¸\  ¦ 1 l qw n & h Ü ¼– Ð › ¸] X  % i 



. ™ èÛ ¼% ò % i “ É r 850

C, ì ø Í6 £ x% ò % i “ É r 1050

C – Ð y Œ •y Œ • [ O & ñ

% i Ü ¼ 9, $ í  © œ% ò % i _  “ : r • ¸  H ì ø Í6 £ x% ò % i \ " f Y O # Q| 9 à º2 Ÿ ¤ y

Œ

™™ è   H “ : r • ¸ ° ú כ`  ¦ thermocouple – Ð 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç Ê ê á Ԗ Ð { 9 

`

 ¦ ë ß –[ þ t # Q Æ Ò& ñ % i  . $ í  © œ% ò % i _  “ : r • ¸ 600

C x 9 650

C{ 9  M : y Œ •y Œ •  ” ¸m [ þ t õ   ” ¸– Ð× ¼ + þ AI _  GaN  ” ¸½ ¨

›

¸ ! Q( 8 £ x s  $ í  © œ÷ &% 3   [11–13]. GaN ! Q( 8 £ x“ É r 2 r ç ß – 1

l

x î ß – $ í  © œr (  Ü ¼ 9, HCl:NH

3

Û ¼| ¾ Ó q Ö  ¦“ É r 1:40 < ʓ É r 1:50 s % 3  . s M : N

2

H o # Q Û ¼_  Ä »| ¾ ӓ É r 1140 sccm Ü ¼

–

Ð “ ¦& ñ % i  . AlN/Si(111), GaN ! Q( 8 £ x s  ” > r F    H AlN/Si(111), x 9 Al

2

O

3

l ó ø Í 0 A\  1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç › ¸| \ " f GaN

\

x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr v “ ¦ Õ ª   õ \  ¦ q “ § % i  . 1050

C _ 

$ í

 © œ% ò % i  “ : r • ¸\ " f GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr (  Ü ¼ 9, s M : HCl õ  NH

3

Û ¼| ¾ Ó_  q Ö  ¦“ É r 1:50, H o # Q Û ¼_  Ä »| ¾ ӓ É r 500 sccm s % 3  . Ä º‚   GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ 5ì  r ç ß – $ í  © œr v “ ¦

³

ð€  `  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ïô  Ç Ê ê, Õ ª   õ \  ¦ ž Ð@ /– Ð  r  GaN  ” ¸m [ þ t x 9

 ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0 A\  GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • 20ì  r, 40ì  rm ”  $ í  © œ r

†   \ x 8 £ x _  ³ ð€  `  ¦ q “ § % i  . $ í  © œ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x

“ É

r Å Ò „   ‰ & ³p  â (scanning electron microscopy)`  ¦ s  6

 

x # Œ ³ ð€  õ  é ß –€  `  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï % i Ü ¼ 9, X-‚    r] X (X-ray diffraction) õ  cathodoluminescence(CL)\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ ¨

›

¸& h  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ì  r$ 3  % i  .

III. ÷ m Ç] M ö + s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í À X Ø8 ý

Figure 1“ É r œ íl  $ í  © œ— ¸_ þ v`  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï l  0 A # Œ  ” ¸

½

¨› ¸ ! Q( 8 £ x 0 A\  5ì  r ç ß – $ í  © œr †   GaN \ x 8 £ x ³ ð€  _  Å

Ò „   ‰ & ³p  â  ”  s  . Fig. 1_  (a)  H HCl:NH

3

= 1:50 _  Ä »| ¾ Óq \ " f $ í  © œr †    ” ¸m [ þ t(inset Õ ªa Ë >) 0 A\ 

$ í

 © œ  ) a \ x 8 £ x, (b)  H HCl:NH

3

= 1:40 \ " f $ í  © œr †    

”

¸m [ þ t(inset Õ ªa Ë >) 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a \ x 8 £ x, (c)  H HCl:NH

3

= 1:50 \ " f $ í  © œr †    ” ¸– Ð× ¼(inset Õ ªa Ë >) 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a

\

x 8 £ x, Õ ªo “ ¦ (d)  H HCl:NH

3

= 1:40 \ " fÜ ¼– Ð $ í  © œr 

† 

  ” ¸– Ð× ¼(inset Õ ªa Ë >) 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦  

 · p . Fig. 1(a)_  ³ ð€  s  1(b)_  ³ ð€  ˜ Ð   8¹ ¡ ¤ ¨ î ò ø Í

>  $ í  © œ  ) a  כ `  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  . s   H  ” ¸m [ þ t`  ¦ ! Q( 8 £ x Ü

¼– Ð  6   x ½ + É  â Ä º\   H U  ´s   ú ª“ ¦ x 9 • ¸ Z  } >  $ í  © œô  Ç

½

¨› ¸(Fig. 1(b) inset)˜ Ð  U  ´s  U  ´“ ¦ x 9 • ¸ ± ú “ É r ½ ¨

›

¸(Fig. 1(a) inset)\  ¦ ! Q( 8 £ x Ü ¼– Ð  6   x   H  כ s  2 " é ¶

\

x 8 £ x _  $ í  © œ\   8¹ ¡ ¤ ´ òõ & h e ” `  ¦ ˜ Ð# Œï  r  . s   H GaN

Fig. 1. Plane-view SEM images of GaN epi-layers grown for 5 min with nanoneedle buffer ((a) and (b)), nanorod buffer ((c) and (d)), and AlN buffer (e) on Si(111) sub- strates and an Al

2

O

3

substrate without buffer layer (f).

\

x 8 £ x s  $ í  © œ½ + É M : œ íl \   H GaN   ” ¸m [ þ t  s _  /

B

NF G`  ¦ G Ä º€  " f $ í  © œ   H X <, U  ´s  U  ´“ ¦ x 9 • ¸ ± ú “ É r



” ¸m [ þ t + þ AI _  ! Q( 8 £ x s  GaN \ x 8 £ x \ " f ç  H\ P s  µ 1 Ï Ò q

t   H  כ `  ¦ ´ òõ & h Ü ¼– Ð % 3 ] j  9 s   H / B I à º¨ î ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼

–

Ð_  $ í  © œ`  ¦  Ö ¸ µ 1 Ï >  l  M :ë  H Ü ¼– Ð Ò q ty Œ •  ) a  .   " f Ã

ºf ” ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð $ í  © œ† < Ê\     y Œ • GaN Õ ªA “  [ þ t _  €  & h  s

 / å L5 Å q y  & 4 R " f– Ð   ½ + Ë >  ÷ &Ù ¼– Ð „  ^ ‰& h Ü ¼– Ð  8 ¨ î ò ø

Íô  Ç ³ ð€  `  ¦ s À Ò>   ) a  . ô  Ǽ # ,  ” ¸m [ þ t ! Q( 8 £ x _   â Ä

ºü <  H  Ø Ô> ,  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x“ É r – Ð

×

¼_  f ”  â s   H ! Q( 8 £ x 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a  כ (Fig. 1(c))s  – Ð

×

¼_  f ”  â s   Œ •“ É r ! Q( 8 £ x 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a  כ (Fig. 1(d))˜ Ð



 threading dislocation(TD)_  x 9 • ¸  © œ@ /& h Ü ¼– Ð  Œ • 

"

f › ¸F K  8 ¨ î ò ø Í >  $ í  © œ  ) a  כ `  ¦ ^  ¦ à º e ”  . ì ø ̀  ,  

”

¸m [ þ t s    ” ¸– Ð× ¼ü < ° ú  “ É r ! Q( 8 £ x s  \ O   H AlN/Si < Ê

“

É r Al

2

O

3

l ó ø Í 0 A\ " f  H GaN \ x 8 £ x s  ¸ ú ˜ $ í  © œ t  · ú §

€

Œ

¤  H X <, s  כ “ É r AlN/Si s   Al

2

O

3

l ó ø Í ³ ð€  \ " f  H $ í



© œ œ íl \  GaN_  Ù þ ˜ o ç  H{ 9  >  ¸ ú ˜ s À Ò# Q t t  · ú §

€

Œ

¤6 £ §`  ¦ _ p ô  Ç .   " f,  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸ ! Q( 8 £ x`  ¦  6   x ½ + É M : GaN \ x 8 £ x _  $ í  © œs   8¹ ¡ ¤ ¸ ú ˜ { 9 # Q z Œ ™`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . ¢ ¸ ô

 Ç, HClõ  NH

3

_  Ä »| ¾ Óq  1:40{ 9  M : ˜ Ð  1:50{ 9  M : $ í

(3)

Fig. 2. Plane-view SEM images of GaN layers grown for 20 min (left-hand column) and 40 min (right-hand column) on ((a) and (b)) nanoneedles, and ((c) and (d)) nanorods.



© œô  Ç  ” ¸½ ¨› ¸ ! Q( 8 £ x 0 A\ " f  8¹ ¡ ¤ ¨ î ò ø Íô  Ç ³ ð€  _  GaN

\

x 8 £ x s  $ í  © œ H † d`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .



 " f HClõ  NH

3

_  Ä »| ¾ Óq  1:50\ " f $ í  © œ  ) a  ” ¸ m

[ þ t x 9  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0 A\  GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • 20ì  r, 40ì  r

$ í

 © œr †   Ê ê ³ ð€   + þ A © œ`  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï % i  . Fig. 2  H  ” ¸m  [

þ t((a), (b)) õ   ” ¸– Ð× ¼((c), (d)) 0 A\  y Œ •y Œ • 20ì  r((a), (c)) x 9

40ì  rm ” ((b), (d)) $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x ³ ð€  _  Å Ò „  



‰ & ³p  â  ”  s  .  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  $ í  © œ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x

“ É

r à º¨ î ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð_  $ í  © œs   Ö ¸ µ 1 Ï l  M :ë  H \  r ç ß –s  7 £ x

† < Ê\     ¹ ¢ ¤ y Œ •+ þ AI _  Õ ªA “  [ þ t s  ' ‘   ½ + Ë5 g4 R" f ¨ î ò ø Í ô

 Ç ³ ð€  `  ¦ s À ҍ  H  כ `  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã º e ”  . ì ø ̀  ,  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0

A\  $ í  © œ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x“ É r TD\  ¦ t “ ¦ $ í  © œ l  M : ë

 H \  r ç ß –s  7 £ x   8 • ¸ ¹ ¢ ¤ y Œ •+ þ AI _  Õ ªA “  [ þ t s  ¢ - a„   y

 ½ + Ë5 gt t  · ú §“ ¦, y Œ •y Œ •_  + þ AI \  ¦ Ä »t   9 $ í  © œ   H  כ

`

 ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . 7 £ ¤, $ í  © œr ç ß –s  t ± ú ˜Ã º2 Ÿ ¤  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ ! Q(  8

£

x \ " f ˜ Ð   ” ¸m [ þ t ! Q( 8 £ x \ " f_  GaN \ x 8 £ x s   8

¹

¡

¤ ¨ î ò ø Íô  Ç €  `  ¦ ë ß –[ þ t # Q“ ¦ e ” 6 £ §`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

Figure 3“ É r  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  y Œ •y Œ • 5ì  r, 20ì  r, 40ì  r $ í  © œ r

†   GaN \ x 8 £ x é ß –€  _  „   Å Ò ‰ & ³p  â  ”  s  .  

”

¸m [ þ t 0 A\  5ì  r, 20ì  r, Õ ªo “ ¦ 40ì  r $ í  © œô  Ç \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ º a

  H y Œ •y Œ • 0.544 µm, 2.471 µm, 3.353 µm– Ð $ í  © œr ç ß –s  7

£

x † < Ê\     \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa  ¢ ¸ô  Ç ‚  + þ A& h Ü ¼– Ð 7 £ x  



 H Æ Ò[ j\  ¦ ˜ Г    (Fig. 5 ‚ à Г ¦).



” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN_    & ñ $ í `  ¦ · ú ˜  ˜ Ðl  0 A K

 X-‚    r] X Á º] (\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . Fig. 4\ " fü < ° ú  s  — ¸

Ž

 H \ x 8 £ x \ " f ¹ ¢ ¤ ~ ½ Ó    GaN_  (0002) x ß ¼     9, GaN \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa  7 £ x ½ + Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ (0002) x ß ¼_  0 A

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional SEM images of GaN layers grown for (a) 5 min, (b) 20 min, and (c) 40 min on nanoneedles.

Table 1. Analysis results of (0002) calculated by mea- surement program.

Growth time 2θ FWHM d-spacing c-axis lattice (min) (degree) (degree) (˚ A) constant(˚ A)

5 34.6387 0.2040 2.58752 5.17504 20 34.6030 0.3000 2.59011 5.18022 40 34.5786 0.3600 2.59188 5.18376

u

  H & h & h   Œ •“ É r y Œ • A á ¤ Ü ¼– Ð s 1 l x   H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . 8 £ ¤

&

ñ  ) a GaN (0002) x ß ¼_  2θ_  ° ú כõ  ì ø Íu ; Ÿ ¤ (full width at half maximum: FWHM)`  ¦ Table 1 \    ? /% 3  .

Figure 5  H $ í  © œr ç ß –\    É r GaN \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa ü <

c-» ¡ ¤     © œÃ ºü <_  › ' a > \  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9,  ” ¸m [ þ t

(4)

Fig. 4. XRD spectra of GaN layers grown for 5, 20, and 40 min on nanoneedles.

Fig. 5. Relationship between c-axis lattice constant and layer thickness according to the growth time.

0

A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x \ " f_  ï ß –# Œ strain_     oü <

q

“ § l  0 AK  wurzite GaN\  @ /K  { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð · ú ˜ 9”   c=5.1853˚ A ° ú כ`  ¦ † < Êa  ³ ðr  % i  . Õ ªa Ë >\ " f ˜ Ѝ  H  ü < ° ú   s

  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x“ É r ¿ ºa  7 £ x † < Ê

\

    compressive strains  & h   ¢ - a  o÷ &  H  כ `  ¦ S X ‰ “  ½ + É Ã

º e ”  . Hiramatsu 1 p x \  _  €   Al

2

O

3

0 A\  GaN \ x 8 £ x

`

 ¦ $ í  © œr ~  ´ M : ¿ ºa  100 µm\  ¦  Å # Q  c-» ¡ ¤     © œÃ º



 H free-standing  © œI _  ° ú כ“   5.1853˚ A \  • ¸² ú ˜ô  Ç  [14].

t ë ß – Kusakabe 1 p x“ É r radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxyZ O Ü ¼– Ð   s # Q l ó ø Í 0 A_   

”

¸– Ð× ¼ ! Q( 8 £ x`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ GaN \ x 8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œr ( ” Ü ¼– Ð

Fig. 6. CL spectra of GaN layers grown for 40 min on nanoneedles.

+

‹, 2.700 µm ¿ ºa \ " f free-standing  © œI \    H] X    H c=5.1848˚ A ° ú כ`  ¦ % 3 % 3   [15]. ‘ : r z  ´+ « >\ " f  H HVPE Z O Ü ¼

–

Ð Si l ó ø Í 0 A\  + þ A$ í  ) a  ” ¸m [ þ t`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ GaN \ x  8

£

x`  ¦ $ í  © œr (  “ ¦, $ í  © œr ç ß –s  40ì  r{ 9  M : 3.353 µm ¿ ºa 

\

" f free-standing  © œI \    H] X    H c=5.1838˚ A ° ú כ`  ¦ % 3 

%

3  .  ” ¸m [ þ t _  + þ AI ü < ß ¼l \  ¦ & h ] X y  › ¸] X  €    8 · û ª

“

É r GaN \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa \ " f• ¸ free-standing  © œI _     



© œÃ º\    H] X    H   õ \  ¦ % 3 `  ¦ à º e ” `  ¦  כ Ü ¼– Ð l @ / “ ¦ e ”

Ü ¼ 9 ‰ & ³F  › ' aº  z  ´+ « >“ É r ”  ' Ÿ  ×  æ \  e ”  .

Figure 6“ É r  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  40ì  r ç ß – $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x  8

£

x _  CL 8 £ ¤& ñ   õ s  . 362 nm (∼3.425 eV)\ " f band edge emission õ  › ' aº   ) a Å Ò  ) a x ß ¼, 670-800 nm  s 

\

" f  H Ô  ¦í  HÓ ü t < ʓ É r   † < Ê 1 p x \  l “  ô  Ç x ß ¼ y Œ •y Œ • › ' a8 £ ¤

÷

&% 3   [16]. { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð GaN  H compressive strain`  ¦ ~ à Î

`

 ¦ M : \  -t   ½ ™× ¼Ì “ ss  V , # Qt “ ¦, tensile strain`  ¦ ~ à Î`  ¦ M

:  ½ ™× ¼Ì “ ss   Œ • ”   “ ¦ ˜ Г ¦ ÷ &% 3   [17–19]. ‘ : r z  ´+ « >\ 

"

f 8 £ ¤& ñ  ) a GaN \ x 8 £ x“ É r { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð · ú ˜ 9”   GaN bulk _

 \  -t   ½ ™× ¼Ì “ s(∼3.39eV)˜ Ð   H ° ú כ`  ¦ t   H X <, s  כ

“ É

r  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\  40ì  r 1 l x î ß – $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x s  ¢ - a„   y

 s  ¢ - a ÷ &t  3 l w “ ¦ compressive strain \  e ” l  M :ë  H s

 “ ¦ Ò q ty Œ •ô  Ç .

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

‘

: r z  ´+ « >\ " f  H HVPE  © œu \  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 1 " é ¶ GaN  

”

¸½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ + þ A$ í “ ¦ s \  ¦ ! Q( 8 £ x Ü ¼– Ð # Œ 2 " é ¶ GaN \  x

8 £ x`  ¦ $ í  © œ % i  .  ” ¸m [ þ t`  ¦ ! Q( 8 £ x Ü ¼– Ð  6   x ½ + É  â Ä

º U  ´s  U  ´“ ¦ x 9 • ¸ ± ú “ É r ½ ¨› ¸ 2 " é ¶ \ x 8 £ x _  $ í



© œ\   8¹ ¡ ¤ ´ òõ & h s % 3  . ô  Ǽ # ,  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ — ¸€ ª œ_  ! Q( 8 £ x

(5)

`

 ¦ s 6   x ½ + É  â Ä º\   H f ”  â s   H  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0 A\ " f ³ ð€  s 

›

¸F K  8 ¨ î ò ø Íô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x s  $ í  © œ÷ &% 3  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç \ x  8

£

x`  ¦ 20ì  r, 40ì  r $ í  © œr &  \ x 8 £ x _  ³ ð€   + þ A © œ`  ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ïô  Ç

 

õ ,  ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\ " f  H à º¨ î $ í  © œs   Ö ¸ µ 1 Ï Ù ¼– Ð $ í  © œ r

ç ß –s  7 £ x  H † d \     ¹ ¢ ¤ y Œ •+ þ AI _  GaN Õ ªA “  [ þ t s  " f

–

Ð ½ + Ë5 g4 R" f & h   ¨ î ò ø Íô  Ç ³ ð€  `  ¦ + þ A$ í >  ÷ &t ë ß –,  ” ¸

–

Ð× ¼ 0 A\  $ í  © œô  Ç GaN \ x 8 £ x“ É r TD\  ¦ t “ ¦ $ í  © œ  l

 M :ë  H \  ¹ ¢ ¤ y Œ •+ þ AI \  ¦ Ä »t   9 $ í  © œs  { 9 # Qz Œ ™`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”

% 3  . 7 £ ¤  ” ¸– Ð× ¼ 0 A\ " f ˜ Ð   ” ¸m [ þ t 0 A\ " f GaN

\

x 8 £ x s   8 ¨ î ò ø Í >  $ í  © œ % i  . $ í  © œr ç ß –s  7 £ x † < Ê

\

    GaN \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa   H ‚  + þ A& h Ü ¼– Ð 7 £ x  % i “ ¦ compressive strain“ É r & h   ¢ - a  o÷ &% 3 Ü ¼ 9, 40ì  r ç ß – $ í  © œô  Ç Ê

ê\  \ x 8 £ x _  ¿ ºa   H 3.353 µm – Ð c-» ¡ ¤     © œÃ º free- standing  © œI \    H] X    H 5.1838˚ A Ü ¼– Ð   z Œ ¤ . ¢ ¸ô  Ç CL X <s ' \ " f  ü @‚    © œ_  Å Ò  ) a x ß ¼ { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð

· ú

˜ 9”   GaN bulk_  \  -t   ½ ™× ¼Ì “ s˜ Ð   H ° ú כ“   3.425eV

\

" f    Ù ¼– Ð GaN \ x 8 £ x s  ¢ - a„  y  s  ¢ - a ÷ &t  3 l w 

“

¦ compressive strain \  e ”  “ ¦ Ò q ty Œ •  ) a  .

Y

c p w Š à U Ø ”  ô

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[2] S. Yamazaki, T. Yatsui, M. Ohtsu, T. W. Kim and H. Fujioka, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 3059 (2004).

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[4] H. Tang, J. A. Bardwell, J. Lapointe, S. Raymond, J. Fraser, S. Haffouz and S. Rolfe, J. Cryst. Growth 301, 442 (2007).

[5] K. P. Lee, A. M. Dabiran, P. P. Chow, A. Osinsky, S. J. Pearton and F. Ren, Solid-State Electronics 48, 37 (2004).

[6] H. Morkoc, S. Strite, G. B. Gao, M. E. Lin, B.

Sverdlov and M. S. Burns, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 1363 (1994).

[7] L. Liu and J. H. Edgar, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 37, 61 (2002).

[8] M. K. Bae, D. H. Shin, S. N. Yi, J. H. Na, A. M.

Green, R. A. Taylor, S. H. Park and N. L. Kang, J.

Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 1092 (2006).

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Growth 263, 30 (2004).

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[11] J. Y. Moon, H. Y. Kwon, M. J. Shin, Y. J. Choi, H.

S. Ahn, J. H. Chang, S. N. Yi, Y. J. Yun, D. H. Ha and S. H. Park, Mater. Lett. 63, 2695 (2009).

[12] H. Y. Kwon, M. J. Shin, Y. J. Choi, J. Y. Moon, H.

S. Ahn, S. N. Yi, S. Kim, D. H. Ha and S. H. Park, J. Cryst. Growth, 311, 4146 (2009).

[13] J. Y. Moon, H. Y. Kwon, Y. J. Choi, M. J. Shin, S.

N. Yi, Y. J. Yun, S. Kim, D. H. Ha and J. Y. Sug, J. Alloys Comp. 480, 853 (2009).

[14] K. Hiramatsu, T. Detchprohm and I. Akasaki, Jpn.

J. Appl. Phys. 32, 1528 (1993).

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Appl. Phys. 40, L192 (2001).

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Characteristic Analysis of a GaN Epilayer Grown on a GaN Buffer with One-dimensional Nanostructures

M. J. Shin, H. Y. Kwon, J. Y. Moon, Y. J. Choi, H. S. Ahn and S. N. Yi

Department of Applied Science, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791

D. H. Ha

Division of Advanced Technology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305 (Received 4 November 2009)

We studied a GaN epilayer grown on a GaN buffer with one-dimensional nanostructures by using a hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) facility. The nanoneedle- and nanorod-buffer layers were grown for 2 hours at growth temperatures of 600 and 650

C and under HCl:NH

3

gas flow rates of 1:40 and 1:50, respectively. GaN epilayers were grown for 5, 20, and 40 minutes under a HCl:NH

3

gas flow rate of 1:50. The GaN epilayer grown on a nanoneedle buffer was found to have better properties than that grown on a nanorod buffer. The morphologies of the GaN epilayers were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, and the crystal structures were examined by using X-ray diffraction and cathodoluminescence.

PACS numbers: 73.61.Tm, 81.10.bk, 81.05.Ys Keywords: Nanostructure, GaN epilayer, HVPE

E-mail: [email protected]

수치

Fig. 1. Plane-view SEM images of GaN epi-layers grown for 5 min with nanoneedle buffer ((a) and (b)), nanorod buffer ((c) and (d)), and AlN buffer (e) on Si(111)  sub-strates and an Al 2 O 3 substrate without buffer layer (f).
Fig. 3. Cross-sectional SEM images of GaN layers grown for (a) 5 min, (b) 20 min, and (c) 40 min on nanoneedles.
Fig. 4. XRD spectra of GaN layers grown for 5, 20, and 40 min on nanoneedles.

참조

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