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Fraunhofer diffraction and Fourier transform

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25. Fourier Optics

Fraunhofer diffraction and Fourier transform

( ) ( ) ( ξ η ) ξ η

λ η π

λ U ξ j z x y d d

z j e y e

x U

y z x

j k jkz

 

  − +

= ∫ ∫

+

2

exp ,

,

) 2 (

2 2

( )

{ }

f x z f y z

y z x

j k jkz

Y X

z U j

e e

λ

η

λ

λ ξ

/ , /

) 2 (

,

2 2

=

= +

= F

Spatial frequency :

x

x ,

y

y

f f

z z

λ λ

= =

(2)

Example of Optical Fourier Transform

(3)

2-D Fourier transform pair

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ }

2

1

( , ) 1 ( , ) exp ( )

(2 )

( , ) exp 2 ( )

( , )

( , ) ( , )exp ( )

( , )

x y x y x y

x y x y x y

x y

x y x y

f x y g k k j xk yk dk dk

g f f j xf yf df df

g f f

g f f f x y j xf yf dxdy

f x y π

π

+∞

−∞

+∞

−∞

+∞

−∞

= − +

− +

= +

=

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

=

= F

F

(4)

Fourier Transform

{ } { }

Inverse Fourier Transform

1

( , )exp 2 ( )

( , )exp 2 ( )

X Y

X Y X Y X Y

G g g x y j f x f y dx dy

g G G f f j f x f y df df

π

π

−∞

−∞

= =   − +  

= =   +  

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

F

F

x

y

1/fx

1/fy

(

y

)

exp j 2 π xf

x

+ yf

(5)

Fourier and Inverse Fourier Transform

α

α β β

(6)

Fourier Components

(

x

,

y

)

g f f

exp j2π

(

xfx + yfy

)

(7)

Some Properties of FT

( ) ( ) { }

( ) ( ) { }

( ) ( )

) , ( )

, ( )

, (

. definition for the

' ' use books some

but sign,

'-' use We

*

, ,

) , (

) , ( )

, ( )

, ( ,

,

) , ( ) , ( ,

,

*

*

* 2

*

y x p

y x g y

x c

d d y x

p g

y x c

f f G y

x g

y x g d

d y x

g g

f f H f

f G h

g d

d y

x h g

gp gp

Y X Y X Y

X

=

+

=

=

 =







 − −

=

 =







 − −

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

η ξ η

ξ η

ξ

η ξ η

ξ η

ξ

η ξ η ξ

η ξ

n

rrelatio (Cross-)Co

theorem ation

Autocorrel

theorem n

Convolutio

F F

F F

(8)

Real and Spatial-Frequency Spaces

y2

x2

( ξ , η )

y1

x1

Optical System

Input Output

f

Y

f

X

Fourier Transform

Inverse FT FT

IFT

(9)
(10)
(11)

Fourier Transform with Lenses

Input placed against lens

Input placed in front of lens

Input placed behind lens

back focal plane

(12)

Input Placed Against Lens

( )

x y At

( )

x y

Ul , = A ,

Pupil function ; ( )



=

otherwise

0

aperture lens

the inside

1 , y

x P

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+

= 2 2

'

exp 2 ,

,

, x y

f j k y

x P y x U y

x

Ul l

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) (

xu y

)

dxdy

j f y

f x j k y

x f U

j f u j k u

Uf

∫ ∫

l + +

+

=

λ υ π λ

υ

υ exp 2

exp 2 2 ,

exp

, ' 2 2

2 2

( )

( )

( ) ( ) (xu y ) dxdy

j f y

x P y x f U

j f u j k u

U f

∫ ∫

l +

+

=

λ υ π λ

υ

υ exp 2 , , exp 2

,

2 2

Fraunhofer diffraction pattern!

From the Fresnel diffraction formula (z = f):

(13)

Input Placed in Front of Lens (I)

(

X

,

Y

)

0

(

X

,

Y

) exp [ (

X2 Y2

) ]

l

f f F f f j d f f

F = − πλ +

( ) ( )



 

 

 

 +

= f f

F u f

j f u j k u

U f l

λ υ λ

λ

υ

υ exp 2 ,

,

2 2

( ) ( )

( ) (

ξ ηυ

)

ξ η

λ η π

λ ξ

υ

υ u d d

j f f t

j f u d f

j k A

u

U f A

 

− +



 

  +

 

 −

=

∫ ∫

exp 2 ,

2 1 exp ,

2 2

(14)

Input Placed in Front of Lens (II)

( ) ( ) ( ξ ηυ ) ξ η

λ η π

λ ξ

υ u d d

j f f t

j u A

U

f A

 

 − +

= ∫ ∫

exp 2 ,

, If d =f, then

Exact Fourier Transform!

(15)

Input Placed Behind Lens

( ) ξ η ξ η ( ξ η ) ( ) ξ , η

exp 2 ,

,

2 2

0

t

A

d j k d

f d

P f d U Af

 

 

  

  − +

 

 

= 

( ) ( )

d f d

j d u j k A

u U

f

λ

υ

υ 

 

 +

=

2 2

exp 2 ,

( ) (

ξ υη

)

ξ η

λ η π

ξ η

ξ u d d

j d d

f d

P f tA



− +



 

×

∫ ∫

exp 2 ,

,

(16)

Example of Optical Fourier

Transform

(17)

4-f System and Optical Filtering

(18)

Example of Spatial Filter

(19)

Image Formation

( ) u υ h ( u υ ξ η ) ( ) U ξ η d ξ d η

U

i

, ∫ ∫

, ; ,

0

,

=

( u υ ξ η ) K δ ( u M ξ υ M η )

h , ; , ≈ ± , ±

(hopefully)

(20)

Impulse Response of a Positive Lens

( ) =

2

 (

2

+

2

)   (

2

+

2

) 

1 2

2

1

exp 2

exp 2 , 1

;

, υ ξ η

η λ ξ

υ z

j k z u

j k z

u z h

( ) ( )

 

  +

 

 + −

× ∫ ∫

2

1

2

1 1

exp 2 ,

2 1

y f x

z z

j k y

x P

dxdy z y

x z z

u jk z

 

 

 

 

 

 

  +

 +

 

  +

×

2 1

2 1

exp ξ η υ

(21)

The Lens Law

1 0 1

1

2 1

=

− + z f

z

Lens Law (Imaging Equation)

( ) ∫ ∫

( )

P x y

z u z

h 1 ,

,

; ,

2 1

λ

2

η ξ υ

( ) ( )

[ u M x M y ] dxdy

j z

 

 

 − − + −

× ξ υ η

λ π

2

exp 2

1 2

z

M = − z

Magnification

* Impulse response is the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of lens aperture.

(22)

Coherent/Incoherent Imaging

Incoherent : 2 2 2

g g

i

h I h U

I = ⊗ = ⊗

Coherent : 2

g

i

h U

I = ⊗

Incoherent :

F { } I

i

= [ H

H ] [ G

g

G

g

]

Coherent

:

  F { } I

i

= HG

g

HG

g

correlations

(23)

Amplitude Transfer Function

For coherent systems,

(

X Y

) (

X Y

) (

g X Y

)

i

f f H f f G f f

G , = , ,

( ) ( ) ( )

 

 

 

 

 − +

= ∫ ∫

dxdy y

z ux j

y x z P

f A f

H

i i

Y

X

υ

λ π λ

exp 2   ,

, F

( A λ z

i

) ( P λ z

i

f

X

λ z

i

f

Y

)

= ,

( ) ( ) u , υ h ~ u , υ U ( ) u , υ

U

i

= ⊗

g

Amplitude transfer function

(24)

Optical Transfer Function (OTF)

For incoherent systems,

(

X Y

) (

X Y

) (

g X Y

)

i

f , f f , f g f , f

g = H

( )

∫ ∫ ( )

∫ ∫

 

 − −

 

 

 + +

=

dpdq q

p H

dpdq q

p H

q p

H f

f

Y X

Y X

Y X

f f

f f

,

2

, ,

,

2 2 2 2

H

OTF : the normalized autocorrelation function of the amplitude transfer function!

( f ,

X

f

Y

)

H

Modulation transfer function (MTF) :

참조

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