2009. 11. 4

2009. 11. 4

(OECD-KRIHS Seminar: Global Big Change and Urban Policy)

일시: 2009. 11. 4( ) 14:00수 ～ 18:00

장소 국토연구원 강당:

주최 국토연구원: KRIHS

(Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements)

▲ Welcome address

• Yang Ho PARK (President, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements)

▲ Session I: Urban Policy Issues

• Chairman: Won-Yong KWON

￭ Presentation (14:10-15:20)

1. Global Change and Urban Policy Issues of Korea - Young A LEE (Research Associate, KRIHS)

2. National Urban Policies in OECD Countries

- Lamia KAMAL-CHAOUI (Unit head of urban development at Regional Competitiveness and Governance, OECD)

3. Cross-border Co-operation in the Pan-Yellow Sea Region - Hyuck-Jin KWON (Economist at RCG, OECD)

￭ Discussion (15:20 15:50) –

- Wang-Gun LEE (Research Fellow, KRIHS)

- Won Sup LEE (Research Fellow, KRIHS)

- All participants from OECD

￭ Presentation (16:20 17:20) –

1. The effect of Green Growth Strategies on Korean Cities - Kwang-ik WANG (Research Associate, KRIHS)

2. Cities and Green Growth

- Joaquim OLIVEIRA-MARTINS

￭ Discussion (17:20 17:40) –

- Sang-Heon LEE (Professor, Hanshin University) - Jinkyu CHUNG (Research Fellow, KRIHS) - All participants from OECD

￭ Dinner (18:00)

• Chairman: Won-Yong KWON

￭ Presentation (14:10-15:20)

- Global Change and Urban Policy Issues of Korea (Young A LEE, Research Associate, KRIHS) - National Urban Policies in OECD Countries

(Lamia KAMAL-CHAOUI, Unit head of urban development at Regional Competitiveness and Governance, OECD)

- Cross-border Co-operation in the Pan-Yellow Sea Region (Hyuck-Jin KWON, Economist at RCG, OECD)

￭ Discussion (15:20 15:50) –

- Wang-Gun LEE (Research Fellow, KRIHS)

- Won Sup LEE (Research Fellow, KRIHS)

이영아 국토연구원 책임연구원

Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Young A Lee (yalee@krihs.re.kr) OECD-KRIHS International Seminar

4^thNovember 2009

Contents

Global Change and Urban Policy

Economic Dimension

Environmental Dimension

Social Dimension

Conclusion

characterised as a response of government to the change

Ideas on globalisation

- Hyperglobalist view vs. Sceptical view - Transformationalist view

: unprecedented diverse process : depends on the state’s response : diverse effect on the state

Three dimensions of Global Changes - economy

- environment - Society

Global Change and Urban Policy

Global change is an external factor to influence urban policy and to shape spatial structure of a country.

How to express the effect of global change on cities

- Distribution of ‘population’ and ‘industry’ within and between cities

* Centralisation of population and industry to core cities

* Decrease of population and industry in periphery cities - Environmental and social inequality between people living in

different areas

 Urban policy has been employed as a means to operate the

distribution of population and industry and to improve the quality of

life in a variety of cities

• Core and periphery / Spatial disparity

• Balanced development / Competitiveness

Environment

• Climate change / Environmental pollution

• Sustainable development / Green growth strategies

Society

• Social inequality and diversity

• Social cohesion strategies

Economic Growth (1960s~1980s)

Sustainable Development (1990s)

Participation and Distribution (late-1990s-early 2000s)

Green Growth (mid-2000s)

Ethics of urban policy Environment Economy Society

O △

△ O

O

O O △

Ethics of Korean urban policy and its trend

Global Change and Urban Policy

-Global Economic Change - Concentration of the Capital region - Spatial disparities

Internal Factors -Industrialisation -Local autonomy

Policy Response - Balanced development - Regional innovation

and competitiveness

- Regulation of the Capital region - Preventing Urban Sprawl (Green belt)

Recently…

-World economic crisis -Local autonomy consolidated -Stabilisation of population

growth

Pressure of balanced development

Recent Strategies of urban policy:

- Empowering all regions instead of regulation vs. deregulation: mega economic regions

- Classifying cities: the Capital region, stabilised and backward cities & urban regeneration strategies by city types

Economic Dimension

Urbanisation Trend

Rapid urbanisation followed by industrialisation: 37%(’60)  90%(’00)

: 21%(’60)  48%(’05)

Dominance of large cities

- No. of million cities: 2(’60)  8(’03) - Population share: 39%(’60)  52%

(‘03)

Industrial Location Policy

1960s: Light industries in large cities

1970s: Heavy/chemical industries in selective growth poles

1980s: Small/medium complexes in less industrialized regions

1990s: Create new industrial spaces in west coast region

2000s: Industrial clusters with RIS and R&D activities

National Complex Regional Complex Fr ee Economic Zone Fr ee Trade Zone FDI Zone

Population

>1Milliom 500-1,000 thousand 300-500 thousand 100-300 thousand

<100 thousand Industr ial Complex

11.8%

Area

47.6%

Population

56.7%

Mfg. . firms

68.3%

Bank Deposits

70.0%%

R&D institutions

85.0%

Government agencies

91.0%

100 Largest corporations

Economic Dimension

Concentration of the Capital Region

•

Green belt established in the 1970s

- to contain urban sprawl

- resulting in leap-frogging urban development and higher costs for infrastructure

- contributing to preserving the quality of urban environment

Economic Dimension

Policy Responses to unbalanced growth between regions

•

- Capital Region Management Plan set since the 1980s for growth control of the capital region

- Deregulation of land use control in 1993 resulting in widespread urban sprawl

- Fundamental steps were taken in 2002 by introducing:

* development permit system

* land suitability assessment system

* on-site infrastructure provision rule

* district unit planning system

Objective Regions(MERs)’ with global competitiveness

Strategies

• To implement leading projects

• To build institutional bases

• To establish governance system

Principles

• Economy of scale

• Area-wide networking

• Specialization

• Decentralization

New growth region of traditional culture and high-tech industries

Center for key industries and logistics Creative region for

culture & arts and green industries

Asia’s best international free-trade city

Global business hub

Korea’s silicon valley

Frontier of

tourism, resort, well- being industries Vision of mega economic regions

Economic Dimension

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

전국 서울 부산 대구 인천 광주 대전 울산 경기 강원 충북 충남 전북 전남 경북 경남 제주^Gyeonggi

Seoul

Major large cities and the Capital region

• New town development in urban fringes

• Urban redevelopment / regeneration within central areas in a city

• Making a Livable City project Population stabilised

cities • ‘Residential Environment Improvement Projects’ in a city

• Making a Livable City project Population

decreasing cities

Urban development strategies by city types

Economic Dimension

• Managing a city rather than developing

Internal Factors Industrialisation Development-oriented urban policy

Recently…

-Climate change -Need of global effort in the face of climate change

- Losing green area

Strategies: sustainable development in the 1990s

- securing open space and green area - stringent ‘floor area ratio’ and

‘building-to-land ratio’

concerns

Green Growth strategies in the mid- 2000s

- Compact city

- Environmental policy combined with economic growth: to develop environment industry - Urban sprawl  urban infill

Social Dimension

Internal Factors -Aging society

-Disparity between Lower and higher income class -Residents participation External Factors -Transnational migration -Economic Crisis

Issues on cities and regions of Korea -Underprivileged people increased (eg.

unemployed and homeless people, elderly people living alone)

-Foreign migrant workers’ settlement areas formed

Strategies at local level -Supplying social housing

-Providing more welfare service facilities -Providing cultural programmes for

immigrants to settle down

-Making livable city as community-level development with resident participation Recent Strategies for social issues -Providing social housing & private affordable

housing and expanding target group for those housing

-Creating jobs in green industry

<Trend of population of elderly people aged over 65>

1990 2000 2006 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

65+ (%) 5.1 7.2 9.5 11.0 15.6 24.3 32.5 38.2

1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2005 2006

Unemployment (%) 2.4 2.1 7.0 6.3 4.4 3.7 3.5

Unemployment of secondary

school graduates (%) 3.4 2.5 8.3 7.6 5.1 4.6 4.1

Unemployment of university

graduates (%) 4.4 2.8 5.9 5.4 4.2 3.4 3.4

Source: statistics Korea, 2006, Social index of Korea

Social Dimension

5.0 5.1 5.6 6.7 8.5 11.0 14.9 17.7

14.8 16.9

21.0 23.0 25.2

43.8 46.9 48.5 63.1

76.6 85.4

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Trend of foreigners registered to stay and work in Korea

Ten thousand persons

housing - for elderly

people living alone - increase of

social housing provided by the public

sector ₀

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 주택공사^public _sector 민간^private _sector 합계^Total

<Supply of social housing>

Social Dimension

Bogeumjari housing - 1.5 million housing

provision plan by 2018

* one million in the capital region

* half million in local area - Social housing and

private affordable housing

* private affordable:

700,000

* social housing: 800,000 - Provided by the public

sector

Recent strategies for social cohesion

<Location of social & private affordable housing (Bogeumjari)>

Seoul Wonheung

Koyang

Seocho, Seoul

Kangnam, Seoul

Misa, Hanam

Green new deal project

- to create 960,000 new jobs related to environment industry - to invest in green infrastructure, low carbon-high efficiency industry

skills, eco-friendly life

Internship for young people

- about 300,000 places of internship in small-medium sized companies, government offices

Social enterprises and social employment aiming for 125,000 jobs - to combine with urban regeneration

Thank you

Lamia KAMAL-CHAOUI, Unit head of urban

development at Regional Competitiveness and

Governance, OECD

National Urban Policies in OECD Countries National Urban Policies in OECD Countries

Seminar organised by KRIHS (Korea Research Institute of Human Seminar organised by KRIHS (Korea Research Institute of Human

Settlement) in Seoul on 4 November 2009 Settlement) in Seoul on 4 November 2009

Lamia Kamal-Chaoui Head Urban Development Programme

OECD Directorate for Public Gover nance and Territorial Development

  

Population concentration:

Percent of nat ional populat ion which lives in t he 1 0% of TL3 regions wit h t he largest populat ion

63%

61%

50%

49%

47%

42%

41%

39%

39%

39%

38%

38%

35%

35%

35%

35%

33%

33%

29%

28%

28%

27%

24%

22%

21%

21%

18%

17%

17%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60%

Australia Canada Iceland United States Mexico Turkey Greece Spain Sweden OECD Total Portugal New Zealand Switzerland Italy Finland Korea Japan Austria United … Hungary Germany France Netherlands Ireland Norway Poland Denmark Belgium Czech … Slovak …

1995 2005

Concentration is a fact of life:

•People are constantly concentrating in a few places

  

Urbanisation:

Percent age yearly change in t ot al populat ion living in large urban TL3 regions in t he whole count ry; 1 995 t o 2005

-2% 0% 2% 4%

Hungary Poland Korea It aly Belgium Japan Port ugal Net herlands Unit ed Kingdom Greece Aust ria Germany Sweden Canada Spain OECD (20) t ot al Unit ed St at es Mexico France Aust ralia Turkey

nat ional large urban regions

-2% -1 % 0% 1 % 2% 3% 4%

Hungary Poland Korea It aly Belgium Japan Port ugal Net herlands Unit ed Kingdom Greece Aust ria Germany Sweden Canada Spain OECD (20) t ot al Unit ed St at es Mexico France Aust ralia Turkey

nat ional large urban regions

Concentration is a fact of life:

• Countries –even in OECD- are increasingly being urbanised

• Korean People are constantly concentrating in Intermediate regions

1 5%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Changing trends in population shares

Korea

Urban Int ermediat e Rural

  

Economic concentration:

Percent of nat ional GDP in t he 1 0% TL3 regions wit h largest GDP

54%

53%

49%

47%

46%

44%

44%

44%

43%

42%

41%

40%

40%

39%

38%

37%

37%

35%

35%

31%

30%

30%

28%

27%

25%

24%

22%

21%

0% 20% 40% 60%

Turkey Greece Port ugal Sweden Hungary Finland Spain Aust ria Canada (TL2) New Zealand Japan Mexico (TL2) It aly Unit ed St at es … OECD(27 ) Tot al

France Unit ed Kingdom Germany Korea Norway Ireland Poland Czech Republic Aust ralia (TL2) Net herlands Denmark Slovak Republic Belgium

1 995 2005

•Economic activity is often concentrated in a few places

- 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 Tok y o

Seoul Mex ic o City New York Os ak a Rhine-Ruhr Is tanbul Los Angeles Paris Chic ago Aic hi Bus an Milan Rands tad-Holland London Munic h Berlin Madrid Dallas Philadelphia Frank furt OECD av erage Miami Toronto Hous ton Was hington Barc elona Fuk uok a Atlanta Hamburg Detroit Bos ton Ank ara Sy dney San Franc is c o Guadalajara Athens Phoenix Brus s elsRome Melbourne Iz mir Montreal Monterrey Seattle Minneapolis Naples Wars aw San Diego Budapes t St.Louis Lis bon Stuttgart Baltimore Tampa Bay Birmingham Lille Venic e Manc hes ter Puebla Deagu Copenhagen Pitts burgh Denv er Valenc ia Prague Zuric h Turin Vienna Vanc ouv er Stoc k holm Krak ow Leeds Clev eland Portland Hels ink i Os lo Ly on Dublin Auc k land

Population (2005)

  

Around 50%: Budapest, Seoul, Copenhagen, Dublin, Helsinki, Brussels, (Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver in

their respective provinces), etc.

One third: Oslo, Auckland, Prague, Tokyo, Stockholm, London, Paris

78 metro-regions with more than 1.5 million inhabitants

A common OECD Definition for metro-regions based on

functional areas

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Randstad-Holland Copenhagen Athens Seoul BudapestDublin Oslo Brussels Helsinki Lisbon Auckland PragueZurich Vienna Stockholm Tokyo Mexico City Paris Istanbul Sydney Melbourne London Madrid Milan Busan Warsaw Rhine-Ruhr Toronto OECD MR average Barcelona Osaka Munich Montreal New YorkRome Aichi Frankfurt Ankara Izmir Monterrey Hamburg Vancouver Berlin Krakow Guadalajara Los Angeles Valencia Turin Stuttgart Birmingham Manchester Chicago Lille Fukuoka Naples Lyon Deagu Leeds Puebla Washington Houston Dallas Philadelphia San Francisco Boston Atlanta Miami Detroit Seattle Minneapolis Phoenix San Diego Denver Baltimore St.Louis Tampa Bay Pittsburgh ClevelandPortland

Metropolitan region share of National GDP (2005)

•Citie s a re key engines of national e conomies. Most of the

.

la rg est OECD m e tro -re gions h ave a higher GDP p e r ca pita th a n th eir na tional average, a h ighe r labour productivity le v el, and ma ny of the m tend to h ave faste r growth rates than th e ir co untries.

•Ag g lome ration e conomies. Th e concentration of jobs a nd firms ca n b e b e ne ficial: p ooled labour ma rke ts, b ackward and forwa rd link ages a mong firms, and knowle dge spill-overs ca n lead to h igh er p ro d uctivity growth.

Higher GDP per capita… Higher Productivity…

-50% 0% 50% 1 00% 1 50%

DEAGU NAPLES BERLIN MONTREAL LILLE VANCOUVER TAMPA BAYFUKUOKA MANCHES TER LEEDS VALENCIA BIRMINGHAM ANKARA S EOUL KRAKOW MIAMI PHOENIX OS AKA S T.LOUIS RHINE-RUHR PITTS BURGH TORONTO MELBOURNE AUCKLAND COPENHAGEN BALTIMOREBUS AN S YDNEY RANDS TAD-HOLLAND DETROIT PORTLAND IZMIR TURIN CLEVELAND PUEBLA HANBURG IS TANBUL LOS ANGELES DUBLIN ZURICH OECD AVERAGE OS LO BARCELONA CHICAGO S AN DIEGO TOKYOAICHI PHILADELPHIA ATLANTA BRUS S ELS HELS INKI FRANKFURT GUADALAJ ARA LYON VIENNA S TUTTGART DALLAS MADRID MILAN MUNICH S TOCKHOLM LONDON MINNEAPOLIS NEW YORK ROME DENVER ATHENS S EATTLE HOUS TON LIS BON MEXICO CITY BOS TON PRAGUE S AN FRANCIS CO PARIS WAS HINGTON BUDAPES T MONTERREY WARS AW

-50% 0% 50% 1 00%

NAPLES BERLIN LEEDS MANCHES TER MONTREAL BIRMINGHAM VANCOUVER VALENCIA LILLE IZMIR TAMPA BAY TURIN FUKUOKA RHINE-RUHR S T.LOUIS ANKARA MELBOURNE TORONTO PHOENIX PITTS BURGH MIAMI ROME BARCELONA S YDNEY S TUTTGART KRAKOW MILAN BALTIMORE LONDON LYON PORTLAND COPENHAGEN OS AKA DEAGU HANBURG DUBLIN FRANKFURT IS TANBUL ZURICH MUNICH MADRID OS LO CLEVELAND HELS INKI BRUS S ELS MINNEAPOLIS OECD AVERAGE VIENNA DETROIT AICHI S AN DIEGO ATLANTA LOS ANGELES CHICAGO DENVER TOKYO PRAGUE PHILADELPHIA ATHENS DALLAS PARIS RANDS TAD-HOLLAND S EATTLE GUADALAJ ARABOS TON PUEBLA BUDAPES T S TOCKHOLM AUCKLAND LIS BON NEW YORK HOUS TON WAS HINGTON S EOUL S AN FRANCIS CO MEXICO CITY BUS AN MONTERREY WARS AW

-30.0% -20.0% -1 0.0% 0.0% 1 0.0% 20.0%

NAPLES BERLIN RHINE-RUHR HANBURG PUEBLA FRANKFURT OS AKA MEXICO CITY MONTERREY LIS BON FUKUOKA MUNICH BIRMINGHAM LILLE HOUS TON AUCKLAND VIENNA DETROIT NEW YORK BUS AN PARIS TOKYO S TUTTGART DEAGU LOS ANGELES MANCHES TER COPENHAGEN S EOUL ANKARA CHICAGO MONTREAL RANDS TAD-HOLLAND ATHENS LYON LEEDS PORTLAND OECD AVERAGE ATLANTA PHILADELPHIA GUADALAJ ARA DALLAS S EATTLE VANCOUVER S AN FRANCIS CO BALTIMOREMIAMI S AN DIEGO OS LO LONDON MELBOURNE AICHI TORONTO PHOENIX PITTS BURGH TAMPA BAY IS TANBUL S YDNEY S TOCKHOLM S T.LOUIS CLEVELAND WARS AW ROME BRUS S ELS BOS TON ZURICH DUBLIN WAS HINGTON HELS INKI VALENCIA PRAGUE TURIN IZMIR KRAKOW DENVER BUDAPES T MADRID BARCELONA MILAN MINNEAPOLIS

Higher Employment…

    

•Success should not be taken for granted. Diseconomies can emerge due to negative externalities including congestion, environmental degradation and social disorder (declining neighbourhoods, criminality).

Cities can falter. A group of cities systematically performs below their national averages, for almost all types of socio-economic indicators. In many cities, wealth creation does not produce enough job creation (more than one-third of the largest metro-regions have above national average

unemployment rates) and activity rate is lower than other types of regions.

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

London PragueLeedsManchesterBirminghamNaples StockholmRomeMilanLyonWarsowBusanTurinMunich DublinStuttgartHelsinkiTokyoFukuoka LisbonValenciaMadridCopenhagenParisAichiFrankfurtLilleBrusselsSeoulOsloAnkaraHamburgRandstad-HollandOsakaViennaIstanbulRhine-RuhrBarcelonaBerlinAthensIzmirKrakowDaeguBudapest -5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

PragueKrakowBudapest Busan SeoulDublin Vienna StuttgartHelsinkiDa e

guHamburgBrusselsOsakaCopenhaguenParis MunichFukuokaTokyoIzmir AthensBerlinAichiFrankfurt Lyo n

AnkaraMilanOsloRhine-RuhrTurin LilleRome Naples BarcelonaRandstad-HollandIstanbul Stockholm ValenciaMadrid

Productivity Growth

National productivity grow t h Met ro-region productivity grow th

   

      

In many cases intra-regional disparities are widest in large metro-regions in the OECD.

Traditional sectoral urban policies (e.g., social housing, transport infrastructure,

labour market integration, distressed areas,)

REMEDIAL APPROACH

Competitiveness policies (e.g. clusters and regional innovation, higher education and research institutes, attractiveness, skills…)

PRO-ACTIVE APPROACH

Multi-level GOVERNANCE

Trends in national urban policies

Holistic and multi-sectoral approach for competitive and liveable cities

Integrated and participative approach (from top down to bottom up)

Central governments

City leaders

Regional authorities

NGOs and civil society Business

sector

The sectoral approach prevails

Funding remains an issue

Integrated urban development is not at all integrated

Still top down, weak local capacity

Vulnerable to polical cycles

Too many projects leads to fragmentation

Lack of monitoring and assessment

What about climate change??

0 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 000 15 000 18 000

Ci ti es W orl d Citi es Worl d Citi es Wor ld

2006 2015 2030

Mtoe

0 10 20 30 40 50

Gt non-O ECD OECD

CO2 (ri ght axi s) Cities concentrate half of the world

population but responsible for 2/3 of total energy and CO2 emissions

(IEA World Energy Outlook 2008)

  
 


Urbanisation and Carbon Emissions

Urban population shares and CO2 emissions per capita

  
 


Urban Form Matters – Dealing with Urban Sprawl

Per capita carbon emissions produced by transport activities and

urban density

Au str alia Austria

Czech R epu blic

Canad a Gre ece

Hun gar y

Ire land Jap an Ko re a

M exico

Ne w Ze aland No rway Po land

Tu rke y

United State s 0

10 00 20 00 30 00 40 00 50 00 60 00

0 1 00 0 2 000 30 00 40 00 500 0 600 0 7 00 0

Urban density (persons/ km2)

per capita transport CO2 emissions (kg CO2 / person)

136 Port Cities at Risk:

As of 2005, 40 million people and 5% of global GDP are exposed

By 2070, 150 million people and 9% of global GDP expected to be exposed

Conclusion

Towards a new paradigm in national regional/urban policy framework?

(Cross-sectoral Strategies, Equity vs Efficiency, Growth v.s. Sustainability)

Rethinking the Urban Policy Agenda

Seek transversality at all levels– urban is a cross-cutting issue

Stramline the definition of concepts (eg. Urban Policy, Units of Analysis, Integrated Approach, etc…)

Develop analytical tools to allow international comparaison of policy experiences

Engage in depth dialogue with developing and emerging economies

Hyuck-Jin KWON, Economist at RCG, OECD

Hyuck-Jin KWON OECD

KRIHS-OECD Joint Seminars on Nov. 4^th, 2009 in Seoul

1. Cross-border metro regions

a) Oresund region b) TriRhena Regio c) Baltic Sea Region d) Great Lakes Region

e) San Diego – Tijuana Region

2/25

a) Oresund

4/25 Source: www.mapsofworld.com.

Malmö

- Sweden vs. Denmark - The Oresund Committee - Population: 3.5 million

5/25

Source: Regio TriRhena

c) Baltic Sea Region

Berlin

Copenhagen Riga

St.

Petersburg Helsinki

Stockholm

Oslo Tallinn

Vilnius Malmo

-11 Baltic countries - Population: 15 million - The Union of Baltic Cities

7

- The Great Lakes Commission

Source: Great Lakes Commission

e) San Diego — Tijuana

7/25

- US vs. Mexico - Population: 4.0 million

Regional Identity Cultural interdependency:

shared values and legal frameworks

Economic & Environmental interdependency

Initiation Place-based :

Active engagement of local governments, support from national and international bodies

Function-based

Engagement of national and state/provincial

governments

Governance Umbrella organizations which cover diverse issues

Thematic bodies which deal with specific topics

9/25

(2) OECD’s new study:

the Pan Yellow Sea Region

similar GDP to Spain, but 5 times of its population

• A global manufacturing engine

: three countries (C-J-K) in PYSR produced - 85.2% of the world’s ships

- 41.6% of all consumer electronics - 33.6% of all cars in 2007

14/25

b) Major target cities in PYSR

• 10 key port cities

Tianjin, Qingdao, Dalian, Yantai of China

Busan, Incheon, Ulsan of Korea

Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Shimonoseki of Japan

• Common features of those cities

- second tier cities, none is the capital city - well-established ports & industrial bases - closely networked via various city linkage

14/25

1/25

Economic integration

Physical infrastructure integration

Socio-cultural integration

Good governance framework,

With a leading role for central government Shared common vision

(1) Economic integration in the PYSR

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Korean exports to Japan Korean exports to China Chinese exports to Japan Chinese exports to Korea Japanese exports to China Japanese exports to Korea

Volume of intra-regional exports in USD2007 billions

15/25 -0.4

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Korea-Japan Korea-China Japan-China

(2) Infrastructure integration in the PYSR

15/25 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 7 00 800 900 1000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

China-Japan

China-Korea Japan-Korea

Total passenger volume among three PYSR countries, 2002-2006

15/25 0

20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000

1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year

Korea Japan China PY SR countries

(2) Infrastructure integration in the PYSR

Ranking of top global ports in container throughput, 1980-2007

1980 2002 2007

1 NY/New Jersey 2.0 1 Hong Kong 19.1 1 Singapore 27.9

2 Rotterdam 1.9 2 Singapore 16.9 2 Shanghai 26.2

3 Hong Kong 1.5 3 Busan 9.4 3 Hong Kong 23.9

4 Kobe 1.5 4 Shanghai 8.6 4 Shenzhen 21.0

5 Kaohsiung 1.0 5 Kaohsiung 8.5 5 Busan 13.3

6 Singapore 0.9 6 Shenzhen 7.6 6 Rotterdam 10.8

7 Saint John 0.9 7 Rotterdam 6.5 7 Dubai 10.7

8 Long Beach 0.8 8 Los Angels 6.1 8 Kaohsiung 10.3

9 Hamburg 0.8 9 Hamburg 5.3 9 Hamburg 9.9

10 Oakland 0.8 10 Antwerp 4.7 10 Qingdao 9.5

16 Qingdao 3.4 17 Tianjin 7.1

15/25

Seoul-B usa n

KORAIL, 8 hrs Busan

Custo ms & Tra nsfer

9-1 6 hrs

Busan-Fukuoka (Hakata Port)

Heunga Ship ping, 12 hrs/

Fukuoka-To kyo , JR, 20 hrs Customs & Transfer

Fukuoka

Kobe

Osaka Yokoh

Tokyo

Train-Ferry Service Route Dalian-Yantai (China)

B eijing Tia njin

Jinan

Qingdao Yantai

Dalian

Weihai

Incheon

China-Korea Train-Ferry Project Under Discussio n, Incheon-Yantai, Pyeongtaek-Weihai

(3) Socio-cultural network in the PYSR

18/25

* Official website of Korean Broadcasting System

20/25 Source: Korea Local Authorities Foundation for International Relations, www.klafir.or.kr.

1 9 17

32 23

102

7 3

10 17

59

249

212

0 50 100 150 200 250

1960s 197 0s 1980s 1990s 2000s

with Japan with China sub-total

(3) Socio-cultural network in the PYSR

China’s sister city relations with the PYSR countries, 1970-2008

14

103 88

51 33 53

20

325

600

641

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7 00

197 0s 1980s 1990s 2000s

with Japan with Korea sub-total

• Organization of East Asia Economic Development (OEAED)

• Yellow Sea Rim Economic and Technology Conference (3 states+ total 22 provinces)

• Korea-Japan Strait Coastal Region Governors’ Meeting (Japan 4 provinces + Korea 4)

• Busan-Fukuoka Economic Council

21/25

3. Recommendations

(1)Share a common vision for the PYSR

 Their community’s future are not coherent

 Complementarities are not pursued

Duplicated investments, similar urban strategies…

Deepen dialogue among stakeholders

Joint project will be a good starting point

22/25

 Simply founded on good-will exchanges

based on voluntary agreements

 Subject to political change, hence fragile

In the long-term, could seek for legal entities to bridge discrepancies

Need to secure region-based financial resources like EU INTERREG program

22/25

3. Recommendations

(3) Ease and align regulations

 Different Customs and immigrant procedures hinder regional integration

based on voluntary agreements

 Incompatible transport modes,

inadequate technology standardization

Central governments should play a

three central governments in the PYSR

 Currently, there are three different bi- lateral meetings for territorial policy

 Engagement in city linkages is weak

Central governments should steer local- driven linkages (like Union of Baltic Seas)

Trilateral ministerial meetings is needed

22/25

Thank you

hyuckjin.kwon@oecd.org

• Chairman: Won-Yong KWON

￭ Presentation (16:20 17:20) –

- The effect of Green Growth Strategies on Korean Cities (Kwang-ik WANG, Research Associate, KRIHS)

- Cities and Green Growth

(Joaquim OLIVEIRA-MARTINS, Division head of RCG, OECD)

￭ Discussion (17:20 17:40) –

- Sang-Heon LEE (Professor, Hanshin University)

- Jinkyu CHUNG (Research Fellow, KRIHS)

왕광익 국토연구원 책임연구원

0

4

4 . Nov. 2009. Nov. 2009

Kwang

Kwang--ikik WANG(Research Associate, KRIHS)WANG(Research Associate, KRIHS)

Contents

National Strategies : National Land Planning I.

National Strategies : Urban Planning II.

1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth

2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five-year Plan

1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines 2. Status: Low Carbon Green New Towns 3. Green City Project: Gangneung City

Implications III.

National Strategies : National Strategies : National Land Planning National Land Planning

I-1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth I-2. National Strategies for Green Growth

& Five-year Plan

I

KRIHS KRIHS

I-1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth

4

“Green Growth promotes a sustainable growth... and a new paradigm generating dynamics of growth and creating new jobs.” (15. Aug. 2009)

“Green represents more than environment, and Growth is complements environment”

“For us, Low-Carbon Green Growth is not an option, but an imperative.”

(29. Aug. 2009)

made by president Lee (2008.08.15), followed by his attendance on G8 High-level Talks

Low Carbon Policies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas - Decouples economic growth from pollution

- Minimizes gas emission and pollution based on the eco-efficiency Economic Growth by Green Growth, based on Green Technology

- Encourages green technology and industry reducing greenhouse gases, improving eco- friendliness

Green Growth from Technological Convergence

- Gets globally competitive edges in green industry by converging IT, BT and NT A Job Creator

- Addresses the issue : “growth with no job creation”

Government Directions #1 Government Directions #1

II--1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth

6 - Transforms manufacturing-oriented industry to knowledge-driven industry

- Accommodates forthcoming megatrends to find momentumby technological- and industrial convergence.

Reforms Lands, Cities, Buildings and Transportations - Deployment of Low-Carbon concept to land planning - Fostering green cities based on eco system - Investments on low-carbon and eco-friendly SOC - Green home and buildings using renewable energy - Innovative changes on living conditions and circumstances

Encourages Green Products and Public Access to Environmental Info.

- Expands financial supports and public purchase on Green Product

- Promotes eco-friendly lifestyle: bicycle ride, energy & water saving, recycling, etc.

Educational and Cultural Plans

- Socio-cultural and moral approach for comprehensive changes on living and cultural environment

- Promotes public-led educations and movements for national consensus Changes on Taxation

- Eco-friendly taxation to facilitate conservation, resource saving and employment

International Policy and Awareness

- Builds new “Hanryu” using “green” and “eco-friendly” concepts - Green Leadership by mediating between nations for climate change Government Directions #3

Government Directions #3

II--1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth1. Definition: Low Carbon Green Growth

I-2. National Strategies for Green Growth

& Five-year Plan

II--2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five--year Planyear Plan

A cross-government association for Climate Change Protocol was founded by central government in 1998

Private sector advisory group Association for Climate Change Protocol

Chaired by Prime Minister

Board of Committee Minister of PMO

Organizational Readiness #1 Organizational Readiness #1

Dept. of Negotiations

(MoFAT)

Dept. of Reduction Management

(MKE)

Dept. of Science, R&D

(MOSF)

Dept. of Finance & Fund

(MOSF) Dept. of

Adoptation (ME)

Dept. of Cooperation (M TLM, KSF) Dept. of Countermeasures Chaired by Secretary Prime Minister

10 green growth policies

Committee of Green Growth and Industry (9)

Council for Management

Committee of Green Life and Sustainable Development (9) Chairman

Prime Minister & nongov ernmental delegates

Appointed Members (28) incl. Committee Members(17) Administered by Senior Secretary to the

President for State Affairs Planning

Committee of Climate Change and Energy (10)

Association for Climate Change Protocol finally issued “Comprehensive Plan for Climate Changes” (Aug. 2008), after issuing four “Comprehensive

Countermeasures against Climate Changes.”

Comprehensive Plan for Climate Changes has 3 objectives and corresponding action plans for participating in global efforts to address climate changes, and realizing low carbon green society.

For regulatory backup, Cabinet Council approved the draft of “Low Carbon Green Growth Act” (Feb. 2009).

Regulatory Readiness #1 Regulatory Readiness #1

II--2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five--year Planyear Plan

12

Year Plan for Green Growthwith three strategies and ten guidelines.” (July. 2009)

“Become 7^thCompetitive Green Country until 2020, and 5^thin 2050”

Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adaptation

& Energy Independence

& Energy Independence

Generating Generating New Growth Dynamics New Growth Dynamics

Improving Quality of Life Improving Quality of Life

& National Prestige

& National Prestige

1. Reducing greenhouse gas emission

2. Achieving energy independence & reducing oil-dependency 3. Climate Change Adaptation

4. Stimulate green tech. for growth dynamics 5. Encourage green tech applications and green industry 6. Industrial reorganization

7. Constructing green economy infrastructures and frameworks

8. Green land and transportation

9. Innovative changes in living conditions and circumstances 10. Becoming a model country for green industry

VISION

Strategies & Guidelines

- Concerning Green Land & Transportation, five strategies were developed for establishing a constituency of green growth

Strength Weakness

Opportunity Threat

Regulatory reorganization &

R&D works are under way

A pplications & c onvergence of I T & green growth are in blast (U - Eco c ity)

P ublic funding on energy s aving buildings (green home)

P romotes and supports s us tainable transportation (bic ycle)

M unicipalities’ poor apprec iation on green land and trans portation

U nc ertainty of effectiveness of res ourc es to be taken

I nappropriate weather and natural c onditions for bicycle rides

A s in initial s tage, high effec tiveness is expected when ac tions taken

A s with experiences in eco- friendly new town planning, mgmt. and operation will be expec ted to be highly effec tive (with less errors).

U nproven technologies &

tec hniques

N ational c onsensus on the government policies:

people’s willingness or s ympathy towards the polic ies

추진 Strategies

Green Land & City Green Land & City

Enlarged Eco Enlarged Eco--SpaceSpace

Green Constructions Green Constructions

Green Transportation Green Transportation

Bicycle Riding Bicycle Riding Sustainable Transportation Sustainable Transportation Transf orming the transportation

sy stem to low-carbon green system.

Establishing standards f or energy- ef f ective green buildings, and promoting the constructions.

Phy sical and institutional reorganization (eco spaces, programs, promotions..) Low carbon green growth infrastructure for reducing greenhouse gas by reorganizing spatial structures and landscapes.

Directions

Establishing a constitution for bicy cle-friendly transportation env ironment and sy stem.

Regulatory Readiness #2 Regulatory Readiness #2

II--2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five2. National Strategies for Green Growth & Five--year Planyear Plan

National Strategies : National Strategies : Urban Planning Urban Planning

II-1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines

II-2. Status: Low-Carbon, Green New Towns II-3. Green City Project: Gangneung City

II

KRIHS KRIHS

II-1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines

16 application of low carbon green growth concepts to urban planning factors

Institutional / regulatory foundation to deal with climate change influences on urban planning Overview of MLTM’s Urban Planning Guidelines for Low Carbon Green Growth Overview of MLTM’s Urban Planning Guidelines for Low Carbon Green Growth

Reducing greenhouse gas by figuring out the current emission volumes

Evaluating energy efficiency of plans on the land use unit basis

※ Features : ①Time-Frame ②Target ③Measurability ④ Feasibility

Objectives and Scopes

Provide standards and guidelines for establishing Metropolitan Plan, Urban Comprehensive Plan and Urban Management Plan, so that the plans can deal with possible affects on from climate changes and can be compatible with central government’s Low Carbon Green Growth objectives.

Forces Metropolitan Plan, Urban Comprehensive Plan and Urban Management Plan to accommodate;

- Countermeasures against greenhouse gas emission and possible affects by climate change.

- Planning factors and devices to promote low carbon and green environment in accord with central government’s Low Carbon Green Growth objectives.

Provisions Provisions

II

II--1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines

18 Compatible with central government’s Low Carbon Green Growth Objectives and relevant regulations (Comprehensive Plan for Climate Changes, Comprehensive Plan for Energy) Suggest systematical and comprehensive countermeasures against greenhouse gas emission and climate changes in terms of spatial structure, transportation system, natural resource conservation and environment management, energy, and open spaces.

Represent measures to reduce and effectively use traditional energy so as to reduce greenhouse gas emission and settle energy-saving development.

Consider ways to ensure, supply and use new and renewable energy.

Reflect locality in geographical and socio-economic termsto relevant plans.

Natures and Attributes

Enforce plans to reduce greenhouse gas emission, closely linked with Comprehensive Plan for Climate Changes.

Force resulted Metropolitan Plan, Urban Comprehensive Plan and Urban Management Plan to be mutually linked functionally with upper and lower urban plans.

Complements existing planning guidelines for Metropolitan Plan, Urban Comprehensive Plan and Urban Management Plan so that they can handle the possible affects from climate changes.

Appreciates the locality; allows municipalities to reflect their geographical and socio- economical characteristics to the relevant plans.

Provisions Provisions

II

II--1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines1. MLTM’s Green City Guidelines