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History of Korean PPI Policy Direction Key Features of Korean PPI Introduction of PICKO Korea PPI Market Outlook

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(1)

Infrastructure Policies and

Private Participation in Investment

Oct. 22, 2004

Heung-Soo Kim

Managing Director

Private Infrastructure Investment Center of Korea Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements

(2)

Private Participation in Infrastructure in Korea

Prepared for KOICA Program KRIHS, 22 October 2004

(3)

History of Korean PPI Policy Direction Key Features of Korean PPI Introduction of PICKO Korea PPI Market Outlook

CONTENTS CONTENTS

(4)

Before PPI System( ~’94)

From 1968 to 1994, 93 infrastructure projects valued at USD 2.7 billion were implemented with private investment Withouta comprehensive legal system, each project was promoted based on individual laws such as the Road Act, Harbor Act, etc. This ad hoc approach was limited in scope and had less than satisfactory results

History of Korean PPI History of Korean PPI

(5)

Introduction of PPI System (’94~’98)

1994 : Legislation of Act 45 projects promoted Initial success less than anticipated Concessionaires designated in only 10 projects Little significant progress shown in other projects No foreign capital invested Financial Crisis in 1997

History of Korean PPI History of Korean PPI

(6)

PPI under New Framework (’98~Present)

1998 : Amendment of Act Cancellation of 22 out of 45 projects 1999 ~ 2002 : Progress Total 37 projects under central government •14 new projects promoted / 7 were unsolicited Total 92 projects under municipal government Foreign Investment •USD 300 mil. in contracts has been signed •USD 3.2 bil. is expected to be signed soon 2001 : Publication of the 10-Year Plan for PPI

Listing of all projects of high investment need and priority to be promoted as PPI

History of Korean PPI History of Korean PPI

(7)

Comparison - B efore / After 1998

26.8 mil.

- 90% - 9.05 8.06 Tunnel B

- - 90% - 9.71 7.17 Tunnel A

416 mil.

- 90% 80% 9.5 7.4 Port A

350 mil.

- 90% 80% 9.24 6.81 Road B

- - 90% 80% 9.7 8.89 Road A

Gov ’t Subsidy

*

Revenue Guarantee

IRR (real)

*USD

History of Korean PPI History of Korean PPI

(8)

C ontract A warded P rojects Central Central Gov Gov t t : USD 14.3 : USD 14.3 Bil Bil in in 19 projects( 19 projects( 03.6) 03.6)

zMunicipal Gov’t: USD 3.9 Bil. in 79 projects (’03.6)

8.3 (11) 2.7 (4)

3.0 (2) 0.3 (2) RoadHarborRail & LRTLogistics

Units : USD Bil.

(9)

P rojects u nder N egotiation y Central Gov ’t : USD 5.4 Bil in 14 projects( ’03.9)

2.9 (6)

0.6 (3) 1.6 (4)

0.3 (1)

RoadHarborRail & LRTLogistics

Units : USD Bil. yMunicipal Gov’t: USD 935 Million in 15 projects(’03.6)

(10)

Foreign Investment Statistics

(Unit : USD Million)

14 4 10 # of

Projects

704 515 189

Confirmed

883 179 Total

615 100

Debt Finance

268 79 Equity

Total

Under Nego

(11)

Change in Policy

Government PlanningPrivate InitiativePolicy Oriented Project DevelopmentGovernment Led Project Development

Biz Needs Oriented Project DevelopmentFacilitation of Unsolicited Projects

Policy Direction Policy Direction

(12)

Change in Policy

Restrictive RegulationSupportive RegulationApproved methods of promotion : BTO, BOOClassification of types of infrastructure Unequal Treatment

Approved methods of promotion : All TypesElimination of classifications Equal Treatment

Policy Direction Policy Direction

(13)

Eligible Facilities

RoadRoad

3 3

RailwayRailway

2 2

HarborHarbor

3 3

EnergyEnergy

3 3

EnvironmentEnvironment

6 6

DistributionDistribution

3 3

CultureCulture

& Tourism& Tourism

7 7

AirportAirport

1 1

Water Water ResourceResource

4 4

CommuniCommuni --cationcation

2 2

34 types of infrastructure facilities in 10 categories

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(14)

Unsolicited Projects

Project DismissalProject Dismissal

Project Preparation & SubmissionProject Preparation & Submission

Evaluation of ProjectEvaluation of Project

Public Notification of ProjectPublic Notification of Project

More Proposals Tendered)((More Proposals Tendered)

Evaluation of all ProposalsEvaluation of all Proposals

Contract Award to Winning BidderContract Award to Winning Bidder Negotiation of Concession AgreementNegotiation of Concession Agreement

No Alternative Proposals)((No Alternative Proposals) Contract Award to Initial BidderContract Award to Initial Bidder

UnqualifiedUnqualified

ProjectProject

Qualified ProjectQualified Project

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(15)

Solicited Projects

Public Notification ofPublic Notification of Instruction for ProposalInstruction for Proposal

Evaluation of ProposalsEvaluation of Proposals Engineering Plan ApprovalEngineering Plan Approval

Submission of Project Submission of Project

ProposalsProposals

Negotiation of ConcessionNegotiation of Concession Agreement & Designation ofAgreement & Designation of ConcessionaireConcessionaire

Confirmation of Confirmation of Project CompletionProject Completion

Project ImplementationProject Implementation

Selection of Private Selection of Private

Investment Project Investment Project

PBCConcerned Ministries/ (PICKO) Concerned Ministries Concerned Ministries

Concerned Ministries/ (PICKO) Concerned Ministries/ (PICKO)

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(16)

Project Financing Criteria

FIRR (relative to) Borrowing rates Risk premium Competitive rates Guideline : 12~15% (Nominal) Type of project Level of risk

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(17)

Land Acquisition

Use of public land wherever possible Government acquisition of private land prior to concession Use of eminent domain where necessary to enable project concessionaire to complete land acquisition

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(18)

Revenue Guarantee

Negotiated as part of Project Agreement Based on Annual Projected Revenues as follows:

Solicited Solicited < 90% < 90% < 80% < 80% > 110% > 110% Proponent Proponent Rebate Rebate > 120% > 120%

Government Government Subsidy Subsidy

Unsolicited Unsolicited

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(19)

Revenue Guarantee Revised in 2003

Guarantee up to 90%(80%) of revenue for first five years, 80%(70%) for second five years, and 70%(60%) for third five years Symmetric rebate arrangement Self Responsibility Limit of 50% is introduced : Difference between 50% and upper limit is guaranteed

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(20)

F/X Risk Sharing

Allowable fluctuations of ±20% Mitigation measures ƒAdjustment of tariffs ƒDirect operating subsidies ƒContract re-negotiation

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(21)

Tax Incentives

No acquisition and registration taxes : BOT Application of 0% for value-added tax on facilities and construction services : BOT, BTO Tax reduction for infrastructure bonds Reduction and exemption from various appropriation charges

Key Features of Korean PPI Key Features of Korean PPI

(22)

PICKO’s Functions

Review and evaluate solicited and unsolicited project proposals Assist foreign investment Negotiate to conclude concession agreements Research & formulate PPI policies •Covers 2-3 research topics each year •Assists MPB in policy makings Provide educational programs •1~2 programs a year •Private sector individuals and government officials

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

(23)

Organization

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

Director Advisory Committee Project Team 1 (Roads and Harbors) 15 staff

Project Team 2 (Environmental facilities, etc.) 15 staff

(24)

Performance by Function

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

3068461697220Total

264-1084Feasibility studies, etc.

112292523323Negotiation & Contract review

18-7821Project proposal valuation

108392219235Project proposal review42127977RFP preparation/Review

Total‘03‘02‘01‘00‘99Function

(25)

Performance by Project Type

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

222010990322598Total

3534288627’03

6--1252621’02

33312411717’01

91241911323’00

1--24-310’99

OtherAirportTourLogisticEnvironHarborRailRoadYear

(26)

PPI Presentations in Korea

Oct 1999, Seoul Organized by PICKO Co-sponsored by MPB, MOCT, MOMAF, World Bank Participants: Finance professionals, consultants, engineers, and contractors from over 10 countries

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

(27)

PPI Presentations Overseas

First Road Show •March 2000, Milan, Paris, Frankfurt Second Road Show •June 2000, Tokyo Third Road Show •March 2001, New York, Chicago, LA Fourth Road Show •June 2002, Sydney, Tokyo, London, Hong Kong Fifth Road Show : November 2003, Singapore, Hong Kong

Introduction Introduction of PICKO of PICKO

(28)

Korean Economy

1,2506.63.06.0‘02 1,2917.14.13.0‘01 1,1319.42.39.3’00 3.110.9-6.75.0%

Growth rate

1,1931,1901,399951KRW/USD

5.48.915.113.4%

Interest rate

3.60.87.54.5%

Inflation rate

‘03’99’98’97

Korea PPI Market Outlook Korea PPI Market Outlook

(29)

Estimate of Needed Investment in Infrastructure

Estimated infrastructure investment demand in the 10-year plan:

USD 153 Billion (USD 13 -15.3 Billion annually) Anticipated government expenditure in infrastructure over the plan period: USD 122.5 -138.8 Billion

Korea PPI Market Outlook Korea PPI Market Outlook

(30)

Private Infrastructure Investment Needs

Shortage of USD 14.2 -30.5 Billion (USD 1.5 -3.0 Billion annually)

Korea PPI Market Outlook Korea PPI Market Outlook

Active participation by private sector is urgently needed to mitigate this shortage of public funds

(31)

Projects Listed in the PPI Plan Total Project Cost : USD 48.4 Billion

36.012.448.4179Total

14.70.715.420Other Facilities

1.71.33.089Environment Facilities

3.22.15.329Harbor6.24.010.223Rail10.24.314.518Road

Private InvestmentGovernment SubsidyTotal Project Cost

No. of Projects

Classification

(USD : Bil.)

Korea PPI Market Outlook Korea PPI Market Outlook

(32)

Major Changes in 04 Annual Plan for PPI (1)

Induce pension funds and insurance companies to invest more in the PPI projectsIncrease equity participation of pension funds and insurance companies in the infrastructure funds in the futureIf financial investors' share of equity is over 50%, minimum equity requirement will be reduced from 25% to 20%

(33)

Major Changes in 04 Annual Plan for PPI (2)

Diversify eligible projects to include not only large transportation infrastructure but also public buildings, cultural/sports facilities, energy related facilities, etc.Diversify delivery methods from BTO, BOO to cover BTL, RTL also

(34)

Major Changes in 04 Annual Plan for PPI (3)

To intensify competition,When no competitive bidding is made, the concerned authority must invite rebidding at least onceIf preferred negotiator is chosen through competition, the reviewing process by National Procurement Office will be exemptedThe weight given to quality and price factors of project proposal will be increased

(35)

Major Changes in 04 Annual Plan for PPI (4)

For optimal implementation of PPI projects, pre- feasibility study will be carried out before accepting unsolicited proposals exceeding 300 billion wonImprove the accuracy of traffic forecastSurvey regional origin-destination traffic flow in 2005 and provide the DB by 2006Provide manual for traffic forecast

(36)

Major Changes in 04 Annual Plan for PPI (5)

Simplify PPI implementation process and shorten the time periodRespect business conditions if the proposal undergoes effective competition to minimize negotiation time, start environment impact analysis earlier

(37)

Contribution to National Balanced Growth Contribution to the Low Income Group Which Facilities Opened to PPI Why PPI? Finance vs Efficiency Other Comments and Questions

Issues for Discussion Issues for Discussion

(38)

Thank You Very Much

(39)

Building a Globally Building a Globally Competitive Competitive Transport Network Transport Network T ran sp o rtatio n S e c to r (2 0 0 0 T ran sp o rtatio n S e c to r (2 0 0 0 - - 2020) 2020)

The Fourth National Comprehensive Territorial PlanThe Fourth National Comprehensive Territorial Plan Prepared for KOICA Program by Heung SooKim KRIHS, 22 October 2004

(40)

KRIHSKRIHS

Cont ent s Cont ent s 1. Trends and Prospects 2. Outlook for Change 3. Major Goals and Implementation Plan

(41)

KRIHSKRIHS

1. 1. Trends and Prospects Trends and Prospects 1) Current Status and Problems

‰Shortage of transportation facilities due to lack of investment ÆRoads, rails, harbors, airports : all experiencing bottlenecks, impeding national economic growth ÆSupply of infrastructure has fallen behind fast-growing transport demand In the 80’s absolute investment amount was small (2% of GDP) In the 90’s investment allocation was inappropriate

(42)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰Weak interactive consideration of regional development, transport network, transport modes ÆInvestment centered around metropolitan areas and Seoul-Pusancorridor ÆTransportation network along East-West axis is relatively weak compared to South-North axis ÆInstead of a comprehensive solution, a point specific remedy was prescribed, creating new bottlenecks ÆSector-specific investment resulted in weak coordination among transport modes

(43)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Deteriorating environment and safety

Æ38% of large city air pollution is vehicular ÆSurge in human and property losses from auto accidents (1997: 12,000 deaths) CDeaths per 100,000: U.S. 15.6, Japan 8.5, Korea 27.7

‰ Ineffective operation and regulations

ÆInsufficient use of traffic information, etc. to optimize facility use ÆFacility provision from supplier point of view ÆRegulations that complicate efficient supply

(44)

KRIHSKRIHS

2) Outlook for Change ‰ Continuing increases in traffic demand

ÆCar ownership expected to climb to developed country standards (1 car per 2 persons) ÆRising incomes, industrial diversification increase passenger, cargo demand ÆIncreasing N/S Korea exchanges expected to raise traveling distances and traffic Domestic passenger1 Domestic cargo 2 International passenger 1 International cargo 2

236,943 138,189 74,570 4,180,272

408,545 269,480 324,595 9,347,833

2.4 2.9 6.6 3.6

19972020Annual growth (%)Traffic type Traffic Demand Projections 1 millions of passenger miles2 millions of ton miles

(45)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Globalization of Economic activities

ÆInternationalization of industry, liberalization ÆGrowth in Northeast Asian cooperation

‰ Demand for Upgrading, “greening ” of facilities

ÆNew technology developments: ITS, mag-elev trains, STOL planes, etc. ÆReduction of work traffic through informatization and increase in leisure travel ÆEnergy conservation, pollution controlled development of new modes of transport

(46)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Increasing recognition of aging society and Consideration for the Handicapped

ÆRise in demands for traffic information and door-to-door service for elderly ÆProjected growth in demand for facilities and services for handicapped, children

(47)

KRIHSKRIHS

2. 2. O u tlook for C hange O u tlook for C hange

1) Rational modal allocation of traffic demand 2) Nationwide integrated transportation system 3) International transport infrastructure to become “Gateway to Northeast Asia” 4) Safety-oriented, environment-friendly facilities 5) Lower cost transport network to increase investment efficiency

Aim For Globally Integrated Comprehensive transport network

(48)

KRIHSKRIHS

3. 3. M a jor G oals and M a jor G oals and Im pl em entation Plan Im pl em entation Plan 1) Rational Modal Allocation of Traffic Demand ‰ Demand allocation recognizing characteristics of different modes of transport

ÆEmphasis on roads for short passenger trips, railways for long-haul cargo ÆPriority to main road network completion, then later stage of the plan, expand railway network ÆIncrease in airport investment to handle medium and long-distance demand in the interim

(49)

KRIHSKRIHS

2020 Domestic Transport Demand Sea Air Rail Road< Key >

Passenger

1997

Passenger-Km or Ton-Km (%) Cargo

2020 4.0% 88.2 %

0.2% 7.6%

5.1% 75.1 %

0.3% 19.5 % 0.1%

56.6 %

32.8 % 10.5 %11.3 %

47.1 % 41.2 % 0.4%

(50)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Hierarchial development of airports and harbors to form “Gateway to Northeast Asia ”

ÆIncheonInternational Airport handle global demand, regional hub-spoke airport system support medium to short distance overseas travel ÆPusan-Gwangyangmega-hub ports handle transit cargos and major import/export, regional ports for medium-and short-haul domestic and int’l cargo

(51)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Increased investment for intermodal transport linkages and high-efficiency facilities

ÆIntegrated transport systems at key transport facility points such as ports and industrial complexes ÆMetropolitan transport network linking road and rail networks

‰ Phased preparation for N-S Korea exchange

ÆInitially harbor/airport linkages, then road links ÆUltimate goal of Eurasia linking network

(52)

KRIHSKRIHS

Nationwide 30-minute access to core transport network

2) Nationwide integrated transportation system ‰ Roads

ÆIntegrated road network plan for expressways and national roads to provide basis for long- term development of national territory ÆExpressways 7 south-north and 9 east-west expressways to reflect transport demand and balanced development Integration of metropolitan beltways into core national road network

(53)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆNational roads Reduction in logistics costs and passenger discomfort through continuous construction of national roads and alleviation of bottlenecks In particular, construction of over 2,000 km of alternate roads for towns, townships, and counties to reduce interaction of local and pass-through traffic ÆCompletion by 2020 of national road network: 87,000 km (current) to 200,000 km Expressways -1,900 km6,100 km National roads -12,500 km →19,000 km

(54)

National Highway Network Plan

Key Existing Planned

KRIHSKRIHS

(55)

Main Network Access Roads (1999)Main Network Access Roads (2020) KRIHSKRIHSNo Expressways w/i30 minutes distance

(56)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Railways

ÆGradual increase in use of railroads through expansion and improvement ÆHigh-speed rail network expansion Seoul-PusanHigh-Speed Line completion in 2010 Steady progress on HonamHigh-Speed Line to accommodate West Coast development needs Double-tracking and electrification of existing lines, connection to high-speed network In the longrunconnect to Northeast Asia rail network

(57)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆExpansion of regular rail network Straightening, double-tracking, electrification of existing lines to increase capacity, usefulness Double-tracking, electrification of Gyeongbu, Honam, Jeolla, Jungang, Choongbook Renovation and extension of Gyeongjeon, Gyeongchun, Janghanglines Linkage of NE Capital Area and GwangyangPort through construction of Asan~ Capital Area line Construction, expansion of East Coast lines, Gyeongui, Gyeongwon, Mt. Keumganglines for North South relations

(58)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆDevelopment of Wonju~ Gangneungand other east-west lines for East-West transaction, balanced regional development ÆConstruction of industrial rail network for DaebulIndustrial Complex; and Asan, Gunjang, Gwangyang, and Busanports ÆBy 2020, expand rail extension by 40% to 4,200 km double-tracking increased by 2.6 times to 74% electrification increased by 4 times to 85%

(59)

Regular Electrified High-speed

NewModificationKey

KRIHSKRIHS

Rail Network Plan

(60)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Ports

ÆDevelopment of Pusan, GwangyangPort into large-scale hub port Consider combined administration of the two ports to increase competitiveness, facilitate ease of use ÆExpand Incheon, Asan, Gunjang, Mokpo, Masan, Ulsan, Pohang, Gangwonports as regional hubs Construction of North Incheon, MokpoNew Outer, UlsanNew, PohangYeongilNew ports Ongoing construction of Pyeongtaek(Asan) and Gunjangports, renovation of IncheonSouth, Mokpo and other ports to improve efficiency

(61)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆExpansion of local ports Construction of BoryeongNew Port, renovation of existing ports (East Sea, Jeju, etc.) Study possibility of SaemangeumNew Port in relation to Saemaengumreclamation project ÆRaise effectiveness of harbors by functional differentiation ÆTransformation of ports into Third Generation logistics centers by integrating transport, logistics, and information networks

(62)

Harbor Map

Key Local port Hub port Main port New port

KRIHSKRIHS

(63)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Airports

ÆIncheonInternational Airport, opened in 2001, to become NE Asia hub by 2020 ÆConstruction and expansion of local hubs to meet demand for shorter international flights Capital Area Busan Daegu Central Honam Yeongdong Jeju

GimhaeAirport new runway andinternational passenger terminal CheungjuAirport enhancement through foundation construction YangyangNew Airport construction GimpoAirport upgrade and use as main domestic hub DaeguAirport new mooring field and international passenger terminal MuanNew Airport construction JejuAirport major facility expansion to handle international tourists

(64)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆExpansion of local airports Ulsan, Sacheon, Pohang, Yecheon, Yeosu, etc. airport expansions Current feasibility study on demand for Cheonju Airport, construction of light plane airfield at Uljin ÆDevelopment of short and medium-haul routes for small and medium planes, helicopters to enhance intercity transport, coastal tourism ÆExpansion of flight and air traffic control functions, and major overhaul of flight safety ÆPlanning to enhance facility convenience

(65)

Key Local airport Hub airport Main airport New airport

KRIHSKRIHS

Airport Map

(66)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Logistics

Æ“National hubs => Local hubs => Consumer” network construction(Hub& Spoke) ÆBuilding of key national logistics hubs Capital Area, Busanand GwangyangPorts are national logistic hubs : Expand ICDsand integrated cargo terminals, cargo handling facilities Central·Yeongnam·Honaminland hub expansions ÆConstruction of inland ~ coastal network Logistics center network of 10 regions, 38 hubs Competing, complementing ICDsand integrated cargo terminals

(67)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆLinking of hub ports and hub airports to handle Northeast Asia traffic through Sea- Air integrated transport system IncheonPort & Airport, BusanPort ~ Gimhae Airport, etc. ÆInformatization, modernization of logistics industry Reduction of logistics costs from 16.5% of GDP to developed country level of 10% by 2020

(68)

Key Main facility Logistics center

KRIHSKRIHS

Logistics Facilities Map

(69)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Transportation network supporting development strategy for new territorial axes, balanced regional development, etc.

ÆConstruction of road network linking major transport hubs to spur local development ÆActive support of regional development plans ÆCreation of East -West transport network East -West hubs, East -West coastal linkages Wonju~ Gangneungrail line, E-W axes of 7 x 9 road network

A transport network to lead regional development

(70)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Local cultural and nature development

ÆImproved access to historical, tourist, traditional, cultural sites ÆSouthwest coast islands development through bridges, rail lines, heli-pad, etc.

‰ Strategic industrial area support

ÆTransport network system enhancement for Special Economic Zones ÆSupport for transport facilities to promote development of disadvantaged regions

(71)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Road and rail enhancement plans

ÆMajor increase in high-speed transport capacity for large cities through construction of circulatory expressways, arterial road lattice networks ÆIncrease in urban railway capacity through introduction of diverse services such as express trains

A better transport system to reflect metropolitan growth of large cities

(72)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ New facilities to handle transfer demand

ÆIncrease in construction of transfer parking lots and integrated transfer centers

‰ More effective implementation system through metro traffic administration

ÆCooperative systems with neighboring local governments ÆStrengthening of countermeasures for facilities that greatly increase traffic demand

(73)

KRIHSKRIHS

3) International transport infrastructure to become “Gateway to Northeast Asia ” ‰ Cultivation of Incheon International Airport as central NE Asia airport

ÆDevelopment of Incheon’sintegrated port, IT, logistics, business and leisure facilities

‰ Large-scale container port development

ÆBusan~ Gwangyangports developed into central ports for NE Asia

‰ Plan for NE Asia-linked rail network

Æ2 N-S (Mokpo-Seoul-Shinuiju, Busan-Seoul- Cheongjin) routes linked to TCR, TSR, TAR

(74)

KRIHSKRIHS

Russia China Japan The Pacific

‰ Road network expansion for N-E relations

ÆPriority connection of 6 severed National Roads including #1 (Freedom Bridge - Panmunjeom) and #7 (Goseong-Hyujeonseon) ÆEventual plan for 7 North-South arterial roads, connection to Asian Highway

‰ Coastal transport network with NK ports

ÆInternational marine transport network with main ports of neighbors such as Russia, China

(75)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Long-term plans to become sea and land- linked transport center of NE Asia

HLogistics center for Europe (pop. 320 million) HRotterdam Port (containers), SchipholAirport (passenger and cargo) connect to roads, rail, coastal and inland transport to all parts of Europe H20% of cargo is transit cargo to England and Scandinavia, 80% is imports to continental Europe

Netherlands: European Gateway

(76)

KRIHSKRIHS

NE Asia Logistics Center Plan

(77)

KRIHSKRIHS

4) Safety -oriented, environment-friendly facilities ‰ Traffic systems to raise citizen safety

ÆHighest priority consideration for safety in planning transport systems ÆDesignation of hazardous material transport prohibited zones, transport guidelines ÆDevelopment of emergency disaster relief systems

(78)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Transport policy for elderly, less mobile

ÆDevelopment of new systems such as traffic information facilities for older drivers ÆExpanded facilities such as crosswalks, elevators for handicapped and elderly

‰ Environment-friendly traffic systems

ÆConsideration of environment, scenery, bio aspect when constructing roads, railroads ÆPollution reduction through increased use of railroads, development of cleaner fuels, etc. ÆLong-term strengthening of pollution discharge standards through new Clean Air Act

(79)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Stronger traffic demand management

ÆShort-term policy reduction of passenger car use through traffic taxes, congestion fees, etc. ÆPublic transportation-centered system Expansion of high-speed transport alternatives to reduce passenger car use Support for “greentransport (e.g. bicycles) for short trips ÆIn the long-run, minimize daily traffic by city land use plan, etc.

(80)

KRIHSKRIHS

5) Lower-cost transport network to increase investment efficiency ‰ Transport technology R&D and support

ÆRoad use maximization through informatization of transport facilities, maintenance cost minimization through ITS ÆStandardization of traffic information ÆSupport and development of Korean high- speed trains, maritime traffic control system, satellite navigation systems

(81)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Transport facility investment efficiency

ÆIntegrated investment management Unify government facility investment plans for each mode of transport Investment priortizedconsidering both efficiency and balanced regional growth ÆRaising effectiveness of facility investment Preparation of investment priority evaluation and fund allocation systems for project selection Focus on investment offering largest benefits Evaluation and consideration of current project results in fund allocation process

(82)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆResearch into expanded financing methods such as gasoline taxes, adjusted user fees, privatization, construction cost savings, etc.

Total Investment ( %)344 (100.0)

Mode of TransportRoadRailAirPortLogisticsTotal 196 (57.1)73 (21.3)16 (4.5)38 (11.1)20 (6.0) >Including operation, maintenance, R&D, etc., total projected KRW 378 trillion (~2.6% of GDP) >Government contributions under KDI growth projections amount to KRW 344 trillion, with the balance to come from increased budgetary effort or private investment

<Table> Projected Investment Demands for 4th Plan (2000-2020) Unit: KRW trillion

(83)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Transport restructuring, privatization

ÆIntroduction of private sector creativity, efficiency into transport facilities Partial privatization policy of government construction, private sector operation, administration and maintenance In some cases, full privatization through sale ÆRegulatory reform, deregulation Introduction of fair competitive systems by removing regulatory barriers to promotion of private participation, market entrance of new industries, price and service standards

(84)

KRIHSKRIHS

ÆAttraction of private capital Priority study of private capital for high-profit projects Active promotion of private investment for roads, metro subways, hub airports, port facilities, public transportation, etc. Establishment of bidding, concession systems incorporating international best practice

(85)

Seamless transport system with rational traffic partitioning Nationwide interconnected transport network International transport infrastructure to become Gateway to NE Asia People-centered, environment- friendly policy Lower cost models to increase investment efficiency

Seamless transport system with rational traffic partitioning Nationwide interconnected transport network International transport infrastructure to become Gateway to NE Asia People-centered, environment- friendly policy Lower cost models to increase investment efficiency ROK, Korean Peninsula, NE Asia ROK, Korean Peninsula, NE Asia Supply, safety, environment, efficiency Supply, safety, environment, efficiency Traffic·Logistics/ IT Traffic·Logistics/ IT

44thth

National Territorial PlanNational Territorial Plan

““GlobalGlobal

--villagevillage

””--

integrated integrated

transportation networktransportation network

Decentralization and enhanced quality of life through traffic system Support for constant economic growth and reduction of bottlenecks through facility expansion Faster, standardized transport to increase transport efficiency and prepare for globalization

Decentralization and enhanced quality of life through traffic system Support for constant economic growth and reduction of bottlenecks through facility expansion Faster, standardized transport to increase transport efficiency and prepare for globalization Primarily South Korea Primarily South Korea Supply, efficiency, demand control Supply, efficiency, demand control Traffic / Logistics / IT Traffic / Logistics / IT

Comprehensive highComprehensive high

--speedspeed

transportation networktransportation network

rd National Territorial Plan33rd National Territorial Plan

SubjectSubject

GeographyGeography

GeneralGeneral DirectionDirection StrengthsStrengths

CompositionComposition

Comparison with 3rd Territorial Plan Comparison with 3rd Territorial Plan

(86)

KRIHSKRIHS

‰ Issues for Discussion

ÆEfficiency(Concentration) vsNational Balanced Growth ÆOptimal Infrastructure Policy : Comments on Korean Policy and Other Countries ÆRoad vsRail, Airport vsSeaport ÆOptimal Infrastructure Investment Amount ÆOther Comments and Questions

참조

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– 대부분의 clipping algorithm들은 view volume 이 normalize 되어야 작동. – reduce the

It considers the energy use of the different components that are involved in the distribution and viewing of video content: data centres and content delivery networks

After first field tests, we expect electric passenger drones or eVTOL aircraft (short for electric vertical take-off and landing) to start providing commercial mobility

• 이명의 치료에 대한 매커니즘과 디지털 음향 기술에 대한 상업적으로의 급속한 발전으로 인해 치료 옵션은 증가했 지만, 선택 가이드 라인은 거의 없음.. •

Korean Studies major is designed for students from other nations who would like to prepare for a career as liaisons between the businesses of Korea and

To review the distinctive features and potential problems of Korean government plans this report analyzes the case of Power Development Plan and Housing Development Plan. In

The proposal of the cell theory as the birth of contemporary cell biology Microscopic studies of plant tissues by Schleiden and of animal tissues by Microscopic studies of

Silicon-system solar cell high efficiency and low price technology CO 2 capture, storage, sequestration technology Nuclear fusion reactor design &amp; construction technology