36
•Conservation, restoration, creation & enhancements
•Maintain swampy places
Wind paths through green places
Planting considering wind paths
KRIHS KRIHS
38 - Aligning urban plans with national management strategies
New Growth Dynamics
-Requires a new growth momentum for local economy
Objectives Objectives
Nation’s Representative Brand Cityas a World’s Most Livable Green City Leadership in urban planning for Low Carbon Green Growth strategies
SITE SITE
Potentials Potentials
Ecological Tourism Resources
Gyungpo beach and Ojukheon surrounding Gyungpo lake
Abundant historical and cultural resources highly compatible with green growth and green tourism
Transportation & Connectivity
Gangneung IC and JC (Youngdong Expressway) within 7Km radius
Gangneung Train Station and Bus Terminal within 5km radius
Pedestrian / bicycle paths along seaside highway and pine forest belt
Energy Sources
Abundant natural energy sources
Green R&D cluster using adjacent resources;
Gangneung Science & Industry Complex, SMB complex and universities
II
II--3. Green City Project : 3. Green City Project : GangneungGangneung CityCity
40 World Class Green City
Developing Green Technologies & Producing Renewable Energy
Green Urban Structure Circulating forests, water
& resources
Green Economy & Tourism Strategically Nurturing Green business & Green tourism
Transportation system
Energy independence and generation system using new and renewable energy generation system
New & renewable energy generation by nurturing Green technologies & encouraging Green energy generating businesses Establishing infrastructures of Green City & Green Growth based on water & resource circulation
Enhancing carbon treating / absorption ability by creating &
managing forest & green places
Green Industry infra based on U-Eco City & Green technologies
Enhancing the cross-regional appreciation on Green Growth &
developing citizen-oriented Green communities for Green tourism
Energy
Energy complex Bio Fuels
Bio Solid
Green Electricity
Heat Generator
Treated Waste Water Treated Waste Water
East Sea
Water Treating
Gyungpo Lake Rain Treating
Water Cleaning Water
Wastes Wastes Bio Solid
Bio Gas
Bio Gas
Waste Water Rain Water
Rain Water Portable
Water Toxic Wastes Wastes
Basic Conception Alt. #1 Basic Conception Alt. #1
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II--3. Green City Project : 3. Green City Project : GangneungGangneung CityCity
42 ET (Environment Technology)
ET (Environment Technology) CT CT (Culture Technology)(Culture Technology) Green
Transportation New & Renewable Energy
Green Construction Water Circulation Eco System & Green Places
U-Eco City
Utilization Utilization
Carbon Zero City based on green energy & technologies
Remobilization Remobilization Green City based on water circulation & Gyungpo lake remobilization
Preservation Preservation
Enhancing Amenity by preserving natural & cultural resources
Management Management Restoring low carbon water places & securing measures to treating carbon
Circulation
Basic Conception Alt. #3 Basic Conception Alt. #3
II
II--3. Green City Project : 3. Green City Project : GangneungGangneung CityCity
44
Goals by Six Key Sections Goals by Six Key Sections
- Transportation (IT) : Bicycle, pedestrian, online electric vehicle system - Energy (ET, BT) : Green energy (renewable energy) system
- Construction (ET) : Green construction system (passive housing)
- Water Resource (BT) : Water & resource circulation system & waste management - Green Place & Forests (BT) : Carbon absorption/treating system, urban forests - Green IT : U-Eco City
※ Green living : residents-centric low carbon green system
Planning Essentials Planning Essentials
•Zero Emission City based on Green energy and techs
•Remodeling urban environment using green techs
•Introducing Green Transportation system
•Green City based on Water & Resource Circulation System
•Gyungpo lake remobilization using the circulation system
•Green historical & cultural belt thru linking to surrounding resources
•Enhancing Amenityusing rich natural & cultural resources
•Preserving carbon absorbing pine forests & swampy lands
•Preserving traditional & cultural assets thru green tourism efforts
World’s Most Livable Green City World’s Most Livable Green City
Managing Managing
•Securing & Managing carbon absorbing systems
•Reducing greenhouse gas thru remobilizing water places
•Managing carbon absorbing systems; pine forests & urban forests
•Managing adjacent areas for macro scale management plan
Carbon Carbon Reduction Reduction
Green Green Growth Growth
Remobilizing Remobilizing
Preserving Preserving Utilizing Utilizing
II
II--3. Green City Project : 3. Green City Project : GangneungGangneung CityCity
III Implications Implications
Close Interactions B/W Central & Local Government
-Leads to agreements on roles & responsibilities & required institutional aids - Helps central government to draw realistic & specific countermeasures & guidelines
Foundation of an Organization for Funding & Operations
- Leverages central & local governments businesses in financial and cooperative terms
Developing Regulations & Programs to Reflect Localities
- Arranges regulatory basis for active operation & leads citizens’ participation
Long- & Short-term Measures for Carbon Emission Control
- Forces municipalities & enterprises to set & manage carbon reduction goals in order to meet the greenhouse gas reduction goal; at least 50% reduction until 2050
- Urges strategies capping total emission volumes
48
Apply to Urban Planning thru Further Studies
- R&D on application methodologies to apply the green technologies to urban planning - Efforts on application and evaluation for successful planning
☞ Imperatives; fundamental & basic R&D works on cutting-edge planning & design methods for smooth reflection of locality and successful applications to existing planning systems
저탄소 복합고밀개발 농촌지역 도시지역 산림지역 농촌지역
역사적인 보전 건물 역사적인 보전 건물
항만, 물류, 공원 등 공공시설 건설
농촌형 저탄소 마을 탄소흡수 조림사업
탄소흡수 조림사업 관광문화휴양시설
신재생에너지 건설
메탄포집 CDM사업
유채꽃 등 바이오에너지산업 산림보 전경계설정
저탄소 복합고밀개발 농촌지역 도시지역 산림지역 농촌지역
역사적인 보전 건물 역사적인 보전 건물
항만, 물류, 공원 등 공공시설 건설
농촌형 저탄소 마을 탄소흡수 조림사업
탄소흡수 조림사업 관광문화휴양시설
신재생에너지 건설
메탄포집 CDM사업
유채꽃 등 바이오에너지산업 산림보 전경계설정
Exporting advanced urban planning / designing techniques
Exporting green technology concerning new &
renewable energy
Acquiring ERPA(Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement) thru CDM projects
Conception Models Conception Models
Standard Low Carbon City Conception Export of Green Technologies: Green Growth
Green construction technology
Methane-trapping CDM business Carbon absorbing forestation business
Tourism, culture &
leisure business Renewable energy generating area
Forest preserving boundary Low carbon town
(rural)
Rural area Urban area
Low carbon complex
& highly-densed area Forest Rural area
Bio energybusiness
Public facilities (ports, distribution, parks)
Historical assets Historical assets Green
Buildings Securing green spaces
Applying Green construction techs Expanding
open spaces
Multi-use development
Solar energy parking lots
Strategic Industrial infras
Comprehensive design Solar Lights
Solar Heat
Geo-thermal
Fuel Cells
Enhancing secondary CBD’s Functionalities focused on commerce, business & industry
Carbon absorbing forestation business
50
Joaquim OLIVEIRA-MARTINS, Division head of RCG, OECD
Head of OECD Regional Competitiveness and Governance Division
What do we mean by Green Growth? Tackling the crisis and beyond
Green growth means:
• “Promoting economic growth while reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, minimising waste and inefficient use of natural resources, and maintaining biodiversity.”
Green growth is not just about recovery, but a new way of thinking about development
• In the OECD Green Growth Declaration, Ministers declared that they will:
“…Strengthen their effort to pursue green growth strategies as part of their responses to the current crisis and beyond, acknowledging that green and growth can go hand-in-hand…”
• Korea has been inspiring with its Green Korea Agenda, that points to the need of combining short term recovery measures with more long term goals, targeting research and development of green technologies
Cities foster economic development because the geographical concentration of economic activities enhances productivity and consumption opportunities
Interaction advantages: ’Knowledge spillovers’, ‘labour market pooling’ and
‘input sharing’ explain why cities grow faster
Cities are centers of innovation
…and the urbanization-climate change nexus
Climate change may significantly impact cities
Coastal cities are particularly vulnerable (OECD, 2008)
Urban specific climate impact (hot spots)
Possible distributive implications (urban poor more heavily exposed) Cities contribute to climate change
Cities are responsible for 2/3of total energy and CO2emissions (IEA World Energy Outlook 2008)
Given urbanization trends in fast growing countries, the contribution of cities to climate change is rising
As envisaged by the Green Korean vision, a strategy for green growth of cities must be effective at creating new jobs in the short term and set the basis for sustained, self-sustaining growth
This vision should also apply to cities and regional governments’ economic strategies, that can generate low-carbon economic development by:
1. Facilitating job creation in the green economy, through:
• investments in greener infrastructure,
• integrated urban energy management strategies, including technical support to start-ups in the renewable sector and energy conservation measures in the industry,
• education and information dissemination programmes for greening consumers’
preferences
2. Fostering innovation and co-operation in green Research and Development (R&D).
Creating employment: investments in infrastructure
An effective urban infrastructure allows agglomeration economies to materialise, while reducing congestion costs
Objectives:
• Ensure that the new funds from the stimulus packages are allocated to infrastructural projects using improved materials and performance-based design
• Integrate sustainability concerns in the purchasing policies of cities and regional governments
Where to invest?
• A large-scale building retrofit programme is the most obvious option for a shovel-ready, local green investment to create new jobs
• Creating industrial capacities in the waste management and recycling can leverage massive private investments
• Investments in sustainable transportation networks have large market and long term social returns
• Maximize the positive employment effects of investments in energy efficiencies, and
• Minimise possible adjustment costs due to regulations in energy use
How?
• Renewable energy is attractive as an employment generator because it is more labour intensive than fossil fuel-based energy generation
• Energy efficiency generates large local multiplier effects through expenditure shifting
• Tax incentives encourage residents and corporations to use renewable energy or adopt energy efficiency systems. Similar for feed-in tariffs
• Cities can provide services which decrease the costs of energy conservation and pollution reduction measures
Creating employment: greening consumers’
preferences
Objectives:
• Stimulate green industries by increasing customers’ willingness to pay a premium for green products and technologies
How:
• Adopt consumers’ education programmes, promoting use of standards/eco-labelling, demonstration sites to highlight best practices
• Take advantage of consumers’ heterogeneity, by financing local investments in renewable energy through voluntary contributions (utility green pricing programs)
• Invest in information and communication technologies (ICT) to lower the information asymmetries (e.g. green meters), and provide financing arrangements for distributed energy technologies
Most of the innovation in green technologies is taking place in urban areas and is concentrated in few areas
Source: Own calculation on OECD REGPAT data
Number of patents in wind and solar technologies, by region (2004-2006)
Fostering growth: eco-innovation
Why bear the costs of inventions instead of free-riding?
• Geographical and historical differences are important for innovation
• Local spill-overs and “diffused” applications of new technologies
• Many constraints limit technology transfer and deployment
What are the pillars of a local green innovation strategy?
• Widen access to knowledge through public-private partnerships and networking platform for eco-innovation
• Invest in pilot R&D project that can be replicated and scaled-up
• Stimulate greater involvement of universities
• Speed up the move of environmental technologies from the laboratory to the market
1. Effectiveness at curbing emissions and increase resiliance to climate change 2. Sustained capacity of creating employment
3. Fiscal sustainability
Effective action requires:
1. Search for complementarities in urban policies 2. Improve financial capacities at the local level
3. Improve collaboration between different levels of government 4. Improve monitoring capacities and technical knowledge
Next steps
Cities, Multi-level governance and Climate Change (Joint OECD GOV/ENV)
Forthcoming publication: Competitive Cities and Climate Change (end 2009)
Cities and Climate Change: A specific section/chapter in OECD metropolitan reviews (e.g. Guangdong, Venice)
Working paper on cities and climate change in China
Further work on Innovation Clusters
Adapting existing national regional/urban policy frameworks by incorporating climate change issues (e.g. National OECD Territorial Reviews)
OECD Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers on Cities and the Green Growth