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WH 73
World Heritage Atlas
n The understanding and preservation of
natural and cultural heritage is not only a task for experts but the daily contribution of the general public who visit and have an effect on World Heritage sites.
n To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention, UNESCO and DeAgostini Libri present a first-time atlas featuring all World Heritage sites.
n This Atlas presents colour maps for each region of the world; beautiful fold-out maps with enlarged areas featuring detailed information and colour images of the sites located in them;
and an index of site names and descriptions.
WORLD HERITAGE ATLAS
U N E S C O
27,00 €, 280 pages
37.5 x 28.5 cm (hardback) 2012, 978-92-3-104239-3
UNESCO Publising-DeAgostini Libri
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WORLD HERITAGE No. 73
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he IUCN World Parks Congress meets every ten years, and its November 2014 meeting may prove to be a turning point for protected areas in offering and implementing solutions for the challenges faced by the planet.Taken together, the national parks, reserves and designated protected areas of every kind (including the World Heritage natural and mixed natural/cultural sites) now cover 14 per cent of the land surface, and nearly 3 per cent of the seas and oceans. The principles of conservation they apply serve to perpetuate a precious biodiversity.
The World Heritage List includes the world’s most outstanding protected areas in terms of biodiversity, ecosystems and natural features, warranting the inclusion of World Heritage as a cross-cutting theme at the World Parks Congress. World Heritage sites are the litmus test for measuring success of the global protected area movement.
At the same time, these sites have the potential to be a learning laboratory and a source of inspiration for protected areas.
This issue takes a look at the role of World Heritage in the conservation of protected areas worldwide, its contribution to the protection of wilderness areas globally, while examining how World Heritage can and does support species conservation. We look at how Indigenous peoples play an integral role in protected areas in Australia, and discuss the global conservation agenda and how World Heritage can be part of finding solutions to global challenges in an interview with Zhang Xinsheng, President of IUCN, and Ernesto Enkerlin Hoeflich, Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.
The exceptional relevance of the 2014 World Parks Congress, in which World Heritage is an active participant, is primarily its global impact in helping to address the gap in the conservation and sustainable development agenda which should, in turn, prove beneficial to individual protected areas. For there is reason to hope that concerted action in this domain may give a much-needed impetus to issues of conservation and biodiversity worldwide, even beyond the range of the protected areas.
Cover: Okavango Delta (Botswana)
Kishore Rao
Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Contents
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World Heritage and our protected planet
The 2014 World Parks Congress is the decade’s most important forum to identify and communicate inspiring solutions for protected areas to meet the world’s most pressing global challenges.
World Heritage and wilderness
The World Heritage Convention has been instrumental in protecting many wilderness sites around the world and an even more systematic approach to protecting wilderness areas is under discussion.
World Heritage and species:
safe havens for wildlife?
The World Heritage Convention helps to safeguard wildlife sanctuaries by enforcing its rigorous standards of integrity, management and protection.
Indigenous peoples’ engagement in the protected areas of Australia
Indigenous peoples have actively managed the land and the environment for a sustainable existence as they moved across many types of land and seascapes.
New World Heritage sites 2014
Presentation of the new World Heritage sites inscribed at the 38th session of the World Heritage Committee, Doha (Qatar) in June 2014.
Close-Up
50In Focus
World Heritage and our protected planet
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The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in the articles and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published by Publishing for Development Ltd., London, United Kingdom. ISSN:
1020-4202. Printed in Spain © UNESCO – Publishing for Development Ltd. 2014
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Quarterly magazine published jointly in English, French and Spanish, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), Paris, France and Publishing For Development Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
Editorial Director Kishore Rao
Director, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Managing Editor
Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy Editors
Helen Aprile, Gina Doubleday, Michael Gibson Publisher
Richard Forster Production Editor
Caroline Fort Copy Editors
Caroline Lawrence (English), Brigitte Strauss (French), Luisa Futoransky (Spanish)
Editorial Board
ICCROM: Joseph King, ICOMOS: Regina Durighello, IUCN: Tim Badman, UNESCO World Heritage
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World Heritage Convention
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Interview
Zhang Xinsheng, President of IUCN and Ernesto Enkerlin Hoeflich, Chair of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.
Advisory Bodies
ICOMOS: Nature and culture – crossing boundaries, improving practices.
Conventions
SMART Approach to tackling the poaching crisis in World Heritage sites.
News
In Print and Online
Subscription Form
107Next Issue
109Calendar
103Forum
Preservation
38th World Heritage Committee in Doha; Training workshop on adapting to climate change; Traditional techniques in reconstruction; Pilot phase of Africa Nature Programme holds closing meeting; Global Oceans Conference points to importance of Marine Programme; Death of Mountain Bull, Kenya’s most famous elephant; Entrepreneurship for World Heritage; Conservation and sustainable communities in Tanzania; Cultural tourism discussed in Palau; Culturally natural or naturally cultural?; SIDS meet to strengthen professional capacities; Indigenous knowledge wins the day.
In Danger
International experts meet to protect heritage of Syrian Arab Republic; Palestine site inscribed on Danger List on emergency basis; Emergency Plan to save Madagascar’s forests; City of Potosí in danger from uncontrolled mining; Selous Game Reserve on Danger List.
Outreach
Jaeger-LeCoultre, the World Heritage Marine Programme and a powerful site managers’ network;
Side event at Doha engages the private sector;
Seabourn helps to protect World Heritage; Youth-to- youth communication is key, concludes Doha Forum;
The Case of the Lost World Heritage, 12th episode.
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© Our Place – The World Heritage Collection
A giant tortoise in Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), the first site inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1978.
World Heritage
and our protected planet
Julia Marton-Lefèvre
Director-General of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Tim Badman
Director, IUCN World Heritage Programme Cyril Kormos
Vice-Chair for World Heritage, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas
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the surface of marine protected areas has more than doubled since the previous congress in 2003.
Protected areas provide a wide range of social, environmental and economic benefits to people and communities worldwide. They offer a tried and tested approach that has been applied for centuries
by local communities, Indigenous peoples, governments and other organizations to conserve nature and associated cultural resources. More than instruments for conserving nature and biodiversity, there is growing recognition that protected areas constitute a vital response to some of today’s most pressing challenges, including food and water security, human health and well-being, disaster risk reduction and climate change. Protected areas provide drinking water to one in three of the world’s 100 largest cities, help reduce the risks and consequences of such extreme events as he world has set a target
that by 2020 at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas should be conserved through effectively and equitably managed systems of protected areas. What will be the role of World Heritage in this massive
global effort?
This question will be asked, and answered, at the World Parks Congress in Sydney (Australia), in November 2014.
The 2014 congress is the decade’s most important forum to identify and communicate inspiring solutions for protected areas to meet the world’s most pressing global challenges. It is the agenda-setting event for our protected planet.
Protected areas can take on many different forms, such as national parks, wilderness areas, Indigenous and community conserved areas, nature reserves and privately owned reserves. These areas are recognized, dedicated and managed to achieve the long- term conservation of nature, together with cultural values, as well as the associated services that ecosystems provide.
The rise of protected areas
At the outset of the 20th century, only a handful of legally recognized protected areas were to be found in the world, although many have existed for generations. Over time they have become a mainstay of biodiversity conservation, contributing to people’s livelihoods. Today, there are approximately 200,000 protected areas in the world, covering around 14.6 per cent of the world’s land and around 2.8 per cent of the oceans. There has been a steady increase in the expanse of land set aside for conservation since the creation of the first protected areas. There is good hope that the above targets can be achieved for terrestrial sites, but the situation looks more challenging for our marine sites, although
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floods, storm-surges, drought and sea-levelrise. They also enhance food security by boosting fisheries and by preserving wild relatives of crops; and they provide homes, jobs and livelihoods to millions of people around the world.
Can we deliver?
In 2025 the World Heritage Convention will be well over fifty years old and we may expect that it will be providing international recognition to over 1,100 exceptional places, including perhaps as many as 300 natural World Heritage sites.
But what are the results that the Convention will be in a position to deliver? There are two ways to look at this question – firstly the Convention will be judged on how well it protects the iconic places listed. These include the household names of global conservation – the first World Heritage site listed in 1978 was Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), and the 1,000th site, listed this year, was Okavango Delta (Botswana).
These two sites alone illustrate the challenges facing conservation, with both of them facing a range of well-documented pressures, such as impacts resulting from invasive alien species and the pressures of poaching. This being so, a key question is: by 2025 will World Heritage have motivated the action needed to protect and enhance our most iconic protected areas on the World Heritage List?
The second way of assessing the success and relevance of World Heritage for the next decade hinges upon the answer we give to a certain question: what does the focus on World Heritage actually deliver to wider efforts to secure the future for protected areas. World Heritage sites are frequently billed as ‘flagships of global conservation’ – but they have rarely been challenged to contribute to the success of the whole fleet of national parks, nature reserves, Indigenous and community conserved areas, protected landscapes and natural monuments.
World Heritage sites are frequently billed as ‘flagships of global conservation’ –
but they have rarely been challenged to contribute to the success of the
whole fleet of protected areas.
Okavango Delta (Botswana) is an exceptional example of the interaction between climatic, hydrological and biological processes.
© Voyages Lambert
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The forests in Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) are home to bears, wolves and many rare bird species.
© Our Place – The World Heritage Collection
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© Our Place – The World Heritage Collection
The landscape in Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand has been shaped by successive glaciations into fjords, rocky coasts, towering cliffs, lakes and waterfalls.
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IUCN World Parks Congress
World Heritage will be one of four cross- cutting themes at the IUCN World Parks Congress 2014, which aims to set the agenda for the next ten years of work on protected areas within the World Heritage
Convention. World Heritage sites are the litmus test for the success of the global protected area movement. If we cannot deliver in this subset of globally recognized protected areas, we shall clearly have failed. At the same time, these sites have the potential to be the learning laboratories and a source of inspiration for the global protected area network.
Work at the World Parks Congress is focused around eight streams (pp. 16–17) within the goals of the cross-cutting themes:
• establishing World Heri- tage protected areas as key lead- ers in meeting and resolving the challenges facing all protected areas across the world over the next decade;
• confirming the chall- enges that the Convention will need to address to remain at the forefront of the global protected areas movement, and deciding how it will have to meet those challenges;
• defining the key strategies and actions, and launching key products, that will underpin World Heritage performance over the coming decade;
• securing commitments to tackle growing threats, including those presented by industrial developments, which are eroding the values of an increasing number of World Heritage sites. This will have to include strategies designed to involve sites in the planning, protection and management of their surrounding landscapes and seascapes;
• raising awareness of World Heritage sites as flagships for innovations in management, good governance, responding to major threats, pioneering best practices – and reinforcing the core message that if we cannot succeed in these sites, we are unlikely to meet global conservation objectives;
• highlighting the need and securing commitments to improve recognition of and respect for the rights of Indigenous peoples in the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and the
nomination, designation, management and monitoring of sites.
• ensuring that the experiences, successes and challenges of the World Heritage Convention and of the sites it protects are presented as illustrations of the issues facing protected areas as a whole.
The work of the eight streams should include what we call demonstrable ‘ground- truthing’ which designates the real-world practice of the World Heritage Convention.
• celebrating the natural and cultural diversity, beauty and values of the world’s most exceptional set of protected areas through the congress and its streams, bringing forward diverse voices from ground level to speak for the realities of protected areas, and determining how the
congress can inspire real positive changes and solutions on the ground and across the planet.
The example of Australia
Australia, host country of the congress, is emblematic of the commitments made to World Heritage. With the largest number of natural sites (sixteen) of any State Party, and the second largest area of land and sea (45 million ha, which constitutes 25 per cent of the country’s total extent of protected areas), Australia has developed increasingly effective methods of involving Indigenous peoples in World Heritage management and decision-making, as a result of the recognition of their rights at domestic level. Australia also demonstrates leading practice with respect to the relationship between people and place, which lies at the heart of effective conservation practice.
A clear message
IUCN is taking a clear message to the World Parks Congress, which was also presented to the 2014 World Heritage Committee session in Doha. Many things are working well with World Heritage, and evidence shows that the Convention has the potential to contribute more to global conservation. But to be fully effective, the way in which the Convention is implemented needs to change. We need to refocus on how the most significant natural areas of the planet not only demonstrate Outstanding Universal Value, but also best practice in conservation and a favourable impact on people. Four challenges are at the centre of this need for reform in the World Heritage system.
First, the Convention’s credibility stands threatened by a loss of its reputation for high and consistent standards. We have seen some large gaps emerging between the advice provided by IUCN and ICOMOS as Advisory Bodies to the Convention, and the decisions taken by the Committee.
Whereas some may reflect differences of
© Flickker photos
Central Sikhote-Alin (Russian Federation) is particularly notable for being home to the endangered Amur tiger.
The landscape in Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand has been shaped by successive glaciations into fjords, rocky coasts, towering cliffs, lakes and waterfalls.
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judgement, many decisions have seemed to set aside the standards of the Committee’s own Operational Guidelines. Last year saw a welcome improvement in this situation, but in 2014 a major difference was again observed, especially in relation to new nominations, and a lack of dialogue and transparency in the current nomination system is now seen as one of the root causes of problems.
Such transparency needs to be extended across the Convention as a whole, embracing the work of the Committee and ensuring that civil society takes a much greater part in the process. This is an area where the World Heritage Committee, assisted by the World Heritage Centre as its Secretariat, must act to maintain the Convention’s reputation. The only viable future for the World Heritage Convention is one founded on the credibility and integrity of its decisions – technically strong, rigorous, maintaining rather than reducing standards, free from lobbying and the political pressure of States Parties, and with the goal of retaining the World Heritage List as a limited selection of the most exceptional sites which unquestionably demonstrate the highest standards of management.
Challenge two is about a more effective approach to nominations.
Upholding standards is fundamental, but it is not enough. Reform is needed in the nomination process. Significant changes are needed to introduce the lessons learned from the ‘upstream process’ on how to provide States Parties with proactive support before the political and financial commitments are made that allow a nomination to proceed. The last four years have seen some notable improvements, but it is still remarkable that many nominations are prepared without advice or input prior to submission. Feasibility studies should be undertaken before nominations are prepared. At least an extra year is needed during the evaluation process to allow dialogue after the evaluation mission has taken place, and our panels have had their first discussions. Some aspects of the nomination form and process are
too complicated, and result in a system where applications can be too expensive – distorting priorities and favouring the efforts of more developed countries that have many sites already listed. These flaws lead to the persistent imbalance of the World Heritage List.
Reform should also lend active support to the positive input of local people. The nomination process does not yet provide sufficient transparency and safeguards to communities. Basic requirements for access to information, consultation and consent are lacking. The absence of policies designed to ensure recognition of the rights of Indigenous and local peoples is a particular concern, and is repeatedly being raised.
These issues need changes to be made in the nomination format and process, to provide guidance on how to ensure positive results for all stakeholders. One practical gap resides in the fact that World Heritage uses only two working languages (French and English) but nonetheless expects to mobilize local action. This points to the need to provide more information in a wide range of languages. Less than half of
natural World Heritage sites use the two official languages of the Convention. One third of them use none of the six official languages of UNESCO.
Challenge three is the unsustainable pressure on the work of Convention staff.
Evaluation of the IUCN World Heritage Programme made the startling finding that the workload pressure and stress on our staff was the worst they have encountered in sixteen years of evaluating work in IUCN. It also found that the pressures on the World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS were even greater than those on IUCN. These would be serious findings at any time, but they were made in an evaluation that was undertaken prior to the current and very serious budget situation in UNESCO.
The root cause of this issue is clear. It resides in the untenable annual rhythm of the World Heritage Convention. IUCN works with many international agreements and World Heritage is out of synch with most of those that meet every two or three years. IUCN’s World Conservation Congress meets only every four years. This rushed annual rhythm itself prevents the Convention from being effective and leaves no time for States Parties to follow up on decisions of the Committee before the next monitoring report is due. Nor does it leave the time required for dialogue in the evaluation process. This also means that the timelines for the Committee to read the papers for the meetings are impossibly short.
IUCN considers that the World Heritage Convention would be much more effective if the Committee met only once every two years. Such a change would address the human cost of this Convention on its professional staff. It is also the best solution in a time of major budget cuts. It would provide the breathing space we all need to implement effective conservation on the ground, and address the problems arising from the high pressure of the nomination system and allow the needs for additional dialogue and transparency to be met. This key issue demands attention and decisive action.
Taman Negara Kinabalu, Kinabalu Park, Sabah (Malaysia).
© Colleen
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© Our Place – The World Heritage Collection
Rainforests of the Atsinanana (Madagascar) comprise six national parks distributed along the eastern part of the island.
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WH 73
Water and Energy
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014
n Water and energy are closely interconnected and highly interdependent. Trade-offs need to be managed to limit negative impacts and foster opportunities for synergy. Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth – the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction.
n This fifth edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR 2014) seeks to inform decision-makers (inside and outside the water and energy domains), stakeholders and practitioners about the interlinkages, potential synergies and trade-offs, and to highlight the need for appropriate responses and regulatory frameworks that account for both water and energy priorities.
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2014, 978-92-3-104259-1 (Set of 2 volumes) UNESCO Publishing
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The fourth challenge is the need to define the way World Heritage relates to questions of development. The Convention’s policy in this area needs to be clearer, and currently there is a perception that advice given to the Committee does not adequately and actively consider development needs. IUCN sees good results when people are central to conservation and will act on this issue.
No compromise
A starting point for policy is to avoid any risk of compromising the central raison d’être of the World Heritage Convention, the protection of Outstanding Universal Value. The Convention has provided leadership globally by recognizing that some areas are so significant for conservation that certain damaging activities are inacceptable. This is manifest in the accepted principle that natural World Heritage site status is not compatible with extractive industries. World Heritage leadership on this issue since 2003, and the support afforded by Shell, Total, the International Council on Mining and Metals, as well as major banks, gives hope for the protection of our most precious sites.
But ‘no-go’ principles will only ever apply to a small number of highly damaging classes of activity.
Most human uses and activities associated with World Heritage sites will need a positive approach to ensure that the sites support
appropriate social and economic uses and benefits that are sustainable, fully compatible with the protection of Outstanding Universal Value, and produce positive results for the people concerned. A new and major programme policy development and support for new approaches is needed involving all involved in the Convention. It should consider how we raise the quality provisions for sustainable tourism, and how and where activities such as farming, fishing and transport are addressed, as well as the basic needs and rights of communities. We need to support and learn from successful models, such as the COMPACT initiative focused on local communities living around World Heritage sites.
Crested quetzal in Manú National Park (Peru).
© Billtacular
World Heritage Outlook
The last priority, but the most important one, is success. There is much anecdotal evidence that the World Heritage Convention produces positive results, but no systematic demonstration of what those results may be. IUCN considers that this fundamental challenge is one we must meet, and it is taking a significant step in this direction by launching a major new product,
the IUCN World Heritage Outlook. Through this new system, IUCN will for the first time provide a systematic view encompassing all the sites listed for natural values, and our assessment of their prospects. The system, available at worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org, provides a comprehensive view of all natural World Heritage sites, including many that have not been reviewed by the World Heritage Committee since inscription. The system is fully open to the feedback of all stakeholders, on the Conservation Outlook window for each site using the new Conservation Outlook gauge.
This is the first World Heritage monitoring approach that systematically seeks to identify success in the work of
World Heritage sites – those that have a good conservation outlook are recognized.
IUCN has decided to launch this new system in order to demonstrate how World Heritage sites can take their proper place as beacons of success that reveal the positive achievements and leadership that World Heritage should stand for. We are grateful to the MAVA Foundation for providing the financial support to allow this to happen, and to the massive volunteer efforts of members of our World Commission on Protected Areas who have undertaken most of the technical evaluations, as well as to a range of partners.
The IUCN World Heritage Outlook went live at the 2014 Committee meeting in Doha, and the first full global assessment will be launched at the World Parks Congress. We estimate that the World Heritage Outlook is likely to indicate that around 60 per cent of natural World Heritage sites have an outlook in the green categories – good, or good with some concerns. We intend the system to provide the means to identify the support that all sites need to achieve a good outlook, and we plan to mobilize the IUCN network of staff, members, experts and partners to support all sites with specific needs. The system will also bring online a new analysis of the benefits World Heritage sites provide, such as fresh water, medicinal plants and tourism income, which will also be unveiled at the World Parks Congress.
The World Parks Congress provides a platform to launch a new phase in the life of the World Heritage Convention, to establish how to use the promise of World Heritage to provide leadership in all areas.
It intends to ascertain how we manage protected areas, to conserve irreplaceable values, but also to benefit people and meet the challenges we face on our small planet. World Heritage has made a great contribution to global conservation throughout its proud history since 1972 and, with certain reforms, its credibility can be protected and its results can be strengthened.
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Postage by ordinary mail: Europe: € 5.50. Rest of the world: € 10.00 or www.unesco.org/publishing (Secure payment)
WH 73
Water and Energy
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014
n Water and energy are closely interconnected and highly interdependent. Trade-offs need to be managed to limit negative impacts and foster opportunities for synergy. Water and energy have crucial impacts on poverty alleviation both directly, as a number of the Millennium Development Goals depend on major improvements in access to water, sanitation, power and energy sources, and indirectly, as water and energy can be binding constraints on economic growth – the ultimate hope for widespread poverty reduction.
n This fifth edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR 2014) seeks to inform decision-makers (inside and outside the water and energy domains), stakeholders and practitioners about the interlinkages, potential synergies and trade-offs, and to highlight the need for appropriate responses and regulatory frameworks that account for both water and energy priorities.
45,00 €
224 pages, 21 x 29.7 cm (paperback)
2014, 978-92-3-104259-1 (Set of 2 volumes) UNESCO Publishing
worldheritage_73_pub.indd 1 15/09/2014 15:17
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In Focus World Heritage and our protected planet
World Heritage at the World Parks Congress
World Heritage will have a major place at the World Parks Congress, built on the foundational role that World Heritage has played and is destined to play in the global protected areas network, and within Australia. The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, will be a keynote speaker at the opening sessions, and we expect the managers of many World Heritage sites to be present, delivering real world experience from the sharp end of conservation action. Marine World Heritage will be a major focus with a high-profile evening event showcasing successful World Heritage site management as a means to support leadership in ocean conservation. A wealth of side events and launches will take place, especially in the Protected Planet Pavilion, which is coordinated with long-standing partners, UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
The content at the World Parks Congress is focused around eight streams. What is the World Heritage focus in each of them?
Stream 1: Reaching Conservation Goals – A Vision of Hope
This stream will demonstrate that a well-planned and managed protected area system is essential to conservation. The focus for World Heritage will include the launch of the new IUCN World Heritage Outlook, announcing the first global assessment of the prospects for natural World Heritage areas. Successful sites will be profiled in a new IUCN Green List of well-managed protected areas, and there will be a call to action to secure a better outlook for all World Heritage sites in the next decade. How to fill the gaps on the World Heritage List is also expected to be a major focus. The action needed to tackle illegal wildlife trade in World Heritage sites will be a major priority.
A further target will be to secure synergies between the different international protected areas networks: World Heritage, Ramsar sites, Biosphere Reserves and the innovative model of Global Geoparks.
Stream 2: Responding to Climate Change
This stream will focus on demonstrating how natural solutions help ecosystems and people respond to climate change. World Heritage will be focusing on best practice in delivering adaptation to climate change on the ground, but also on the key role of cultural sites and traditional knowledge in devising solutions, and the growing role that World Heritage sites provide as keystones for joined-up conservation of wilderness areas, large landscapes and proposals by Indigenous peoples to protect their traditional lands.
Stream 3: Improving Health and Well-Being: Healthy Parks Healthy People
The Healthy Parks Healthy People stream will explore the diverse health benefits provided by protected areas, including medicines, disease regulation, livelihood support, mental and spiritual well-being, and settings for physical activity. World Heritage will focus on the special leadership role that sites play in demonstrating effectively managed tourism and recreation, including how the positive use of the World Heritage brand can mobilize sustainable tourism. A further focus will be on the relationship of World Heritage and sport.
Stream 4: Supporting Human Life
This stream will highlight the socio-economic benefits of protected areas for sustainable human development, focusing on the provision of food security, water management and disaster risk reduction. The first global study on the benefits that World Heritage sites provide
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, part of Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek (Canada/United States) World Heritage site.
© Mark Gillepsie
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to people will be unveiled in this stream. ICOMOS and IUCN will be promoting a new decade-long programme to bring to fruition the untapped potential to link nature and culture through the work of the World Heritage Convention. How can we use the unique role of World Heritage to conserve the inseparable values of landscapes for nature and culture, and to motivate new connected practice?
Stream 5: Reconciling Development Challenges
This stream will focus on the intersections between protected areas, and the many development goals and challenges facing the people who live in and work with them. Expectations are high that it will provide essential leadership on the protection of World Heritage areas from the rapidly growing threats emanating from the extractive industries. World Heritage has a leadership role within the protected areas movement to secure no-go areas, through the long-standing no-go commitment that has been supported by UNESCO, IUCN and leading industry. The next decade should extend these commitments through the public and private sectors, recognizing the crucial role that governments will have to play in order to protect World Heritage sites from the major damage that mining, quarrying, and oil or gas extraction can create.
Stream 6: Enhancing Diversity and Quality of Governance
Governance is about ‘who makes decisions’ and ‘how decisions are made’. Sound governance is when decisions are taken legitimately, fairly, with a sense of vision, accountability and the respect of rights. Another dimension of governance is diversity. The stream will include a focus on the leadership role in connecting World Heritage sites that the COMPACT programme has provided to support communities who live in and around them, and to promote the adoption of this initiative across the World Heritage system. The stream will produce recommendations on how to promote and model best practice in governance through the World Heritage Convention.
Stream 7: Respecting Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge and Culture
This stream is about the role of traditional and Indigenous knowledge and practices, as well as recognizing cultural and spiritual values, in sustaining and enhancing the socio-environmental resilience of Indigenous peoples and local communities and the lands and seas under their care. World Heritage provides both good and bad examples of how Indigenous rights have been addressed on the ground in World Heritage nominations. The focus for World Heritage in Stream 7 will be the need for the Convention to include (i) policies devised to ensure that rights are consistently respected, (ii) the role of Indigenous peoples in monitoring World Heritage sites, and (iii) indications on how the indissoluble bonds between nature and culture, people and places, in nominations of the territories of Indigenous peoples as World Heritage will be recognized.
Stream 8: Inspiring a New Generation
This stream will bring the powerful voices of young people from across the globe to the congress and ensure new leadership and their engagement in support of intergenerational partnerships for parks, people and the planet. The strong networks of young people brought together by the work on Go4BioDiv, and the annual youth forums at the World Heritage Committee, are expected to be brought to the fore in this stream.
Located in the South-West- ern Indian Ocean, 700 km off Madagascar, La Réun- ion, together with Mauri- tius and Rodrigues Island, makes up the volcanic ar- chipelago known as the Mascarenes. These three islands are volcanic “hot spots” and have never been attached to any continent.
La Réunion is a “plug mountain” positioned on the ocean floor, where two volcanic peaks stand out close to each other: Piton des Neiges, surrounded by its three cirques, which are vast nat- ural amphitheatres of dizzying height and steepness, and Piton de la Fournaise, one of the most active volcanoes on the planet.
The landscape of La Réunion is constantly changing under the effects of volcanic activity, landslides of tectonic origin, and severe erosion from heavy rainfall and watercourses. The two massifs are divided by ramparts, huge steeply-sloping rocky walls of different geological types, which combine to make up a fractured but stunningly beautiful landscape.
This huge variety of climates, microclimates, reliefs and soils have produced a remarkable mosaic of largely undisturbed eco- systems not found anywhere else in the world, especially the forests.
Against this background of great biodiversity, the need for species to adapt to different substrata of age and composition and to wildly varying topographical climates, has led to record numbers of animal and plant species. La Réunion is a world centre well known for its diversity of plants, a living laboratory where evolution is ongoing. The green heart of the island is the final refuge for many threatened and endangered species. La Réunion thus plays the most significant and important role in conserving the land biodiversity of the archipelago.
The heart of the island is a water fortress that feeds the low- lands. The deeply carved gorges, and the torrents, basins and waterfalls all combine to produce a diversified landscape of dazzling beauty, which hosts a great range of sporting and out- door activities.
First settled as recently as 1663, La Réunion is a region of France. It is also a land of mixed races, rich with a unique ethnic mix of populations from Europe, Africa, Madagascar,
India and other places. The soul of La Réunion, expressed in its common language of Creole, is firmly rooted in a society that is the melting pot for many different cultures.
The settlement of the island is inextricably linked with the escape to the mountains of many slaves who looked for refuges and resources far from the plantations to survive. During this conquest of the territory and the fight for freedom, a strong bond between humans and nature was formed.
Even today, living conditions in the highlands are not easy.
The islets of the Cirque de Mafate are known for their remote- ness and inaccessibility, and being included in the national park therefore greatly benefited them. Against the harsh living conditions, solidarity, sharing and conviviality are values en- shrined in the art of living in the highlands. The coolness and peace of these “ends of the world” make them excellent places for refreshment and renewal.
The increasing awareness of this extraordinary richness of nature and culture in the interior of the island, and the need to protect it, led to the creation in 2007 of Parc National de La Réunion, France’s ninth national park. The inclusion of the Pitons, cirques and ramparts of Reunion Island on the World Heritage List in 2010 has led to international awareness of the young national park. The criteria show the exceptional beauty and universal value of the island’s landscapes and biodiversity.
The heritage site included on the UNESCO list includes the national park itself and a few other sites. It covers over 100,000 hectares, or over 40% of the island. Alongside this heritage site, a number of mostly rural and agricultural areas constitute areas of transition between the heart of nature and the densely populated urban coastal area. La Réunion is thus defined as a
“city-island with a green heart” in the blue jewel of the Indian Ocean.
Magnificent landscape and original biodiversity
© Parc national de La Réunion - Jean-François Bègue
© Parc national de La Réunion
Jean-François Bègue © Parc national de La Réunion - Hervé Douris
Sponsored Statement
The peaks, valleys and
ramparts of île de La Réunion
The national park classification and UNESCO listing have led to the emergence of a renewed territorial project. This is the subject of the national park char- ter, which is also a property management plan.
The charter proposes placing people and properties at the heart of local development. It highlights the assets of the territory and aims to achieve a balance between protection and development, by preserving heritage, which is a source of wealth, well-being and fame, and to live comfortably off agriculture, forestry and tourism by sensible and sustainable use of natural resources.
At the heart of the national park, easily accessible sites and paths offer a wealth of invitations to discover an original and constantly changing nature. La Réunion is waiting to take you on a voyage of discovery of its unforgettable natural beauty!
For a rapidly developing island,
a shared land project
French natural site inscribed on the World Heritage List Live nature in motion!
More informations at:
www.reunion.fr | www.reunion-parcnational.fr
© Parc national de La Réunion - Hervé Douris
© Parc national de La Réunion-Benoît Lequette
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World Heritage List in 2010
World Heritage and wilderness
The vast natural forest of Yellowstone National Park (United States) covers nearly 9,000 km2.
© Our Place – The World Heritage Collection
Cyril F. Kormos
Vice-Chair for World Heritage
International Union for Conservation of Nature–World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN–WCPA) Vice President for Policy
The WILD Foundation
Russell A. Mittermeier President
Conservation International
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ecent global environmental conferences held by the United Nations, including the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 and the Rio+20 meetings in 2012, provided the scientific community with the opportunity to take stock of the state of the planet’s environment. Unfortunately, the results were not encouraging. Scientists confirmed that the global biodiversity and climate change crises are accelerating rapidly. In fact, they suggested that we have now altered our natural environment so profoundly that we may be approaching a human-induced global ‘state-shift’, an ecological transformation that could be even greater than the changes brought about by the end of the last Ice Age.
The upside
Fortunately the continuing bad news is tempered by the fact that we do have mechanisms at our disposal to address the
growing environmental crisis. Protected areas of all types – whether they are established and managed by governments, communities, Indigenous groups or private entities – are an integral part of the global response. They are essential to protect biodiversity and to provide natural solutions to climate change.
They also play a crucial role in ensuring livelihoods and safeguarding traditional cultures, and forested protected areas in particular are indispensable for food security and for regulating the quality and flow of freshwater supplies. Protected areas are also important places for humans to interact with wild nature for their physical, mental and spiritual health. In recognition of the many benefits they provide, protected areas are now understood to be the foundation of green economies and more attention is being paid by governments to integrating the value of natural capital into national income accounting and corporate accounting processes.
In short, protected areas are increasingly recognized as essential life-support systems on all scales – local, national, regional and global. Greater appreciation of the central importance of protected areas has translated into rapid and continuing expansion of the global protected areas estate over the last few decades, including in the marine biome where conservation efforts have lagged but are finally making major strides. Significant additional resources and more protected areas are needed to ensure comprehensive, effective, representative and viable global networks. But the good news is that we are making progress.
A global protected areas strategy
Accelerating climate change combined with the very rapid fragmentation of the remaining intact landscapes dictates that a global protected areas strategy must include a wilderness component: i.e. we need a systematic strategy for creating Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe) is the world’s greatest sheet of falling water.
© Pius Mahimbi
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) of Kiribati, at 408,000 km
2, is the largest and
deepest World Heritage site on Earth.
larger protected areas and ensuring these areas are interconnected. These landscape and seascape conservation efforts linking core terrestrial and marine protected areas are essential for long-term protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services, including climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here too, we are seeing some progress. Large-scale connectivity conservation initiatives are moving forward around the world, often across borders and on continental scales – from the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative in North America to the Eastern Pacific Conservation Marine Corridor between Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia to the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area which includes parts of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The Guiana Shield is the most intact tropical rainforest wilderness left on Earth and covers large portions of the countries of Suriname, Guyana and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the French overseas department
of French Guiana and the northernmost parts of the Brazilian Amazon, and includes many very large protected areas. World Heritage sites (e.g. Central Suriname Nature Reserve and Canaima National Park in Venezuela) often serve as anchors for these large connectivity initiatives.
The World Heritage Convention is well-situated to contribute to wilderness conservation globally. One reason is that the Convention has recognized, and continues to recognize, very large iconic areas. From the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (Brazil) to Kluane/Wrangell-St. Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek (Canada/United States) and Okavango Delta (Botswana), the 1,000th site to be added to the World Heritage List at the 38th session of the World
Heritage Committee in Doha in June 2014, many very large sites are listed. Another is the amazing Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA) of Kiribati, at 408,000 km2, the largest and deepest World Heritage site on Earth. As one of the few site-based global environmental agreements (the Ramsar Convention is perhaps the only other example), the World Heritage Convention is a very useful international instrument to bring a focus to the importance of wilderness areas.
Another reason why the Convention is a useful mechanism for wilderness protection is that it is unique in its explicit linkage of nature and culture. In practice procedural and methodological challenges have made it difficult to recognize these A manta ray in Phoenix Islands Protected Area (Kiribati).
©UNESCO/Ron Van Oers
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linkages in individual sites as often as they could be done, simply because cultural and natural values are evaluated separately by two different organizations (ICOMOS and IUCN). However, these challenges are in the process of being addressed. This is very timely because nature–culture linkages are particularly important in the context of wilderness conservation involving Indigenous peoples and local communities.
Nature and culture
Indigenous peoples and local communities make enormous contributions to protecting the planet’s biodiversity and ecosystem services: the area protected in Indigenous and community conserved areas is probably as large or larger than the approximately 13 per cent of the planet’s terrestrial area which is already in protected areas. The individual areas under protection by Indigenous peoples and communities are often quite large and very intact wilderness areas (e.g.
Kayapó Indigenous Territories in the southern Brazilian Amazon, covering 11.5 million ha). The reason that some of these areas remain in good condition and under good stewardship is precisely because they are owned and managed by Indigenous peoples whose cultures and traditional lifestyles are inseparable from the wild lands they have long inhabited, sometimes
for millennia. These lands are often sacred or hold special spiritual value, which can further contribute to their protection.
The important issue of the often indissoluble links between nature and culture, and in particular Indigenous peoples, has now been taken up by the Convention, in part as a result of a Committee decision relating to the nomination of the very large, intact and Indigenous managed Pimachiowin Aki area in Canada. Much more can and must be done to support Indigenous peoples and local communities in their conservation efforts, and to implement rights-based approaches to conservation. A wilderness approach under the Convention can contribute to these important objectives in the case of large Indigenous managed sites with Outstanding Universal Value.
A third key point with respect to the Convention and wilderness conservation has to do with the added protection against industrial threats that the Convention can provide to existing and prospective wilderness World Heritage sites. The Convention was established in response to international concern that some of the most extraordinary places around the world were being destroyed or threatened with imminent destruction. The Convention requires sites to be well protected and managed and to demonstrate ‘integrity’. As
Kayapó people are protecting their traditional lands, the Kayapó Indigenous Territories in the southern Brazilian Amazon.
© CIFOR amazon
Guitarfish at Coiba National Park (Panama).
© LASZLO ILYES
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a result, sites inscribed on the World Heritage List are clearly understood to be no-go zones for industrial activity as this would be inconsistent with good management.
Whereas many sites continue to be under threat despite their World Heritage status, there is a growing number of examples where the no-go principle is being adhered to. Governments are cancelling concessions in sites to ensure World Heritage listing (as in the case of Okavango Delta), companies are foregoing concessions that were granted in World Heritage sites, recognizing that these should not have been awarded (as in the case of the oil company Total in Virunga National Park, companies are refusing products sourced in World Heritage sites (e.g. Tiffany’s policy on diamond sourcing) and banks are refusing to fund projects in World Heritage sites (e.g. HSBC).
Protection of sites
The World Heritage Convention has been instrumental in protecting many wilderness sites around the world. However, we believe that it can and should adopt an even more systematic approach to protecting wilderness areas. Discussions regarding a potential World Heritage wilderness approach under the Convention were initiated by IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas at WILD10, the 10th World Wilderness Congress in Salamanca (Spain) in
late 2013. A well-attended side event chaired by IUCN-WCPA and co-organized with the Pew Charitable Trusts was subsequently held at the World Heritage Committee meeting in Doha, and the possibility of a wilderness approach was very well received. IUCN’s World Parks Congress will be the next major international venue for further discussion and deliberation on this important theme.
Wilderness will figure prominently in the World Heritage cross-cutting theme sessions at the congress, which are being co-organized by IUCN, IUCN-WCPA and the World Heritage Centre.
Following the World Parks Congress the objective will be to hold a workshop specifically dedicated to this theme, preparatory to developing IUCN thematic guidance on World Heritage and wilderness.
Developing thematic guidance will involve some complexity, as the wilderness theme brings together a number of important issues – from rights-based approaches, to nature – cultural linkages where wilderness protection is inextricably tied to cultural practices, to an examination of the potential of each of the natural criteria to contribute to a wilderness approach under the Convention. But developing thematic guidance will be worthwhile and will constitute a useful tool to help implement a more systematic approach to wilderness conservation under the Convention.
Canaima National Park (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) is spread over 3 million ha in south-eastern Venezuela along the border between Guyana and Brazil.
© Erik Cleves Kristensen
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KAVANGO ZAMBEZI TRANSFRONTIER
CONSERVATION AREA (KAZA TFCA):
KAZA TFCA, funded by KAZA Partner Countries, in partnership with Kredietanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) (The German Development Bank), is a conservation and development initiative of the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe approved by the Southern African Development Community. The birth of the TFCA dates back to 2003 when the Tourism Ministers of the five countries agreed to establish a TFCA in the Okavango and Upper Zambezi river basins, aimed at transboundary natural resources conservation and tourism development. Hence, the rationale for establishment of the TFCA was to open up man-made barriers and facilitate the natural movement of flora and fauna through wildlife dispersal areas. The TFCA was formalized through the signing of a treaty by the Heads of States of the five countries in 2011.
The vision of the KAZA TFCA is: “To establish a world-
class transfrontier conservation and tourism destination area in the Okavango and Zambezi river basins, supporting sustainable development in this region by 2030”.Measuring over 444, 000 km
2, the area is home to two World Heritage sites (Okavango Delta in Botswana and Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe). It comprises 36 proclaimed protected areas in the form of national parks; wildlife management areas/game management areas; forest reserves; conservancies and sits in the river basins of the iconic river systems of the Okavango River, the Chobe River, and the Zambezi River. The TFCA
Sponsored Statement
Elephants along the Chobe River. Photo: Pietro Sutera
Map of the Kavango Zambezi transfrontier Conservation Area
supports a variety of flora and fauna and is home to the last remaining contiguous populations of African elephants, estimated at 250,000, and nearly one quarter of the African continent’s wild dog population.
KAZA TFCA was set up taking into consideration its environmental, tourism and socio-economic significance.
The TFCA is endowed with multiple conservation and business opportunities with a great potential to contribute to the socio-economic development of the communities living in and along the TFCA. Partner countries recognize inhabitants of the TFCA as major stakeholders and key players towards the attainment of the objectives of the TFCA, therefore sustainable rural development and livelihood improvement through benefits derived from natural resources and cultural resources, is one of the envisaged outcomes of this initiative.
Successful conservation of this large TFCA, inevitably calls for collaboration with several stakeholders that share the same vision as KAZA partner countries. KAZA TFCA has therefore over the years formed alliances and worked with organizations such as: the African Wildlife Foundation;
Deutsche Investitions- Und Entwicklungsgesellschaftmbh;
the Dutch Ministry Of Foreign Affairs; FUTOURIS; Peace Parks Foundation; World Wide Fund for Nature; World Bank; and Wildlife Conservation Society on a number of development initiatives in the KAZA. These partners have provided financial and technical support to the development and establishment of the TFCA. The continued support by partners and collaborators for this initiative will contribute immensely to the realization of the vision of this noble conservation initiative for the benefit of the world over.
CONTACTS:
Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Areas-Secretariat:
P. O. Box 821, Kasane, Botswana
Tel: +267 625 1269. Fax: + 267 625 1400. Email: [email protected]
www.kavangozambezi.org
THE WORLD’S LARGEST INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA
Victoria Falls Zimbabwe. Photo: Pietro Sutera
implemented by
