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(1)

Democratization of Technology

Philosophy of

Science and Technology

(2)

• The political aspects of technology.

Landon Winner: Does Artifacts Have Politics?

(3)

Robert Moses

• 1888~1980

• Civil Engineer

• Between the 1920s and 1968, he was in charge or many construction

projects in New York and

Long Island areas.

(4)

Moses’ Projects

(5)

Highway on Long Island (1950~1960)

(6)

John’s Beach State Park in Long Island (1949)

(7)

2.75m 3.65m

The height of overpasses on the highways of Long Island is less than 3 m.

Why Low Bridges?

(8)

Beaches of Long Island

(9)

“We do not want some people in the beaches. . . .”

Robert Moses

(10)

19 th Century Textile Company in England

(11)

Toward Democratic Community:

A. Seek a balance among communitarian/cooperative, individualized, and transcommunity technologies. Avoid technologies that establish authoritarian social relations.

Toward Democratic Work:

B. Seek a diverse array of flexibly schedulable, self-actualizing technological practices. Avoid meaningless, debilitating, or otherwise autonomy-impairing technological practices.

Toward Democratic Politics:

C. Avoid technologies that promote ideologically distorted or impoverished beliefs.

D. Seek technologies that can enable disadvantaged individuals and groups to participate fully in social, economic, and political life. Avoid technologies that support illegitimately hierarchical power relations between groups,

organizations, or polities.

To Help Secure Democratic Self-Governance:

E. Keep potentially adverse consequences (e.g., environmental or social harms) within the boundaries of local political jurisdictions.

F. Seek relative local economic self-reliance. Avoid technologies that promote dependency and loss of local autonomy G. Seek technologies (including an architecture of public space) compatible with globally aware, egalitarian political

decentralization and federation.

To Help Perpetuate Democratic Social Structures:

H. Seek ecological sustainability

I. Seek "local" technological flexibility and 'global' technological pluralism.

* Richard E. Sclove, Democracy and Technology, New York: Guilford Press, 1995, p.157.

Provisional Design Criteria for Democratic Technology*

(12)

민주적 공동체를 위하여

A. 공동체적/협동적 기술과 개인화된 기술, 그리고 범공동체적(transcommunity) 기술 사이의 균형을 추구하고, 권위적인 사회관계를 구축하는 기술들을 피하라.

민주적 노동을 위하여

B. 노동시간을 유연하게 조정할 수 있고, 자아실현을 가능하게 하는 다양한 기술활동을 추구하라. 무의미하거 나, 기술적 재능을 무화시키거나, 자율성을 박탈하는 기술적 활동을 피하라.

민주적 정치를 위하여

C. 이데올로기적으로 왜곡되거나 저급한 믿음을 부추기는 기술을 피하라.

D. 사회적 혜택에서 소외된 개인이나 집단을 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 활동에 참여할 수 있게 하는 기술을 추구 하라. 집단이나 조직, 정체들 사이에 정당화되지 않는 위계적 권력관계를 부추기는 기술을 피하라.

민주적 자기 자기지배(Self-governance)를 확보하기 위하여

E. 잠재적인 부작용들(예를 들어 환경적 사회적 해악들)이 지역의 정치적 관할 영역 안에 있도록 하라.

F. 지역의 경제적 자율성을 추구하라. 지역의 자율성을 잃게 하거나 다른 지역에의 의존도를 높이는 기술을 피 하라.

G. 범지구적인 평등주의적 탈집중화와 연방에 대한 의식과 양립가능한 기술(건축과 공공장소를 포함하여)을 추구하라.

민주적 사회 구조를 유지하기 위하여 H. 생태적 지속가능성을 추구하라.

I. 지역적인 기술적 유연성과 범지구적인 기술의 다양성을 추구하라.

* Richard E. Sclove, Democracy and Technology, New York: Guilford Press, 1995, p.157.

민주적 기술의 잠정적인 설계 기준*

(13)

Unused Nuclear Power plant in Kalkar, Germany

(14)

Unused Nuclear Power plant

in Kalkar, Germany

As an aftermath of Chernobyl

accident, German government

decided not to use the brand new

nuclear power plant.

(15)

Unused Nuclear Power plant in Kalkar, Germany

(16)

Yucca Mountain

• Yucca Mountain used to be the provisional storage site for high-level radio active waste, despite of the opposition by the Nevada people.

• The plan was stopped after they found the site is geologically unstable.

(17)

Transmission Tower in Milyang

(18)

Transmission Tower in Milyang

Those who suffer from

the transmission of the

power are not those

who use the power.

(19)

Cluster Bomb 집속탄 (확산탄)

(20)

집속탄

Protesting against a

Korean company that

produces parts of cluster

bomb.

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