The Limnological Survey of Major Lakes in Korea (4): Lake Juam

* Corresponding author: Tel: 033) 257-2121, Fax: 033) 252-0128, E-mail: [email protected]

─

─ 30 ─ ─

국내 주요 호수의 육수학적 조사

(4) :

김범철∙박주현¹*∙허우명²∙임병진³∙황길순∙최광순∙최종수 (강원대학교 환경학과, 춘천 200-701, ¹한강유역환경관리청, 하남 465-030,

2삼척산업대학교 환경공학과, 삼척 245-080, ³국립환경연구원, 서울 122-706)

The Limnological Survey of Major Lakes in Korea (4): Lake Juam. Kim, Bomchul, Ju - Hyun Park

, Woo-Myung Heo

, Byung-Jin Lim

, Gilson Hwang, Kwangsoon Choi and Joongsoo Choi (Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200- 701, Korea,

Han River watershed Environmental Management Office, Hanam 465 - 030, Korea,

Department of Environmental Engineering, Samchok National University, Samchok 245 - 080, Korea and

National Institute of Environmental Research, Seoul 122 - 706, Korea )

In this study limnological characteristics of Lake Juam was surveyed from June 1993 to May 1994 in order to provides important information regarding water resources. Secchi disc transparency, epilimnetic chlorophyll a (chl-a), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) concentration and primary productivity were in the range of 2.0~4.5 m, 0.9~13.6 mgChl/m

, 0.78~2.32 mgN/l, 11~56 mgP/m

, 270~2,160 mgCm

day

, respectively. On the basis of TP, Chl-a and Secchi disc depth, the trophic state of Lake Juam can be classified as mesotrophic lake. The phosphorus inputs from non-point sources are concentrated in heavy rain episodes during the monsoon season. As a result, phosphorus concentration are higher in summer than in winter. TP loading from the watershed were estimated to be 0.9 gPm

yr

, which correspond to a boundary of the critical loading (1.0 gPm

yr

) for eutrophication.

From the results of the algal assay, both phosphous and nitrogen act as limiting nutrients in algal growth. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton community structure in Lake Juam was similar to that observed in other temperate lakes.

Diatoms (Asterionella formosa and Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima) were dominant in spring and winter, cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa, M. sp. and M.

viridis) were dominant in warm season. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phos- phorus content of lake sediment were 9.5~14.0 mgC/g, 1.01~1.82 mgN/g, and 0.51~

0.65 mgP/g, respectively. The allochthonous organic carbon loading from the watershed and autochthonous organic carbon loading by primary production of phytoplankton were determined to be 1,122 tC/yr and 6,718 tC/yr, respectively. To prevent eutrophication of Lake Juam, nutrient management of watershed should be focus on reduction of fertilizer application, proper treatment of manure, and conservation of topsoil as well as point source.

Key words : Lake Juam, Limnological characteristics, Trophic state, Phytoplankton

서 론

국내 대부분의 호수들은

¹⁹⁸⁰

⁽

^{, 1989;}

Cho et al., 1991;

^{, 1995).}

^,

^,

^.

^,

^,

^.

^,

^,

^,

^.

^.

^,

^.

^.

^.

^.

(1993~1995

⁾

¹⁰

³

.

주암호는 국내

⁴

¹

⁽

⁾

^,

^.

^4.5

^,

^,

^,

^.

⁹⁰

^.

⁽¹⁹⁹⁵⁾

^,

⁽¹⁹⁹³⁾

물학적연구로는 총

¹³⁰

⁽¹⁹⁹⁴⁾

¹⁸⁰

⁽¹⁹⁹⁴⁾

^.

이 논문의 목적은 주암호의 물리

^,

^,

,

^.

재료 및 방법

1.

주암호는 전남 보성의 제암산이 발원지로서 하류로

93 km

¹

⁽

⁾

¹⁹⁹¹

^{58 m,}

^{330 m}

(Rockf ill Dam)

^{33 km}

^,

^4.5

^,

40 m,

0.36

.

³

²

^.

¹

^{500 m}

²

³

^.

Table 1. Hydrological characteristics and utilization of drainage basin of Lake Juam. Yearly average records from 1993 to 1994.

Surface area (km

) 22

Water capacity (×10

m

) 457

Average water volume (×10

m

) 311 Annual water inf low (×10

m

) 623 Annual water outf low (×10

m

) 673

Maximum water level 108.6

Average water level 104.1

Maximum depth (m) 40

Mean depth (m) 15

Hydraulic residence time (yr) 0.36

Drainage area (km

) 1,010

Drainage area: lake area ratio 45

Paddy and dry f ield area in drainage basin (km

) 179 Forest and mountain area (km

) 744 Total population in drainage basin (persons) 58,553 Urban population in drainage basin (persons) 13,340 Rural population in drainage basin (persons) 45,193 Annual precipitation (mm/yr) 1,482

Air temperature (� C) 12.4

Wind speed (m/sec) 1.3

주암호의 수리학적 특성 및 유역의 이용현황은

^Table 1

^.

³

⁽

^,

^,

⁾

^{1,010 km}

^.

^70%

를 차지하므로 유입수량의 대부분이 보성강을 통하여 유입 된다고 볼 수 있다

.

6

^74%

^18%

^.

^(BOD)

^,

^,

3,014 kg/day, 2,022 kg/day, 2,493 kg/day

^,

96 kg/day, 63 kg/day, 37 kg/day

453 kg/day, 322 kg/day, 759 kg/day

⁽

^{, 1994)}

^.

2.

1)

주암호에 대한 수질조사는

¹⁹⁹³

⁶

¹⁹⁹⁴

⁵

³

¹

^{(Fig. 1).}

댐에서

^{500 m}

^{(St. 1)}

0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 m

(bottom-2 m),

(St. 2)

^{(St. 3)}

^.

^{(St. 5)}

^(St.6)

¹

^.

⁶

¹⁹⁹³

⁷

¹⁰

^,

1994

²

³

^Ekman

(Fig. 1).

^{500 ml}

Lugol’s solution

¹⁹⁹³

⁸

10

^,

¹⁹⁹⁴

¹

³

⁴

^{net (}

^{20 cm,}

¹⁰⁰ µm)

^{20 m}

^5%

^.

2)

엽록소

^a

Lorenzen (1967)

.

Standard Method (APHA, 1992)

persulfate digestion

하여 분해시킨 후 용존무기인과 질산성질소를 측정하여 총인과 총질소의 농도를 측정하였다

^.

ascorbic acid

^{, nitrate}

^cadmium reduction

autoanalyzer (Skalar-5,100)

^.

^(DTP)

GF/F (pore size, 0.45 µ m)

^.

^(DOP)

^,

^(POP)

^{. COD}

⁽

^{, 1993)}

alkaline permanganate

,

COD

Standard Method

Cr

(closed ref lux, ref lux,

⁾

^{. Cr}

⁸⁰

^{100% (}

^{, 1986)}

^100%

^COD

^.

^adsorbed- phosphorus

^Hieltjes

Lijklema (1980)

^{50 mg}

^{1.0 M}

^{50 ml}

pH 7.2

¹²⁰

²

^shaking

Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling sites in Lake Juam.

(ST: site of water, SD: site of sediment)

ascorbic acid

^.

일차생산력은 댐앞정점의 표층수를 채수하여 측정하 였다

^.

Li-COR

^under- water photometer (LI-188B)

quantum sensor (UWQ3465)

^{1 m}

^.

^{(total CO}

⁾

Gran titration

(Wetzel and Likens, 1991)

alkalinity

pH

^.

14

C

Platt et al. (1980)

-

^Kim and Kim (1989)

^.

^(tC/yr)

^.

¹¹

¹

^.

식물플랑크톤의 동정을 위해 채취한 시료를 약

²

(APHA, 1992)

(Sukhanova, 1978).

Palmer-Maloney counting chamber

⁴⁰⁰

Mizuno (1964)

Hirose and Yamagishi (1977)

^.

Shannon and Weaver (1948)

^.

hole-slide glass

^{latic acid}

^.

water mountain

^,

^.

^Bogorov counting chamber

(Indiv./m)

. Algal assay

⁽¹⁹⁹⁷⁾

^.

결과 및 고찰

1.

조사기간 주암호 유역의 강수량과 수문학적 특성은

Fig. 2

^.

^{1,132 mm}

⁹³

⁹⁴

^{890 mm}

^.

(6~9

⁾

의 강수량이 연간 강수량의

^71%

^{147 mm}

^.

^{10 m}

⁷

Table 2. Monthly variations of f lowing rates, water level,

and lake surface area

Inf low (m

/sec) Outf low EL. Surface Month

*A *B Total (m

/sec) (m) (km

) June ’93 9.7 20.7 30.4 26.2 100.2 17.2 July 7.2 15.4 22.6 52.1 101.9 19.3 Aug. 48.2 102.4 150.6 111.5 104.8 22.8

Sep. 3.1 6.6 9.7 22.5 104.2 22.0

Oct. 1.2 2.6 3.8 6.2 104.1 21.9

Nov. 1.9 4.1 6.0 11.1 104.6 22.5

Dec. 1.3 2.7 3.9 6.9 104.8 22.8

Jan. ’94 0.8 1.8 2.6 6.2 104.9 22.9

Feb. 1.2 2.5 3.7 4.5 105.0 23.0

Mar. 0.9 1.8 2.7 5.8 105.1 23.1

Apr. 1.6 3.4 5.0 5.1 104.9 22.9

May 3.6 7.6 11.1 10.9 104.5 22.4

A: Inf lowing water, the Dongbok stream B: Inf lowing water, the Bosung River

Fig. 2. The daily variations of hydrological parameters in

Lake Juam.

수위를 나타냈다

^.

^.

¹¹⁴

¹⁸⁸

¹⁵¹

^.

⁽⁶

⁹

⁾

¹⁰⁷

^,

⁽³

⁵

⁾

¹⁵¹

^,

⁽¹²

²

⁾

⁽¹⁰

¹²

⁾

²⁰⁹

¹⁴⁹

.

^.

^,

^,

^,

^{Table 2}

^.

표층수의 수온은 계절에 따라

^5.4

^26.6

^C

^.

⁴

^C

¹

¹

(warm monomictic)

^.

^.

⁴

⁽

⁾

^{(Fig. 3).}

(mixing depth)

²

³

^.

⁵

^{20 m}

^.

(Jassby and Powell, 1975; Hesslein and Quay, 1973).

^.

^.

(Happer, 1992).

투명도는 연간

^1.3

^{4.5 m}

⁽

¹⁾

^{(Fig. 3).}

^0.38

^{0.98 m}

⁸

^.

^(r

^{= 0.35)}

식물플랑크톤의 현존량과 상관관계

^(r

^{= 0.54)}

^.

⁽

^{, 1999)}

^.

^.

^0.2 m

^{1.0 m}

(Wetzel, 1983).

^1%

(euphotic zone)

^4.7

^{12.1 m}

Fig. 3. Vertical prof iles of limnological parameters at site 1 during 1993~1994. (▼: March, ●: June, ■:

September, ▲: December)

작게 나타났다

^.

2.

주암호의 이화학적 수질분포는

^{Fig. 3}

^{Fig. 4}

^{. pH}

^6.6

^9.3

²

3

^.

^15.0

43.8 mgCaCO

/

.

51

96 µS/cm

^.

^7.4

^{12.4 mgO}

/

^.

⁶

⁹

^.

^.

^,

^,

(Kim and Cho, 1989;

^{, 1997;}

^{, 1998)}

^.

^.

표층의 총인

^(TP)

⁷

^{51 mgP/m}

⁵

⁽

¹⁾

²

³

^.

^.

^(DIP)

^1.4

^{6.2 mgP/}

m

^.

^{4 mgP/m}

⁸

⁹

^.

^23%

^5%

^(Wetzel, 1983)

.

^,

^.

표층의 총질소 농도는

^0.53

^{1.42 mgN/}

^.

^.

^.

¹⁰

^.

^TN/TP

⁴⁵

⁷¹

^TN/TP

⁴⁰

¹⁶⁰

(Kim et al.,

1997)

^{0.2 mgN/}

^, NO

-N/TP

⁹

⁷

^{, 5}

Mcqueen et al. (1986)

^ratio

^.

유입수를 통해 유입되는 연간 총인은

19.5 tonP/yr

4.1 tonP/yr

^21%

(Table 3).

⁽⁶

⁸

⁾

^79%

^.

Fig. 4. Monthly variations of limnological parameters of

surface water at site 1 (●), site 2 (■) and site 3

(▲) during 1993~1994.

유입수량의 증가에 따라 증가하며 대체로 집중강우가 시작되는

⁷

⁸

⁴

⁵

^,

^.

^.

^.

⁽

^, 1992;

^{, 1993;}

^{, 1998).}

^. Kim et al. (1997)

^56%

^.

^.

⁽

⁾

(UK Water Act, 1989)

^.

는 수표면적당 인부하량은

^{0.9 gPm}

^yr

Vollenweider (1976)

^{1.0 gPm}

^yr

^.

^8.6

^10.9

^56%

^{(Table 4).}

유입수를 통해 유입되는 총 질소의 양은

1,001 tonN/yr

Table 3. Phosphorus and nitrogen loading from the two main inf lowing river (the Dongbok stream, the Bosung River) into

Lake Juam from June, 1993 to May, 1994.

TP (mg/m

) TN (mg/l) TP loading (tN/month) TN loading (tN/month) Month

*A *B *A *B *A *B Total (DIP) *A *B Total (DIN)

June ’93 20 57 1.12 2.48 0.50 3.05 3.6 (0.6) 28 133 161 ( 95)

July 21 48 1.21 1.47 0.41 1.98 2.4 (0.5) 23 61 84 ( 49)

Aug. 24 23 1.32 1.40 3.10 6.31 9.4 (2.2) 170 384 554 (387)

Sep. 17 55 0.62 0.64 0.14 0.94 1.1 (0.2) 5 11 16 ( 7)

Oct. 8 17 0.63 0.79 0.03 0.12 0.1 (0.1) 2 5 8 ( 5)

Nov. 10 15 1.68 0.86 0.05 0.16 0.2 (0.1) 8 9 17 ( 8)

Dec. 22 19 1.11 1.31 0.07 0.13 0.2 (0.1) 4 9 13 ( 10)

Jan. ’94 14 13 1.52 1.29 0.03 0.06 0.1 (0.1) 3 6 9 ( 7)

Feb. 15 14 1.70 1.68 0.04 0.09 0.1 (0.1) 5 10 15 ( 10)

Mar. 12 19 1.35 1.54 0.03 0.09 0.1 (0.1) 3 10 11 ( 6)

Apr. 46 48 1.01 2.39 0.19 0.42 0.6 (0.1) 4 8 25 ( 13)

May. 51 55 2.68 3.07 0.49 1.11 1.6 (0.2) 25 21 88 ( 34)

Sum (ton/yr) 9.0 61.1 19.5 (4.1) 282 719 1001 (631)

A: Inf lowing water, the Dongbok stream B: Inf lowing water, the Bosung River

Table 4. Monthly variations of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon (OC) discharge out of the Lake Juam

COD TN TP discharge

Month (ton/month)

(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/m)

OC N P

June 1.8 0.76 9 86 52 0.6

July 1.8 0.79 8 178 110 1.1

Aug. 2.2 0.90 15 465 269 4.5

Sep. 2.8 0.94 12 116 55 0.7

Oct. 2.4 0.85 9 28 14 0.2

Nov. 3.0 0.75 10 61 22 0.3

Dec. 2.1 0.92 8 27 17 0.2

Jan. 1.7 0.86 17 20 14 0.3

Feb. 3.6 0.98 18 28 11 0.2

Mar. 1.2 1.13 8 13 18 0.1

Apr. 2.9 1.06 6 27 14 0.4

May 3.5 1.12 14 72 33

Sum 1,122 627 8.6

(ton/yr.)

양은

631 tonN/yr

^,

^,

^.

⁶

⁸

80%

(Table 3).

^.

627 tonN/yr (63%)

(Table 4).

^47%

^.

3.

1994

⁵

Selenastrum capricor-

nutum

험결과는

^{Fig. 5}

^.

^.

^.

주암호 댐앞 표층수에서 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 총

69

²⁶

^,

²³

^,

¹⁴

^,

⁶

^.

⁷

^83%

50%

^.

¹⁴

^53%

⁹

¹⁰

^40%

이상의 구성비를 나타냈다

^.

⁶

⁸

³⁰

^40%

^.

반적으로 규조류가 연평균

^44%

^(25%),

^(17%),

^(14%)

^.

⁸

^.

^2.03

¹⁰

^9.31

¹⁰

^cells/ml

(Table 5).

^.

Fig. 5. The growth curves of Selenastrum capricornutum in algal assay for the determination of limiting nutrient (18 May 1994).

Table 5. Dominant species and standing crops (cells/ml) of phytoplankton at the dam site of Lake Juam from June, 1993 to May, 1994.

Dominant species Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Mar. Apr. May Total

Asterionella formosa 17 184 85 3,857 4,143

Fragilria crotonensis 65 129 935 74 14 13 4 439 1,673

Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima 40 72 58 87 293 10 150 710

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum 129 151 28 55 363

Eudorina elegans 452 452

Scenedesmus ecornis var. ecornis 82 12 15 499 17 15 640

Microcystis aeruginosa 692 1,065 627 694 3078

Microcystis sp. 1,304 1,435 570 162 935 4,406

Microcystis viridis 4,699 4,699

Standing crops of dominant species 2,183 2,584 1,793 6,989 1,213 436 323 42 165 140 4,296 20,164 Total cell number 2,590 3,292 5,724 9,305 1,551 1,445 663 203 410 977 5,027 31,187

Species richness 9 14 26 17 19 22 15 14 17 22 12 69

Diversity 0.94 0.89 1.02 1.06 1.20 1.04 0.79 1.17 1.10 0.93 0.95

Dominance 0.34 0.31 0.23 0.29 0.38 0.18 0.14 0.12 0.16 0.09 0.60

Evenness 0.66 0.58 0.62 0.60 0.56 0.72 0.81 0.86 0.80 0.87 0.39

류가 연평균

^42%

^(37%),

(12%),

^(10%)

^.

^NO

-N/TP

^.

계절별 우점종의 분포를 보면 전반적으로 하계와 추 계에는 남조류인

Microcystis sp, M. aeruginosa, M.

viridis

, 8

Eudorina elegans

^{, 9}

^Fragilaria crotonensis

(Table 5).

Asterionella formosa, Fragilaria croto- nensis, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima, A. sp.

등이 우점하였으나

⁵

Asterionella formosa

^.

^(1994),

⁽¹⁹⁹⁵⁾

다

^.

^,

(Hutchinson, 1967)

^.

(H′)

^0.42

^1.19

⁴

⁵

^.

^0.09

^{0.60, 0.39}

^0.87

^.

조사기간 중 출현한 동물플랑크톤은 총

13

18

⁶

⁸

^(44%),

⁵

⁸

^(44%),

²

²

^(12%)

(Table 6).

⁽¹⁰

⁾

^.

Thermocyclops

^.

¤

^¤

^.

⁴ Table 6. Seasonal f luctuations of zooplankton abundance (individuals/m

) at the dam site of Lake Juam from August,

1993 to March, 1994.

Species Aug. Oct. Jan. Mar. Occupation rate

CLADOCERANS:

Bosmina longirostris 5,605 51 491 178 6,325 (23%)

Bosminopsis deitersi 280 255

Ceriodaphnia pulchella 140

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula 153

Daphnia galeata 1,121 24 12

Daphnia longispina 102

Diaphanosoma brachyuruym 280

Moina weismanni 140

COPEPODS:

Cyclops vicinus 24

Heliodiaptomus kikuchi 1,121

Mesocyclops leuckarti 560

Microcylops varicans 358

Thermocyclops hyalinus 12

Thermocyclops mongolicus 49

Thermocyclops taihokuensis 2,242

Thermocyclops vermifer 255

Copepoda, copepodids 8,127 3,583 147 50 11,907 (43%)

Copepoda, nauplius 1,401 153 417 191

ROTIFERS:

Asplanchna priodonta 98

Polyarthra vulgaris 140

Cladocera abundance 7,566 561 515 190 8,832 (32%)

Copepoda abundance 13,451 4,349 637 253 18,690 (67%)

Rotifera abundance 140 98 238 ( 1%)

Total abundance 21,157 4,910 1,250 443 27,760 (23%)

Number of species 10 6 5 3 18

회 정도의 단기적인 조사에 국한된 것에 원인이 있는 것으로 사료된다

⁽

^{, 1992).}

생물량은

⁴⁴³

21,157 indiv./m

(67%),

^(32%),

^(1%)

^.

(copepodid)

^43%

Bosmina longirostris

23%

^.

^66%

^.

13,451 indiv./m

^(7,566 indiv./m

)

^.

(1997, 1998)

^.

^,

^,

700 indiv./m

^.

⁽⁸

⁾

⁽¹⁰

⁾

⁶

⁷

Microcystis

⁸

^.

^1%

^.

Bosmina longirostris

^.

Bosmina longirostris

Daphnia galeata

^Diaphano- soma brachyurum

Ceriodaphnia pulchella

.

(1992)

Ceriodaphnia pulchella

¹⁸

²⁵

^C

^Hut- chinson (1967)

Diaphanosoma brachyurum

^.

4.

표층의 엽록소

^a

^0.9

12.1 mgChl/m

⁸

⁹

³

^{(Fig. 4).}

^a

에 표층

^{5 m}

¹⁰

^a

^{(Fig. 3).}

^a

^.

수중 유기물 양의 간접지표인

BOD

COD

^0.6

^{3.3 mgO}

/

, 1.1

^{6.3 mgO}

/

³

^,

⁵

^{(Fig. 4).}

COD

^.

^BOD/COD

^0.46

^(0.67)

^BOD/COD

^.

^,

Table 7

^.

³⁰⁴

^{2,549 mgCm}

^day

Microcystis

⁷

⁹

^{1,000 mgCm}

^day

⁴

^.

^.

^.

6,718 tonC/yr

^.

조사기간 광합성

-

(P-I curve)

^3.7

^{23.8 gC}

^m

^gChl

^E

^.

0

2.735

^.

^,

^,

^.

^I

⁷⁸

²⁹⁹ µEm

sec

^.

^6.5

^{101.6 mgCm}

^hr

^.

^a

(assimilation number)

4.0

16.6 gCgChl

hr

^.

유입수를 통해 유입되는

^COD

^0.9

^{8.9 mgO}

^/

(Table 8).

^COD

¹¹