3Dimensional Optical Technology9. Holography

9. Holography

History

• Dennis Gabor (1948, 1949, 1951) ••• Nobel Prize in Physics (1971) holography

“whole recording”

- On-axis hologram

• E. N. Leith and J. Upatnieks (1962, 1963)

- Off-axis hologram

• Y. N. Denisyuk (1962, 1963, 1965)

Recording Amplitude and Phase

Object Beam

   



 



a ,  , exp   ,

Reference Beam

 

 



 



A ,  , exp   ,

Interference

 

 

 

   

    



I ,  , ²  , ²  2 , , cos





Reconstruction of Wavefront

   

t_A ,  ,

 





t_A , _b



  ^{, ,}

of beam (probe)

reading

For the B x y

   

B _A  _b   ^   ^   ^    

A B  For

 A

B For

 

 



   

Original Referencing & Conjugate Referencing

(a) (b)

Image Formation by Holography

   

 ₀²   ₀ ²   ₀ ²

0exp ˆ ˆ

image

Virtual

y y x

x z

jk a

   

    

 2

0 2

0 2

0

0 exp ˆ ˆ

image

Real

y y x

x z

jk a

Gabor Hologram

 

 

I  

 

 

 

A²  , ²  ^ ,  ^ ,



Leith-Upatnieks Hologram (I)

 



  

U ,  exp  2  ,



  ^sin2

 

 

  



  



Leith-Upatnieks Hologram (II)

   

 

  



B U

y j

x,y a BA U

B

t

U _b











2 exp

' '

2 exp '

4 2

2

3 1















Requirement of Reference Beam Angle





 sin 3B 2 _min  ^1

(a)

(b)

Holography of 3D Scenes (I)

Holography of 3D Scenes (II)

(a)

(b)

Parallax in Holograms

Image Location

1

0 1

2 1

1 2













 

 z z z

z

r p

i 





 _

p p i r

i i

i x

z x z

z x z

z

x  z  

0 1 2 0

0 1

2 







p p i r

i i

i y

z y z

z y z

z

y  z  

0 1 2 0

0 1

2 







Image Magnification

Transverse Magnification

Axial Magnification

1

2 0 1 0

0 1

2 0

0

1







 

 



 

p r

i i

i

t z

z z

z z

z y

y x

M x







 _

2 2

1 1

0 1

2 1

2 0

0

1

t r

p i

a M

z z

z z z

M z























 



 



 





Fourier Hologram (I)

(a)

Fourier Hologram (II)

Lensless Fourier hologram

Image Hologram

Fraunhofer Hologram

Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Images

Transmission and Reflection Holograms (I)

• Reflection hologram

(a)

Transmission and Reflection Holograms (II)

Holographic Stereogram

(a) (b)

Rainbow Hologram (I)

(a)

Rainbow Hologram (II)

(b) (a)

Multiplex Hologram

(a)

Holographic Materials (I)

Holographic Materials (II)

Detour-Phase Hologram (I)

   

 











 



   



0

1

0

exp 2 ,

X Y

pq

N

p

N

q

j pq

f

up x q y

j f e

a u

U 







Detour-Phase Hologram (II)

(a)

Kinoform

Interferometry

Double-Exposure Holographic Interferometry

(a)

Contour Generation

Vibration Analysis

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (I)

ESPI (II)

Aberration Compensation