Preliminary Experiments for the Remediation of Trichloroethene-Contaminated Groundwater Using Direct-Current and Zero-Valent Iron

전체 글

(1) , 34, 3 , 307-313, 2001 Econ. Environ. Geol., 34(3), 307-313, 2001.

(2) . .

(3) . . . . .

(4) . . . . Preliminary Experiments for the Remediation of Trichloroethene-Contaminated Groundwater Using Direct-Current and Zero-Valent Iron Ji-Won Moon1, Hi-Soo Moon1*, Yul Roh2, Suk Young Lee1 and Yungoo Song1 1. Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, 120-749, Korea Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. 2. Reactive medium including zero-valent metals such as zero-valent iron (Fe0) degrades chlorinated solvents as a contaminant plume flows through the treatment medium. Although the Fe0 based reactive barrier has been demonstrated to be a cost effective for trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated plume remediation, current approach is limited by low process efficiency and uncertain, effective life of the medium. The objective of this study is to develop an enhanced treatment method of TCE-contaminated groundwater using Fe0 and direct current. The bench-scale test using flow-through Fe0 reactor column confirmed that the application of direct current with Fe0 is highly effective in enhancing the rate of TCE dechlorination. The dechlorination mechanism appears to be reductive, with the electrons supplied by the iron oxidation and external power supply serving as the additional source of electrons.. zero-valent iron, direct current, trichloroethene, groundwater remediation.

(5)

(6) ! " # $%&

(7) '(

(8)

(9) )* +, -. /01 2! 34 5 6

(10) 7 809

(11) :;< =#*! >4 5! ? @A ;B " #

(12) C DEF+ GH) IJ* /0;K LM N1@A!

(13) OP # QR

(14) S DEF+ TU VW" XY Z[\ ]^_! VW

(15) ;` a bWS c2, Fd ef+, gcF+C # h+C ;,#! a DEF+ i0j\\Ck l %mW . . . . . . . . . . XJYZ A [ B \]< ^7 _`2 ab c2.1 d A ef 7 4Pg 2g h]% AW i* jk gl < m cWPn A ab 234o -. /01 pW qr s t u" .vP w &'L xy* k!0 jkgl. z{l vP A|-* - O <o &'a} ~ Hg[ \]234% < :0

(16) " A|]< i* .

(17)

(18) . . . .

(19)

(20) !" # $% &' ( )* +, -. /01 234 567 89:& ;<= *> ?@2) A01 B CD7 EF<* GHI /01

(21) " FJ K L MNO BP=Q01J B CD7 . R<Q ST<* U. /01" VW

(22) .

(23)

(24). .

(25) . !"". # !. . . $

(26)

(27) . . %

(28) !"&. . ' (( .

(29) . . *Corresponding author: [email protected]. ). . . !"&). .

(30) . Physical and. chemical characteristics of trichloroethene. Trichloroethene. Formula Color Melting point Boiling point Vapor pressure. CCl2-CHCl Colorless -87oC 86.7oC 95 mm at 30oC. 1.46 at 20oC Chlorinated solvent Less than water 1100 mg/L at 20oC 0.005 mg/L. Specific gravity Odor Viscosity Solubility in water USEPA MCL. Source: Verschueren (1983); Cheremisinoff (1990); Cotruvo and Vogt (1990). 0 ^B= +, /" .0 " <o 234" << Lx B ` 2n -t -.!0 **>* -.0 J 7 <o

(31) 4 %*+< -.n _ .0 **n I -^7* Q1 e" l ?L'= ." % -^7* j 0 ¡- A ¢89l £L! +,<= -." ¤¥ B xyW < ¦< fL§ ¨" ¤¨% f7* +, -.01 ©4g ª «©4g #

(32) F¢¬% 'Z§

(33)

(34) % <]®¯o °PW V± ?4[ l ²8)* ; 0 "'7 ³´ 234" U. YR DD . . %*+. . . . . . ,

(35) . . . . +. . -. !!%. . -. '!)%. ! -. '!)%. . . .. ) . <* µK] 234

(36) ) -.n F2- ¶ 7 / " p °· ¦ A i¸*

(37)

(38) .

(39) !""- / !""). . . 0 . 123' . !""4-. 6 '. 8

(40) #'. . !""4-. . ,5. !""-. 1. . 0 . !""7-. . . !""7-. !"".. 0 . #-. 9 . . . 8

(41) . 3 :. !""7-. ). . 123' !""). /. . . /. . 8

(42) #'. . !""7. 234" 0 "7 8¥g ½2 « ©4 «? 89 0 1 4 ,¢Å¾A uH³ 9B ³ÆÇ rÈgl 8¥g ½2 F% É* . /. . !"&.. '

(43) . ,5. !""4. . '

(44) . . . . ,5. !""4. . . .

(45)

(46) ( . . >/=>/<7−. ). 3 <>3<7−=3<> −. >. Q1. !

(47) " ÜÝ7 !

(48) " DD >

(49) " / n Þ0 ©] ß )* j¹ ¹?4[ ~ U.0 ef7

(50) ¥<* k! e¨?401 V±?4" ½2 kpJ Tgl àáâ<* «©4g 8901 " l" ¢ J !!ã! <* 1 0 !""7 / 0 "7 ä k vP7 9B k <§ e¨?4J å* Ð ©])* 8¥g ½2 kp Û ¾" Ál Lx æç³ . iè !"".A ! ,

(51)

(52) ,' 'c³´ ×3< é !1 .A ³´ ¢Pn Z8- F01" 8 ¥ )

(53) . A <ê - c¹ë ìxí =A < ¹< <e×3% È]- <* '

(54) ,5!""4" 8 ¥ Á 0 ! 8¥g ½2 kp0 ît . −. . '!)

(55)

(56) . ,

(57) . . . ¹" 9B. < &·7 A -. F2" .g[ º»a¼" ½2 ¾¯ (¿ . i* &·% »Àl Á7 o< * ~% W7 º» Â A µK] 23 4% 8¥Á0 "7 ½2 \] 4®[ l ²8)* J <ÃxÄ* . . % !!%. . '

(58) . T7 Ê < *,7 ³ ÆÇ 234" kËkp01 ÌF) R8¥r¶ (3 .01 <

(59) <! " Í¶n A*

(60) Î0 "7 8¥g ½2" Ï kp ?2& Á- ³ÆÇ0 "7 Î" ¹¼ Ð<* <o " 8¥g ½2" kpJ Î< *> 3% <Ã'= Î" kp !g" ÑA0 Ò7*W ÓÔ* Õ7 " F Öºg[ Î" ?20 > ¹¼" × Ø% &·-Ù* " V±?4. <§ Oj V±?4< ÚÛ <Q AF7*! *U *. '

(61) . . ,5 . 8;<)−<3=83<;−. !""4. 8;. !. . ?@@'. . !"&". . >). >. . . . /. . . . . . !"".. (# . .

(62)

(63) - Î £¢ Öºg[ r" 8¥l æç-Ù* Î< ¹¼L · ©]L .0 " 7 8¥ " kp0 tJA ï l =ðñ* / ¬ò-W - óô 4®<§ <n kl - kpÝ< vP < g õ £ÑL¸l= GH" F k pJA àPW kpÝ" ô¨< &7)* ö< i* À u" ÷5 $" ¹¼% ø ¶ ù gl úL % »¨l ûK-Ù* Q1 À n Öür¥% <7 å* T) vP}% & -W¢ 7* . . . . . . . .

(64) . (

(65)

(66)

(67) # . !".>. . /. . . .

(68) Schematic. ½2 Eý% ¶

(69) ) -. E/01 Ñü.n < &Á-ÙW <0 7 2]% 0 =ð/¸* À Eý% ¶ n (01 £-t (-Ùl§ hþ *U * . . # ). . ''. . ''.

(70) B'. . /. +#' '. . &C ' . . -. )>&C> -. ). &7D. . / . !. >C4D. ;Ð¥o- > ¹ / <§ Ð" ÿ°ð<n 7*8

(71) . #

(72) . E>D. . 9. . ). Eý0 () kp H®" < /9 -¹ £¹ë ö0 r% ×-Ù* r" H® )

(73) ¹ Öür¥0 ×-Ù* " , (

(74) ,(

(75) (, @ 1

(76) % <-t -Ù* < < r% ×7 r% ×- M 0 &' Eý% E-Ù* Öür¥< × ) " r/ !+ U r< / 4® ºLx iW , r . ( ''. > . / . ) . &. )" . !. . !&. . Chemical composition. 4 . diagram showing experimental setup used for TCE dechlorination.. Àõ ºL -Ù* rüù< / !6 r < / 4 % W ° " ¹

(77) ð õ -Ù* À ÷5 $" ¹¼% ¶ u0 (L ùg w% Êl 7 <* Â Î ¹¼" V 2n gl -Ù0 <7 r % < -Ù*

(78) ) AT" -.# ) " µKt¹n ¶ ! Ð"

(79) (' # '( #0 ! Eý· (-Ù* 8'

(80) 01¹ë jF7 Ð% ù- ¶ '/ % F 9 ((n (-t % "-Ù* #$" ¹ *> ×¹ % &n ° " ×¹ '$( %&n (-Ù* Eý · " µK% Æå ¶

(81) ð õO ) % ôr7 × rÈg[ kp ®" )*#5

(82) % å[*kp7 ûÞ" XJA +kpXJ0 J-è , ù ¹ f > . . . !&. 4 . . .

(83) . (

(84)

(85) . .

(86) . . . . . . of the simulated TCE-contaminated water.. Constituents pH Eh (mV) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) Calcium (mg/L). Values 6.1 +420 4.5 40 20. Constituents Total iron (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Potassium (mg/L) Sodium (mg/L) TCE (mg/L). Values 0.3 15 2 20 500~4740.

(87) -Ù* u / <4 ("

(88) ?4 £Þ ûÞ% ÌF-ÙW u? (" Ú5% <-t ÌF-Ù* P(n < --Ù* ?4 ( (5 >01 X.Lx /G%A {) A ÿ+°/3&" ' ' GG

(89) 0-Ù* /9 > ( ,

(90) %67)4% (-Ù* ½2 kp0 " Öür¥% (- (- M / kpÝ ©]) ?4o" *U * l £) " ½2 kp0 t A f o< % ;6* A|7 fo () r rü Þ" r® r" , U¨ 'P ù ¹ kp¨ $< ?28¥r¶ 1- 2 Ê 3

(91) °<* < 0J ¦ ².o<

(92) A {) " ½2 kp0 % ;7 <= d 8" n <-t ÌF-ÙW ÌF EýOl Ú9 ².o" 3l =4 × n æç - _A|-* Q1 <8 Eý01 rü" n <-t åF 2 E ª kp¨0 > % :;å 7* . . '. 5 '. 3.

(93) . . 3 '. 3'. . . .

(94) . . "7. !!%. -. '!)%. >.. !.. -. ,. . 7. -.

(95) . A. '%. . )). -. 4&. -. . . . ). . >. . . . 8

(96) . 18G1*. +. "). + ,: #

(97) . !. . (3@ .

(98) . ") (#

(99) + ,:. (# . (3. 18G1*. . 7. 4. . . . .. ). G

(100) .

(101) . +. . . .

(102) Effect of flow rate on TCE dechlorination. (a) flow rate (FR)=1.724 ml/min, C0=783 ppb, residence time (RT)=15.95 min, direct current (DC)=1.12 mA. (b) FR=2.5 ml/min, C0=783 ppb, RT=11 min, DC=0.86 mA. (c) FR=3.3 ml/min, C0=783 ppb, RT=8.33 min, DC=0.9 mA. (d) FR=4.416 ml/min, C0=783 ppb, RT=6.227 min, DC=0.9 mA under the same condition composed of column volume 56.5 ml, pore volume 27.5 ml, porosity 48.6%, and voltage 19.5V. Symbols are circle, column with direct current and square, control column without direct current..

(103)

(104) . r¢0 "7 8¥g ½2 Á<* " % / Ð 01 Öür¥< ùL " 9B " ½2 j7 ù¹ ù< -W n ¶7 r¢" ù " ?2 CO Q % P-t Öür¥% ù7 ù< ¹ r¥0 "7 r¢" ù Õ7 t7 l å

(105)

(106) % ôr-Ù*/ ) ¹" Öür [* ¥% ù7 / " ?20 " ùL r¢ =_x ¹r¢n /0 ù- ¶<* A ! "# " *> % æF-t " ½2n Æå Öür¥" % F[- ¶ ½2" 9 N* % g G ¨ · 5H7 × Ð"E)D A ,Ë ÚÛ01 ûL¸l=/ > 01 ûL Þ /" XJA U I À n ¹" Öür¥% <- 9B 01 ûL Þ01" XJ0 °> M 9Bå* " ½2 ?@ çA J K* Û ÚÛ Eý +0 û Þ" ÑAB% åtR* rün <- 9B / ?2 C .C&I ÑA7* 5HL ½2" kp O Q ¹ rü ~ " ½2 F0 J / 4 !0 Î.?24< qrLx åL t7* °= ¹rüA 9B " ?2 % È]- öö ³ l ST)* Q O< ½2n jlD* < Eý% .] k 1 F< ~gl A~kp<QJ <7 ! 4® ½2n ¬³ <* Î" ¹ pÝ" 4< / Öür¥% 0 <- 9B ½2 kpJn B TE . iU% ¼l È]) qr4 /" .PrJJn F[-Ù* ½2" kpÁ Î" ?2 r¢ M

(107) ) -.¹ë &'" ôr< A| " ù¥ ~³% - ¹ Öür¥0 " ùL 7 " .ç% .D* . . . . ). . 7 . . . 4&7D. /. . . -. . !. ' . ' . . =!7 . =!! . =&> . . . #. ). ) (

(108)

(109) '. >> ' . 44 ' . . . =7) / ). ! ((#. ) ((#. . . . (3. . . . . . . /. . . . . . . . . Chemical composition in influent and effluent water in reactive Fe0 barrier used in the laboratory. Parameters. pH Eh (mV) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Fe2+ (mg/L) TCE (µg/L).

(110) Effect of experiment duration. Simulated TCE-contaminated water Influent. Effluent with current. Effluent without current. 6.1 +420 4.5 <0.01 150~3200. 7.5~9.1 -80~2 <0~01 2~9 <2~180. 7.0~8.7 0~200 0.01~0.02 7~15 <2~1000. on TCE dechlorination (Influent TCE concentration = 4740 µg/L)..

(111) " ½2 kp e0 <]®¯o A ¨0 Q -Ù* ?28¥r¶ + 01 r¥ù< 01 °PW °PW Öür¥% ]xR 01 I ÜrA ½2) c2.o < ©]L§ Ú9 01 NûL -Ù* < ,Ë 01 ùA / 4 MN* ½2 F e0 Î ¥¢ ¥¢ c < ?2L!1 ^7 8¥& Â

(112) # " ¨0 ×3< L ¶ r¢n &ù-W ×3 8¥ 234" ½2n jlß ~ < ) .0 " Z8)* ³% -ÙU% 7*

(113) ) -.A 2) 8¥g ½2 kp01 - / ) .] kpÝ0 7 Öür¥" ù r¢Å¾ ~³% 7* " F ûÞ rn kl K©-t 2g[ ²2n /01 ÜrA ½2 L M ¹?4< Ðl jlD <* ¹ ^n .] kpÝl NûL l å* Og[ kpl ©D) ùL r¢ 8¥g ½2 kp0 ît-Ù* * U ¨" ¹?4" Tg[ u?Ð ~ + £ Þ01 <¸l ,g < ;;-* = û Þ01 -Ù* ù¹ <20 * ½2A PL 7 ,Ë 01 u?Ð" ?28¥kp% A < ])

(114)

(115) A kp- u ?A L¸U% ";-§ /0 / " !% Qx Öür¥" r¢n r ^7 8¥ 89< Oox_% ";7* '

(116)

(117) " ~³% - :l ©D)* Q1 rün ù- 0

(118) 1 ¨" kp¨0 " |< TL

(119) @ < '

(120)

(121) " ~³% - / " Eý% 8¥g ½ 0 "7 ?2A xJ ¹r¥0 " ù) r¢ 2n å<§ < !01 z{) ½2A PL l (1)* 01 " ?2 4 " r¢" < À A / kpÝ01" ¹ Öür¥" ? " r0 "7 ." K© $0 "'-t K© n Æå ¶ æL¸l= E& G g% ¶ 7* " r2g ½2 kp" <n ¶ 1 .R< R å* F) SÚ" kpÝ B* dA ².o0 ÆÀ × ? `a0 7 Ú(A Tf-* Õ7 AT" G 8901 < àá 9B ½2" kpJ Î" J r" £ t û Þ01" " XJ Nû7 µ rü ª r" $% `- Ú5 Vg ;Ol =ðYl§ < ÑA-!1 U% ×F- ¶1 ª XJ $% W ½2 ?@ -§ 4% U0 7 ¦ A gl VQW ³ <* -! " ½2n < ÓbÄ* . . . %. '!)%. ,. %. !!.

(122) . . <4) . . . . . & . . '!)%. . . . . !"&..

(123) . . . . . . . 4) . . E!C) . . !. . /. . . . . 9 . . !""". . 6 ' . . . . ! /. . . . /. ) /. >. . . . E> . . . . . . . !. ). . 4C) . . . ) /. . . $%&. " ½2 F% ¶ ¹ Öür¥% ù. - ù- M 01 û Þ Eý +0 " ÑAA 5HL¸* ÑA,T Öür¥< ùL 01 =X G¬- =ð Y* < Z<

(124) ) -.A l £L 9B [" Ü| jW 7* Q1 û Þ01" " < 4 Öür¥% 7 r0 "7 0 [7 l t\* r¥% ]xR 01" û Þ" (3 / 0 "7 rA r¥ ù< 01" å* å* ^- jxñ* % 7* Õ7 ,Ë ÚÛ û Þ01" ?28¥r¶ (3. . . . . (3. . /. . . . À !"""cJ /w j ¹ 7 H g+ ¥l .PL¸l§ <0 (õá* Õ7 d:% C ( e Afg <Th .i 7j kl .i" Uæg ä m0 (õá* ))!>!4> . .

(125) ! "# $%%& #

(126)

(127)

(128) '

(129)

(130)

(131)

(132) (

(133) ) * (

(134) #

(135) ( +% +,&+,&&.

(136)

(137) . .

(138) -. / $%%0

(139)

(140)

(141)

(142) *

(143)

(144) )(

(145) * (

(146) #

(147) ( $1 1+&12.

(148) '' 34 $%% 5

(149) 5

(150) 6. '

(151)

(152)

(153)

(154)

(155) ) 4) * 7#- # 3

(156) (

(157) - "

(158) 5 $%% / 8 * 5

(159) 9 / 8 * :

(160)

(161) ;

(162) '

(163) * ) < =)> 4) ?

(164) ; / $%%+

(165) *

(166)

(167) 5* 3 5

(168) * 4) ?

(169) ; = / @A> # $%%< 5.

(170)

(171) '

(172) 5 * B

(173) (

(174) =

(175) / ( 2+ %&,%10 '' / . /*

(176) ) . /

(177) ' 4. $%,% >

(178)

(179) 5

(180) *

(181) *

(182) '

(183)

(184)

(185) (

(186) #

(187) ( +2 %1&%1%. . 5 . C

(188) 4 =

(189)

(190) 6

(191)

(192) D '; $%%0 *

(193) '

(194)

(195) . 5

(196)

(197) ' * B

(198) (

(199)

(200) =

(201) /

(202)

(203) 5

(204) / $++$+0. . 5 . / @ C

(205) 4 =

(206)

(207) 6

(208) 3 ; 5 - E . -

(209) / -. 3 '* ;* $%%0 F1+& 5

(210) ) ' * - '

(211) '

(212)

(213) *

(214)

(215) 5

(216) ' 5 '

(217) F$+GF0<% 5

(218) ) ' @4.G $2+$0 @; 5 4

(219) .

(220)

(221) * @; 5 .

(222) ( = $%,+

(223) ' ; 5 )

(224) 5

(225)

(226) *

(227) ( - / /

(228) ; -

(229) ( 0< <$2<+&. .

(230) . *; 3= $%%< (

(231) 5

(232)

(233) '

(234) *

(235) . (

(236) #

(237) ( +, +<&+&2 @ /# = / $%%1

(238)

(239)

(240) '

(241)

(242) 8

(243)

(244)

(245) 5 (

(246) #

(247) ( 2 110$ 3

(248) 6 $%02 .

(249)

(250)

(251)

(252)

(253) 3 3 4) ?

(254) ;.

(255)

(256) 221 .

(257) -.

(258) .- -

(259) /- $%%1 (

(260)

(261) '.

(262) * B

(263) ( (

(264) #

(265) ( 2 +1&<+1&%

(266) ? . #? 3 + B

(267)

(268) '

(269)

(270)

(271)

(272) ( (

(273) =

(274) ( < $,<$%< # >B $%%1 (

(275)

(276) ' ))

(277) 5: (

(278) 5

(279)

(280) '

(281) *

(282)

(283) * (

(284) 3

(285) 5 ( $& 2,<0 # ;

(286) - *; 3= $%%%

(287)

(288) '

(289) 6

(290)

(291) ) ' 9 : “C

(292) '

(293) G) ' ” . #; = -# #* # 4

(294) 0$& 2$2++ " C $%,2 >

(295)

(296) ;

(297) ' (

(298)

(299)

(300) 5 4) ?

(301) ; " 4

(302)

(303) "

(304) 5 # * 3. $%,0 '

(305)

(306)

(307) '

(308) 5

(309)

(310) (

(311) #

(312) ( +$ 0++021 /

(313)

(314) 3

(315) $%, '' (

(316) ' (

(317)

(318)

(319) ( 5

(320) 5

(321)

(322) '

(323) ) 3 9

(324) ( 5 5

(325) 5

(326) 5 * (

(327)

(328)

(329)

(330) '

(331) 5 '

(332) 8

(333) - - # 3 9 - - 5 . n <o $p +9q% +$n 1o $&p r s,. +$.

(334)