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Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne Extract

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Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne 추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성

이지영1, 진경숙1, 권현주1,2, 김병우1,2*

1동의대학교블루바이오소재개발실용화지원센터

2동의대학교생명응용학과

Received: July 31, 2015 / Revised: September 2, 2015 / Accepted: September 2, 2015

생명체는산화촉진물질과산화억제물질이균형을이뤄 항상성을유지하고있으나

,

다양한외부요인들로 이러한균형상태를잃고산화가촉진되는방향으로 울게되면체내에산화적스트레스

(oxidative stress)

유발 되어세포손상질병을일으키게된다

.

이러한산화적

트레스의 직접적 원인이 되는 활성산소

(reactive oxygen

species,

이하

ROS)

화학적으로불안정하고반응성이

DNA,

단백질

,

지질

,

탄수화물과같은생체고분자 질과쉽게반응할있으며

,

세포와조직에비가역적인 상을일으켜돌연변이

,

세포독성

,

등을유발하게된다

[1, 5, 11, 21, 22].

대표적인

cellular defensive phase 2 detoxifying antioxidant enzyme

으로알려진

heme oxygenase (HO)-1

유도는산화 스트레스를 방어하는 중요한 기전 하나로 다양한

carcinogen

으로부터세포를보호하는

chemoprevention

요한역할을담당하는것으로알려져있으며

,

특히천연에서

유래한다양한

dietary phytochemical

nuclear factor E2- related factor 2 (Nrf2)

의해조절되는

phase 2 detoxifying antioxidant enzyme

발현증가를통해

chemopreventive function

나타낸다

[4, 31].

이러한

chemoprevention

산화활성을기초로하여뿐만아니라염증

,

심혈 관계질환

,

노화등의예방치료기전과도상호작용하는 것으로알려져있어중요성이커지고있다

[2, 12, 25, 29].

염증은외부자극에대한생체조직의주요방어기전이나 지속적인염증반응은조직의손상을초래하여암을비롯한

각종질병을유발한다

[3, 6].

생체염증반응은대식세포

(macrophage)

에서과량생산되는염증매개인자

(inflammatory mediators)

부터유래되는데

inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)

부터생산되는

nitric oxide (NO)

cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)

로부터생산되는

prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

등이 표적이다

.

외부자극에의해과량생산된염증매개인자는

tumor necrosis factor

α

, interleukin 1

β등과같은 사이토

카인을생산하여염증반응을일으킨다

[12, 13].

염증반응의

대표적인 세포 실험계 하나인

RAW 264.7 murine

macrophage

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

같은염증유발 인자를처리하면

iNOS

COX-2

발현유도에의해

NO Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne Extract

Ji Young Lee

1

, Kyong-Suk Jin

1

, Hyun Ju Kwon

1,2

, and Byung Woo Kim

1,2*

1

Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innovation Center,

2

Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Science &

Human Ecology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea

Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne ethanol extract (CHEE) were evaluated.

CHEE possessed a potent scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl, which was similar to the activity of ascor- bic acid which was used as a positive control. CHEE also effectively suppressed hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species on RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, CHEE induced the expression of the anti-oxidative enzyme heme oxygenase 1, and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2. CHEE inhibited LPS induced nitric oxide (NO) formation as a consequence of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) down regulation. Taken together, these results provide us with an important new insight; that C. horizontalis possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, C. horizontalis may be uti- lized as a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals.

Keywords: Cotoneaster horizontalis, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory

*Corresponding author

Tel: +82-51-890-2900, Fax: +82-505-182-6951 E-mail: [email protected]

© 2015, The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology

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PGE2

염증매개인자의생성이를통한사이토카 분비량증가를확인할있다

[17, 19, 26].

그러므로 러한염증매개인자의생성을효과적으로제어할있는 질들이염증의예방치료를위한소재로서각광받고 으며이에따라최근많은연구들이항산화항염증활성 바탕으로생리활성보유신소재개발활성기전 규명에주력하고있다

.

특히천연유래소재로부터유용성 분을추출하고생리활성을규명하여기능성소재로서의 능성을타진하는연구가활발히이루어지고있다

[14, 15, 23].

Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne

장미과에속하는반상 또는낙엽성관목으로홍자단이라고도불린다

.

아시아

,

아메리카

,

유럽등의온대지역에

50

여종이분포하며

,

1 m

내외로자라는데

,

가지는낮은포복으로덩굴모양으

늘어지며

,

윤기있는잎이달린다

. 5

6

월에연분홍의 피우며

, 9

10

월에열매를맺는다

. C. horizontalis

현재 까지보고된생리활성으로는

Mohamed

등이이집트에서 배된

C. horizontalis

지상부의주요성분과점액질의항당 항이상지질혈증효과를보고하였고

[18], Sokkar

등이 이집트에서수집한

C. horizontalis

가지에탄올추출물의 산화

,

항암간보호효과를보고하였으며

[24], Khan

등은

C. horizontalis

전초의메탄올추출물의분획으로부터분리 콜린에스터라아제억제제에대해보고한있다

[10].

재까지

C. horizontalis

규명된생리활성은상기의연구 과뿐이며구체적인작용기작에대한연구

,

특히항산화 항염증효과에대한연구는매우미흡하다

.

이에연구 에서는천연에서유래한생리활성보유신소재개발의일환 으로

C. horizontalis 95%

에탄올추출물

(CHEE)

보유한 항산화항염증활성과작용기작을분석함으로써 능성소재로서의활용가능성을확인해보고자하였다

.

연구에사용한시료는한국생명공학연구원

,

해외생물 소재허브센터에서구입

(

분양번호

FBM123-004)

하여사용하

였다

.

건조 분쇄한 시료를

95%

에탄올을용매로 하여

45

o

C

에서

3

일간초음파추출을수행하였다

.

추출이끝난 료를

filter

여과하여고형물을없애고감압농축

(N-1000SW, EYELA, Japan)

동결건조

(FDU2100, EYELA, Japan)

하여사용전까지

4

o

C

보관하였다

.

항산화작용의주요기전하나인전자공여능은인체 에서 생성되는

free radical

전자를 공여함으로써

free

radical

의한노화와질병을억제한다

.

항산화작용의

지표로서의전자공여능은특히천연물이보유한항산화 능의측정에많이사용되고있으며

[5], 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical

소거능분석을이용하여측정하였

. DPPH

비교적안정한

free radical

로써

, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, polyhydroxy

방향족화합물

,

방향족아민류에 환원되어짙은자색이탈색되는원리를이용하여항산화

활성을간단히측정할있는동시에식물체의항산화 성과도연관성이매우높기때문에많이이용되고있는 법이다

[9]. DPPH radical scavenging activity

측정을위해

CHEE

농도별

(0.1024-12.8

μ

g/ml)

메탄올에녹여준비 하고

96 well plate

메탄올에용해된

1.5

×

10

-4

M DPPH 40

μ

l

시료

160

μ

l

분주한혼합액을실온에서

30

반응시킨

, multi-plate reader (Paradigm, Beckman, CA, USA)

이용하여

520 nm

에서흡광도를측정하였다

.

료를첨가하지않은음성대조군의흡광도와비교하여

free

radical

소거 정도를 백분율로 나타내고

, 50%

저해 농도

(Inhibitory Concentration, IC

50

)

계산하였다

.

대표적인

산화제로

DPPH radical

소거활성측정양성대조군으

주로사용되는

ascorbic acid

함께비교분석하였다

.

항산화항염증활성의세포실험은

murine macrophage cell line

RAW 264.7

American Type Culture Collection (ATCC

®

, VA, USA)

로부터구입하여

10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen Corporation, CA, USA)

penicillin/

streptomycin (Invitrogen)

포함된

DMEM

배지

(Invitrogen)

배양하여수행하였다

[20].

활성분석수행먼저시료 세포생존율에미치는영향을확인함과동시에세포독성

유발하지않는시료의처리농도를결정하기위해

CHEE

의한세포독성유발유무를

WST assay

통해수행하

였다

. 1.0

×

10

5

cell

24-well tissue culture plate

분주 하여

24

시간동안부착시키고

, EPEE

처리

24

시간

WST

시약

(Daeil Lab Service, South Korea)

배지로교체하 시간동안반응시킨다음

multi-plate reader

이용 하여

450 nm

에서흡광도를측정하였다

.

ROS

과량생산

DNA,

단백질

,

지질을포함한생체 분자에산화적인변형을유발하여다양한질병의원인이

므로

ROS

소거능은항산화능의중요한지표로활용된다

[16].

Hydrogen peroxide (H

2

O

2

)

대표적인

ROS

하나로항산 화능분석을위한많은연구에서산화적스트레스유발제로 사용되고있다

[27, 28, 30].

연구에서는

CHEE

보유한 항산화능을

H

2

O

2유도한

ROS

생성에미치는영향을 분석하였다

.

이를위해

RAW 264.7 cell

cell permeable fluorescent dye

50

μ

M

dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA, Sigma-aldrich, MO, USA)

2

시간동안 리한제거하고

500

μ

M

H

2

O

2농도시료와함께 리한시료에의한

ROS

생성억제능을

multiplate reader

이용한

fluorescence

측정을통해분석하였다

.

CHEE

항산화활성기전을알아보기위해대표적인

산화효소인

HO-1

전사인자인

Nrf2

시료처리에 단백질발현변화를

Western blot hybridization

으로 석하였다

. HO-1

일차항체는

Cell Signaling Technology

(MA, USA)

로부터구입하였고

, Nrf2

Actin

일차항체와

(3)

anti-goat

anti-rabbit

등의 이차항체는

Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA)

에서구입하여사용하였다

.

시료

처리가 끝난 배양 세포에서 단백질을추출하여

Bradford

assay

단백질농도를 결정한

50

μ

g

단백질을

10%

sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

전기영동하고

nitrocellulose membrane

blotting

1:1,000

5,000

으로희석한대상단백질의 차항체와

hybridization

하였다

. Membrane washing

horse radish peroxidase (HRP)

부착된이차항체

(1:1,000)

시간 동안반응시키고

chemiluminescence detection system (FluoChem

®

FC2, AlphaInnotech, USA)

이용하여단백 발현을분석하였다

.

대표적인

free radical

하나인

NO

생체내에서중요 세포신호전달물질로서작용하나과잉생산산화적 트레스의유발을통해염증세포손상의원인이된다

[8].

이러한

NO

생성억제능의분석은

Park

[20]

방법을 형하여 수행하였다

. RAW 264.7 cell

24-well tissue culture plate

well

1.0

×

10

5

cell

seeding

하여부착 시킨

1

μ

g/ml

LPS

처리하여

NO

생성을유도하고 료에의한

NO

생성저해능을

Griess reaction

통해분석 하였다

. 96-well plate

세포배양액상층

100

μ

l

분주하

50

μ

l

sulphanilamide (1% in 5% phosphoric acid)

50

μ

l

naphthynaphthylene dihydrochloride (0.1%)

실온에서

10

분간반응시켰다

. Multiplate reader

용하여

550 nm

에서 흡광도를 측정하고

sodium nitrite

(NaNO

2

)

단계희석한표준액으로표준정량선을그린

NO

생성량을계산하였다

.

실험에사용한시약은모두

Sigma

에서구입하여사용하였다

.

또한

CHEE

보유한

NO

생성 억제능의기전을 밝히기 위해

NO

생성의 핵심 단백질인

iNOS

단백질발현을분석하였다

. Western blot hybridization

위한

iNOS

일차항체는

Cell Signaling Technology

(MA, USA)

부터구입하여사용하였으며분석과정은

HO-1

Nrf2

경우와같다

.

모든실험결과는최소

3

이상의반복실험을통하여 데이터를 평균

(mean)

± 표준편차

(standard deviation, SD)

나타내었고

,

필요대표적인그림이나데이터를 시하였다

.

데이터의통계분석은

SPSS 20.0 software

이용한

unpaired Student’s t-test

통해

p

값이

0.05

미만

( p < 0.05)

경우유의성이있는것으로판단하였다

.

이상의실험을통한

CHEE

항산화능항염증생리활

성의분석결과는다음과같다

.

먼저

CHEE

항산화능

유무정도를알아보기위해항산화능의주요지표 하나인

DPPH radical scavenging activity

분석한

CHEE

농도증가에따른강한

radical

소거능을보여

0.1024, 0.512, 2.56, 12.8

μ

g/ml

시료처리에의해

DPPH

radical

소거능이각각

26.82, 34.25, 66.21, 96.99%

나타

50%

소거농도를나타내는

IC

50값이

1.52

μ

g/ml

양성 대조군으로사용한

ascrobic acid,

vitamin C

IC

50값인

1.53

μ

g/ml

유사한정도의높은활성을보여매우강한 산화능을보유함을확인하였다

(Table 1).

이는앞서

Sokkar

등이보고한결과에서와유사하게농도의존적인활성의 가를보였으나낮은농도에서높은활성을나타내었

[24].

이와 같이

DPPH radical scavenging activity

분석

통해

CHEE

보유한높은항산화능이확인됨에따라

작용기전을자세히알아보기위해

CHEE

보유한

항산화능의정도기전을세포수준에서확인하고자 였다

.

CHEE

세포수준에서의생리활성을분석하기먼저

시료가세포생존율에미치는영향을

RAW 264.7 cell

에서

분석한결과

0

200

μ

g/ml

CHEE

처리에의해세포독성 일어나지않음을확인하였다

(Fig. 1A).

또한

RAW 264.7 cell

대표적인산화적스트레스유도인자인

H

2

O

2처리 하여

CHEE

의한

ROS scavenging activity

분석한

H

2

O

2 단독처리에 의해 유도되는과량의

ROS

생성이

CHEE

병용처리에의해효과적으로저해되는것으로 타나

CHEE

DPPH radical

뿐만아니라세포실험계에서

H

2

O

2의해유도된산화적스트레스또한효과적으로감소 시킴을확인하였다

(Fig. 1B).

강한항산화능을보유한천연유래소재들이

Nrf2

의한 항산화효소계의발현유도를통해활성을나타낸다는것이

여러연구를통해밝혀짐에따라

CHEE

보유한항산화능

작용기작을알아보고자하였다

[7, 25].

이를위해대표적 항산화효소로천연물에의한항산화활성에의해주로

발현이유도되는

HO-1

상위전사인자인

Nrf2

단백

발현에

CHEE

미치는영향을분석한결과

6

시간동안

10

50

μ

g/ml

시료처리에의해

HO-1

Nrf2

단백질

현이증가되는것으로나타났다

(Fig. 1C).

CHEE

항산화능뿐만아니라항염증활성또한보유하

는지를알아보기위해

NO

생성에미치는효과를알아보았

Table 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity of CHEE.

Reagent Concentration ( µg/ml)

Inhibition rate (%)

CHEE 0.1024

0.512

26.82 ± 0.07 34.25 ± 0.25

2.56 66.21 ± 0.35

12.8 96.99 ± 0.13

Ascorbic acid (Positive control)

0.512 19.79 ± 0.23

2.56 12.8

80.38 ± 0.21

97.59 ± 0.16

(4)

. LPS

자극을유도한대식세포주

RAW 264.7 cell

농도별

CHEE

처리에따른

NO

생성양의변화를분석

결과

10

50

μ

g/ml

시료처리에의해농도의존적인

NO

생성저해능을보였으며이는

NO

생성단백질인

iNOS

현저해에서기인하는것으로나타났다

(Fig. 2).

이러한결과

통해

CHEE

산화적스트레스뿐만아니라염증성

극에대한방어능또한보유함을확인하였다

.

한편

CHEE

처리는

iNOS

단백질 발현은유의적으로 감소시켰으나

COX-2

발현에는영향을주지않았다

(data not shown).

이상의결과를통해

C. horizontalis

항산화능과항염증 활성을보유함을세포수준에서처음으로확인하였으며

,

러한결과는신규소재에대한새로운기능성데이터를 축함과동시에향후생리활성보유기능성소재로서의활용 위한근거자료로이용될있을것이다

.

후속연구를

C. horizontalis

활성성분을분리함과동시에생리 활성의상위신호전달경로의규명이필요할것으로판단된다

.

요 약

Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne

에탄올추출물

(CHEE)

항산화능과항염증생리활성을분석하였다

. CHEE

항산 화능을

DPPH radical scavenging activity

분석한결과

radical

소거능의정도가양성대조군으로사용한

ascorbic

acid

유사한정도의높은활성을보여매우강한항산화능

보유함을확인하였다

.

또한

RAW 264.7

세포주를이용하

H

2

O

2유도에의해생성된

ROS

대한소거능을분석한 결과에서도강한소거능을보였다

.

뿐만아니라항산화효소

HO-1

전사인자인

Nrf2

단백질발현이

CHEE

리에의해 증가되었다

.

한편

CHEE

LPS

의해 유도된

NO

생성에미치는영향을분석한결과농도의존적인

NO

저해능을보였으며이는

NO

생성단백질인

iNOS

Fig. 1. Effect of CHEE on cell viability (A), H

2

O

2

-induced ROS scavenging activity (B), modulation of an anti-oxidative enzyme, HO-1 and its upstream transcription factor, Nrf2 pro- tein expression (C) in RAW 264.7 cells. (A, B) Values are rep- resented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). (B) *, # Significantly different from the vehicle control [0, H

2

O

2

( −)] and H

2

O

2

- induced control [0, H

2

O

2

(+)], respectively (p < 0.05). (C) Actin was used as an internal control.

Fig. 2. Modulation of CHEE on LPS-induced NO formation (A)

and iNOS protein expression (B) in RAW 264.7 cells. (A) Val-

ues are represented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *, # Significantly

different from the vehicle control [0, LPS ( −)] and LPS-induced

control [0, LPS (+)], respectively (p < 0.05). (B) Actin was used as

an internal control.

(5)

저해에서기인함을확인하였다

.

이러한결과를통해

C.

horizontalis

항산화능과항염증활성을세포수준에서

음으로확인하였으며향후기능성소재로서유용하게활용 있을것으로판단된다

.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Blue-Bio Industry Regional Innova- tion Center (RIC08-06-07) at Dong-Eui University as a RIC pro- gram under Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and Busan city.

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수치

Fig. 1. Effect of CHEE on cell viability (A), H 2 O 2 -induced ROS scavenging activity (B), modulation of an anti-oxidative enzyme, HO-1 and its upstream transcription factor, Nrf2  pro-tein expression (C) in RAW 264.7 cells

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