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152

Copyright © 2021 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

염증반응은미생물감염

,

내독소

,

조직손상과같은위해성 극에대한방어기능으로

,

이는생명체의구조와기능을정상적 으로유지시키기위한방어기능이다

.

염증반응은시간이지남 따라염증촉진성매개체들의생성은감소되고

,

항염증성 개체들이증가됨으로써스스로염증반응이억제되는조절기전 가지고있다

(Libby and Hansson, 2015).

대식세포

(macro-

phages)

체내의염증반응에중요한역할을하는것으로알려

있다

.

대식세포는

interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)

같은염증촉진성

cy-

tokines,

그리고세균세포막성분인

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

등의자극에의해활성화된다

(Xie et al., 1994).

활성화된 식세포는염증촉진성

cytokines

이외에

inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)

cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)

같은효소 발현을통해

nitric oxide (NO)

prostaglandin E

2

(PGE

2

)

같은다양한염증매개분자들을생성하게되고

(Marks-Kon- czalik et al., 1998; Zhang and Ghosh, 2000),

이들매개체들의 지속적인생성은다양한만성염증성질환의주요한원인으로 알려져있다

.

부작용이적은항염증활성을지닌천연물의발견 염증치료제개발을위한방편으로관심을끌고있다

.

대식세포의 염증촉진성

cytokines

단백질들의 발현은

LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 대한 대황(Eisenia bicyclis) 헥산 분획물의 항염증 효과

김보운·최창근

1

·김재일·김형락*

부경대학교 식품영양학과, 1부경대학교 생태공학과

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Hexane Fraction from Eisenia bicyclis on Lipopolysaccharides-Treated RAW 264.7 Cells

Bowoon Kim, Chang-Geun Choi1, Jae-Il Kim and Hyeung-Rak Kim*

Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea

1Department of Ecological Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea

Eisenia bicyclis is known to have secondary metabolites exhibiting various biological activities. In a preliminary study, the n-hexane fraction obtained from the ethanolic extract of E. bicyclis showed higher anti-inflammatory activ- ity than the ethyl acetate and butyl alcohol fractions based on the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Using this fraction ( E. bicyclis hexane fraction, EHF), we inves- tigated the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Pre- treatment of the cells with up to 50 µg/mL EHF significantly inhibited NO and prostaglandin E

2

production as well as their responsible enzyme proteins and mRNAs, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Similarly, EHF markedly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as their mRNA levels. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was strongly sup- pressed by EHF treatment. EHF significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt in LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, EHF reduced ear edema in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced mice. These results indicate that EHF contains potent anti-inflammatory compounds, which may be used as a dietary supplement for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory effect, Eisenia bicyclis , iNOS, NF-κB, Pro-inflammatory cytokines

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 629. 5847 Fax: +82. 51. 629. 5842 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 29 January 2021; Revised 15 February 2021; Accepted 19 February 2021 저자 직위: 김보운(대학원생), 최창근(교수), 김재일(교수), 김형락(교수) https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2021.0152

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 54(2), 152-161, April 2021

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nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)

의해전사수준에서조절된

(Marks-Konczalik et al., 1998; Rahman et al., 2006).

정상 상태의세포에서

NF-κB

inhibitor of kappa B (IκB)

결합 상태로불활성형태로세포질에존재한다

(D'Acquisto et al., 1997; Rahman et al., 2006). LPS, cytokines

같은자극이 어지는경우

IκB

IκB kinase (Ikk)

의해인산화와유비퀴 톤화

(ubiquitination)

통해

proteasome

의해분해되고

,

리된

NF-κB

핵으로이동하여염증관련유전자의발현을

도하게된다

(Elliott et al., 2003).

또한

extracellular signal-reg- ulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 ki- nase

포함하는

mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)

PI3K/Akt (PKB)

같은단백질인산화효소에의해

NF-κB

활성화되어염증반응을촉진하게된다

(Marks-Konczalik et al., 1998; Kaminska, 2005).

갈조류는 다양한 종류의 생리활성물질을 함유하고 있으므 이들을이용하기 위하여광범위한 연구가 지속되고 있다

(Thomas and Kim, 2011).

대황

(Eisenia bicyclis)

다시마과 속하는갈조류로써우리나라와일본의해안에다량존재하 것으로알려져있다

.

대황의주요한

2

대사산물들은플로 로탄닌

(phlorotannin)

으로항염증

(Jung et al., 2013; Paudel et al., 2014; Yayeh et al., 2014)

항산화

(Kim et al., 2011; Kwon et al., 2013),

간보호

(Choi et al., 2015a),

항균

(Eom et al., 2014;

Kim et al., 2018),

항치매

(Choi et al., 2015b),

항앨러지

(Sugi- ura et al., 2009),

항암활성

(Thomas and Kim, 2011)

등이 고되고있다

.

대황주정추출물을이용한예비실험에서헥산

(hexane),

에틸 아세테이트

(ethyl acetate)

부탄올

(butanol)

획분으로분리하 항염증활성을분석한결과헥산획분의항염증활성이가장 높은것으로확인되었다

.

연구에서는대황의헥산분획물의 항염증효과관련분자적기전을

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

자극한

RAW 264.7

세포를이용하여분석함으로써

,

염증성 질환의발병을예방또는지연시킬있는건강기능성소재로 서의이용가능성을검토하였다

.

재료 및 방법

추출과 분획

독도 인근에서 채취한 대황

[Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell]

건조분말

1 kg

환류냉각기가부착된집기병에 주정

[95% ethanol (EtOH), v/v] 6 L

넣어가열

, 2

출하여

(72°C, 3

시간

)

얻은추출액을여과하여

rotary vacuum evaporator

농축하였다

.

에탄올농축물

(122 g)

H

2

O:EtOH (9:1, v/v)

혼합용매로녹인동량의

n-hexane

넣어분액 깔대기에 평형화시켜상층액의

n-hexane

가용부를 분리하였

.

분리된

n-hexane

획분

(E. bicyclis hexane fraction, EHF)

농축하여실험에사용하였다

.

세포 배양 및 처리

RAW 264.7

세포

(ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA)

10% fe- tal bovine serum (FBS) (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY, USA)

penicillin (100 units/mL), streptomycin sulfate (100 µg/mL)

첨가한

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Life Technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

사용하였고

, 5% CO

2

, 37°C

배양기에서배양하였다

. Cell culture plate

RAW 264.7 cell

70-80%

정도채워지면

phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)

한번씻어낸

,

계대배양하였다

. EHF

100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

녹여사용하였고

,

세포처리전에배지에희석하여처리하였다

. 세포 독성 시험

RAW 264.7 cell

96-well plate

5×10

5

cells/well

분주 하고

37C

에서

24

시간동안배양한

, EHF

0, 10, 25, 50 µg/

mL

농도로희석된

DMEM (Life Technology, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

배지로교체하여

1

시간처리한

LPS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) (1 µg/mL)

함유한

DMEM

배지에

24

시간배양하였다

.

이후

CellTiter96

Aqueous One Solu- tion Cell Proliferation Assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazo- lium; MTS]

키트

(Promega, Madison, WI, USA)

사용하여 제조사의방법에따라세포생존율을분석하였다

. MTS

용액은

FBS-free DMEM (Life Technology)

5% (v/v)

농도로

100 µL

처리하였다

. 1

시간후에

microplate reader (Glo- max Multi Detection System, Promega, Madison, WI, USA)

이용하여

490 nm

파장에서흡광도를측정하여세포독성

분석하였다

.

NO 및 염증성 cytokines 생성 억제 효과

EHF

항염증효과비교를위해

RAW 264.7

세포에서의

NO

생성에대한억제효과를분석하였다

. EHF

1

시간동안전처 다음

LPS (1 µg/mL)

24

시간동안자극하고

,

원심분리

(2,000 g, 4°C, 10

)

하여배지를회수하였다

. NO

농도는

(100 µL)

Griess

시약

(0.1% naphthylethylene diamine di- hydrochloride+1% sulfanilamide+5% phosphoric acid)

일한비율로반응시켜

microplate reader

540 nm

파장에 흡광도를측정하였다

.

배지중의

IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (R&D Sys- tems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) kit

이용하여제조사의방법 따라측정하였다

.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

RAW 264.7

세포

(1×10

6

cells/well)

EHF

0, 10, 25, 50

µg/mL

농도로

1

시간동안처리한

, LPS 1 µg/mL

농도

(3)

6

시간동안자극시켰다

.

이후

Quiazol

시약

(Quiagen Sci- ence, Valencia, CA, USA)

이용하여

total RNA

분리하 였다

(Kim et al., 2009). Total RNA

로부터

RT-PCR

분석에

mRNA

발현양의분석은이전의보고

(Joung et al., 2012)

사용한방법을이용하였고

,

유전자발현양의상대적인비교 위해서

β-actin

또는

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro- genase (GAPDH)

함께분석하였다

. PCR

반응에이용된 각의

primer

Table 1

나타내었다

.

전기영동

band

분석은

cooled CCD camera system EZ-Capture II (ATTO

& Rise Co., Tokyo, Japan)

CS analyzer ver. 3.00 software (ATTO and Rise Co., Tokyo, Japan)

이용하여최소

3

번의 실험을통해얻었다

.

세포질 및 핵 단백질 추출물의 제조

NF-κB

활성화정도를분석하기위해

EHF

LPS

처리한

RAW 264.7

세포로부터세포질단백질과 단백

질을각각분리제조하였다

(Kim et al., 2009).

, EHF

리된 세포

(2×10

6

cells/dish)

PBS

세척하여 회수하고

, 180 µL

hypotonic buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl

2

, 0.02% NaN

3

, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), pH 7.4]

, 20 µL

5% nonidet NP-40

첨가하여

5

동안방치하 였다

.

이후원심분리

(1,800 g, 4°C, 5

)

상층액을세포질 추출물로이용하였다

.

침전물은

hypotonic buffer

한번세척 하고

, hypertonic buffer [20 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piper- azineethanesulfonic acid, 25% glycerol, 420 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl

2

, 0.2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.02%

NaN

3

, 0.5 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, pH 7.4]

넣고

1

시간동안 얼음위에방치시킨다음원심분리

(13,000 g, 4°C, 10

)

하여 층액을회수하여핵단백질추출물로이용하였다

.

Western blot에 의한 단백질 분석

염증관련 단백질과신호전달 단백질의인산화정도는세포

EHF

전처리

LPS

처리하여세포단백질을시료

, NF-κB

IκB

활성화인산화정도는상기의 세포질추출물을 시료로이용하였고

,

단백질양은이전의

(Joung et al., 2017)

마찬가지로전기영동으로분리된 백질을

nitrocellulose

막에이전시켜

Western blot

으로분석하 였다

.

검출된

band

정량분석은

mRNA

분석과마찬가지로

cooled CCD camera system EZ-Capture II (ATTO and Rise Co., Seoul, Korea)

CS analyzer ver. 3.00 software (ATTO and Rise Co., Seoul, Korea)

이용하여최소

3

번의반복실험 통해얻었고

,

결과를

blot

하단에수치로표기하였다

. 면역형광분석

RAW 264.7

세포를

glass coverslips (SPL Lifesciences Co., Pocheon, Korea)

위에

24

시간배양한

, EHF

1

시간전처리 하고

, LPS (1 µg/mL)

30

자극시켰다

.

세포를

4.0% para- formaldehyde

첨가된

PBS

실온에서

15

동안반응시 고정시키고

, 0.5% Triton X-100

첨가된

PBS

넣어

10

동안반응시켰다

. PBS

세척한뒤에

3% BSA/PBS

30

동안

blocking

시킨

, anti-NF-κB polyclonal anti- body (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA)

석된

3% BSA/PBS

넣어

2

시간동안반응시켰다

.

다음

,

Table 1. Primer sequences for RT-PCR Primers Sequences

iNOS Forward 5'-TCTTTGACGCTCGGAACTGT-3‘

Reverse 5'-CCATGATGGTCACATTCTGC-3‘

COX-2 Forward 5'-TGGGCAAAGAATGCAAACAT-3‘

Reverse 5'-CAGCAAATCCTTGCTGTTCC-3’

TNF-α Forward 5'-CAAGGGACAAGGCTGCCCCG-3'

Reverse 5'-GGTCAGAGTGGGGGCTGGGT-3‘

IL-1β Forward 5'-ATGGCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACT-3'

Reverse 5'-CAGGACAGGTATAGATTCTTTCCTTT-3'

IL-6 Forward 5'-GTATGAACAACGATGATGCACTTCCAG-3'

Reverse 5'-GCATTGGAAATTGGGTAGGAAGG-3'

β-Actin Forward 5'-CCTCATGAAGATCCTGACCG-3'

Reverse 5'-TCCACATCTGCTGGAAGGTG-3’

GAPDH Forward 5'-TGGCACAGTCAAGGCTGAGA-3'

Reverse 5'-CTTCTGAGTGGCAGTGATGG-3’

RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

(4)

Alexa Fluor

488-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

희석된

3% BSA/PBS

넣고

1

시간 동안반응시킨

, 2 µg/mL

4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

핵을염색하

LSM700 laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany)

관찰하였다

.

NF-κB Promoter 활성

RAW 264.7

세포

(2×10

5

cells/well)

들어있는

24-well plate

well

1 µg

pNF-κB firefly luciferase DNA

20 ng

pRL-TK renilla luciferase DNA

Lipofectamine/Plus reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA)

함께처리하여

40

시간동안

transfection

시켰다

.

다음

, EHF

1

시간전처리하

, LPS (1 µg/mL)

6

시간자극시켰다

.

이후

PBS

세척하

100 µL

lysis buffer (0.5 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 1% Triton N-101, 1 mM CaCl

2

, and 1 mM MgCl

2

)

lysate

만들고

, luciferase assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA)

사용하

luciferase

활성을측정하였다

.

귀 부종 억제 효과

동물시험방법과과정은부경대학교동물윤리위원회의승인

받아수행하였다

. ICR

생쥐

(

수컷

, 25-30 g)

샘타코바이오 코리아

(Osan, Korea)

에서구입하였다

.

구입된생쥐들은

1

주일 동물사육실에적응시킨그룹별로

6

마리씩할당하였다

.

부종은

phorbol 12-myristate 13-actate (PMA) (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)

0.2 μg/mL

농도로아세톤에 녹여사용하여유도하였다

.

대조군은생리식염수로처리하고

, PMA

처리군

, PMA+0.5 mg EHF

처리군

, PMA+1.0 mg EHF

처리군

PMA+indomethacin (Indo)

처리군으로나누었다

.

왼쪽귀

(reference)

30 µL

아세톤으로 처리하였다

. EHF (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg)

Indo (1 mg)

30 µL

아세톤에녹여 른쪽안쪽에처리하고

, 1

시간후에동일부위에

PMA 6 µg

30 µL

아세톤에녹여처리하였다

. PMA

처리

6

시간후에

쥐를희생시켜

6 mm

구경의금속펀쳐로부종부위를절취하여

무게를재었다

.

귀부종무게는오른쪽귀의무게에서왼쪽 게를값으로하였다

.

저해퍼센트

(inhibition percentage, IP)

PMA

처리군에대한상대적인무게를나타낸값이다

. 통계 처리

연구의모든실험은이상반복하였으며

,

얻어진

과들을평균값과표준편차

(mean±SD)

계산하여나타내었

.

실험군간의유의성검증은

Student’s t-test

검증하였다

.

Fig. 1. Effect of EHF on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. (A) Cell viabilities were measured with MTS assay. Cells pretreated with various concentrations of EHF for 1 h were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. (B) The culture media of the treated cells were used to measure the amount of nitrite to evaluate NO level, or (C) the amount of PGE2. All data are presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. #P<0.001 compared to non-treated group. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared to LPS-only group.

(A) (B)

(C)

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

(5)

결 과

EHF에 의한 NO와 PGE

2

생성 억제 효과

RAW 264.7

세포에대한

EHF

세포독성을측정하기위하

0-50 µg/mL

농도범위로

EHF

24

시간처리한다음세포생 존율의변화를

MTS assay

분석하였다

. Fig. 1A

나타난

같이세포의생존율은

EHF

처리에의해뚜렷한변화가없었

.

따라서이후의실험은

EHF

50 µg/mL

이하의농도에서 행하였다

. LPS

자극된세포에서생성되는

NO

대한

EHF

억제효과를확인하기위하여세포를

EHF (0-50 µg/mL)

1

시간전처리한

LPS

24

시간자극하여배지에방출된

ni- trite

생성량을측정하여

NO

생성량을분석하였다

. LPS

처리에 의해증가된

NO

EHF

전처리에의해농도의존적으로 저하게감소하는것으로나타났고

,

특히

25 µg/mL

이상의 처리군에서는

50%

이상의감소효과가나타났다

(Fig. 1B).

EHF

의한

PGE

2생성억제효과또한

NO

생성억제효과와 사한결과를나타내었다

(Fig.1C).

EHF에 의한 iNOS와 COX-2 발현 억제 효과

NO

iNOS

의해그리고

PGE

2

COX-2

의해생성되므

,

거식세포에

EHF

전처리한다음

LPS

처리후에세포 백질을분리하여

iNOS

COX-2

단백질발현수준을

Western blot

으로분석하였다

. LPS

처리에의해생성된

iNOS

단백질

EHF

처리에의해농도의존적으로감소하는경향을나타내

었다

(Fig. 2). COX-2

단백질역시

EHF

의해감소하는경향 보였다

(Fig. 2). iNOS

COX-2

단백질발현이전사수준에 조절되는것을확인하기위하여

iNOS

COX-2 mRNA

현을

RT-PCR

분석하였다

.

단백질과마찬가지로유전자의

mRNA

발현양상이유사하게나타났고

, 25 µg/mL

이상의 처리군에서는감소경향이보다현저하였다

(Fig. 2).

따라서

EHF

의한

iNOS

COX-2

단백질의발현감소는전사수준 에서효과적으로조절되고있음을보여주었다

.

LPS로 유도되는 염증성 cytokines의 생성에 대한 EHF의 억제효과

LPS

자극된

RAW 2645.7

세포에서생성되는염증촉진성

cytokines

생성에대한

EHF

효과를

ELISA

방법으로분석 하였다

. LPS

자극에의해

TNF-α (Fig. 3A), IL-1β (Fig. 3B)

IL-6 (Fig. 3C)

같은염증촉진성

cytokines

생성량은크게 증가하는것으로나타났고

,

이러한증가는다소차이는있지만

EHF

처리에의해농도

-

의존적으로현저하게감소하는것으로 관찰되었다

(Fig. 3A, 3B, 3C).

또한처리된세포로부터

mRNA

분리하여

RT-PCR

분석한결과

ELISA

결과와유사하게 나타났다

(Fig. 3D).

LPS로 유도되는 NF-κB의 활성화에 대한 EHF의 억 제 효과

염증촉진성

cytokines, iNOS

COX-2

발현은전사인자

NF-κB

의해조절된다

. LPS

자극된

RAW 264.7

세포를 이용하여

NF-κB

활성화에대한

EHF

효과를분석하였다

.

먼저면역형광법으로염색을하고

confocal microscopy

석한결과를

Fig. 4A

나타내었다

.

자극이가해지지않은상태 에서

NF-κB/p65 subunit (

녹색

)

주로세포질에분포하는 관찰되었다

. LPS

처리된세포의경우녹색인

NF-κB p65

대부분은핵에분포하는것으로나타났고

,

이는

NF-κB

활성화되어핵으로이동했음을보여주는결과이다

.

그러나 포에

EHF (50 µg/mL)

전처리한경우

NF-κB/p65

주변 세포질에대부분분포하는것으로관찰되었다

.

이러한결과

EHF

의해

NF-κB

활성화가현저하게억제되고있음을 보여주고있다

(Fig. 4A). NF-κB

활성화에영향을미치는 백질을

Western blot

으로분석한결과를

Fig. 4B

나타내었다

. LPS

의해과도하게인산화된

IKK-β

IκBα

EHF

처리에 의해인산화정도

(p-IKK-β

p-IκBα)

농도의존적으로 소함을보여주었다

. LPS

의해핵으로이동된

NF-κB p65

EHF

처리에의해감소됨을보여주고있다

.

다음은

LPS

자극된대식세포주에있어

NF-κB

promoter activity

대한

EHF

효과를분석하였다

(Fig. 4C).

이를위해

RAW 264.7

포에

NF-B promoter

가진

luciferase construct

일시적으 Fig. 2. Effect of EHF on LPS-stimulated inducible nitric oxide syn- thase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and mRNA expressions in RAW 264.7 cells. Cells pretreated with various con- centrations of EHF for 1 h were stimulated with or without LPS (1 μg/mL) for 16 h. Whole proteins were separated with SDS-PAGE.

The expression of iNOS, COX-2, and β-actin was analyzed by Western blot using corresponding antibodies. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of EHF for 1 h, and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 6 h. Total RNA was prepared for RT-PCR.

The results presented are representatives of three independent ex- periments.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(6)

대황 헥산 분획물의 항염증 효과

157

transfection

하고

,

세포를다양한농도의

EHF

2

시간 처리하고이어서

LPS

6

시간동안자극하였다

. Fig. 4C

타내었듯이

luciferase

활성은

LPS

자극에의해현저하게증가 하였으며

,

이는

LPS

자극에의해활성화된

NF-κB

NF-κB

promoter

가진

luciferase

발현을크게증가시켰음을 미한다

.

이에대한

EHF

억제효과는

10 µg/mL

낮은농도

뿐만아니라

50 µg/mL

농도에이르기까지유의적으로감소하

것으로나타났다

.

이들결과는대식세포에서

LPS

자극에 유도되는

NF-κB

활성화가

EHF

의해효과적으로억제 되고있음을보여주고있고

,

이는

EHF

의한상기의염증성

cytokines

iNOS

발현억제는부분적으로

NF-κB

활성화 경로에의해조절되고있음을의미하고있다

.

LPS로 유도되는 MAPKs의 인산화에 대한 EHF의 억 제 효과

EHF

의한

NF-κB

신호경로에어떠한신호단백질들이관여

하는지를확인하기위하여

MAPKs (ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK)

Akt

인산화를

Western blot

으로분석하였다

. Fig. 5

나타 내었듯이

, LPS

유도된세포에서

EHF

처리에의하여

ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK

Akt

인산화가농도의존적으로감소하

였다

.

이러한결과는

EHF

IKK-β

인산화는물론

NF-κB

상위단백질의인산화를조절함으로써염증억제효과를나타낸 다는것을의미한다

.

부종에 대한 EHF 효과

생쥐의귀에

PMA

처리하여부종을유도한결과

6

시간

PMA

의해부종의무게가현저히증가하였다

(Fig. 6).

Indo

비스테로이드성항염증제

(nonsteroidal anti-inflamma- tory drug, NSAID)

로써부종의치료효능을평가하기위하여 양성대조약물로사용하였다

. Fig. 6

나타난바와같이부종

EHF

처리에의해감소하는경향이나타났고

,

특히

1 mg

EHF

처리에의해유의적인차이가확인되었다

(P<0.05).

이러 결과에서

EHF

부종억제효과를확인할있었다

.

고 찰

NO

NOS

의해

L-arginine

으로부터 생성되며

,

세균의

endotoxin

또는염증성

cytokines

iNOS

급격하게유도되

NO

생성량이급증한다

(Guha and Mackman, 2001).

병리적 조건하에서

iNOS

의한

NO

현저한증가는다른염증성 Fig. 3. Effect of EHF on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cells pretreated with various concentrations of EHF were stimulated with or without LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-6 (C) in the culture media were measured by ELISA. (D) Cells were incubated with various concentrations of EHF for 1 h, and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 6 h. Total RNA was prepared for RT-PCR. The results presented are representatives of three independent experiments. Data represent mean±SD of three independent experiments. #P<0.001 compared to non-treated group. **P<0.01 compared to LPS-only group.

(C)

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

(7)

김보운

최창근

김재일

김형락

158

매개체들과함께과도한염증을유발하게되고조직의손상을 유발하는것으로알려져있어염증성손상의주요매개체이다

(Pan et al., 2011). PGE

2

COX-2

작용에의해

arachidonic acid

로부터생성된다

(Sil and Ghosh, 2016).

체내의염증작용 증가함으로써생성되는

PGE

2통증

,

염증

,

체온상승

,

소판응집등의작용을한다

(Park et al., 2006).

따라서

iNOS

COX-2

발현을억제하거나활성을억제함으로써

NO

PGE

2생성을억제할있는화합물은항염증물질로이용

Fig. 4. Inhibitory effect of EHF on the activation of NF-κB in LPS- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. A, celluar distribution of p65 subunit of NF-κB (green) protein was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining with confocal microscopy. Cells were pretreated with EHF (50 μg/mL) for 1 h, followed by LPS stimulation for 30 min. DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining; B, nuclear localization of NF- κB and the regulation of IκB-α phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blot. Cells pretreated with EHF for 1 h were stimulated with LPS for 30 min; C, effect of EHF on NF-κB promoter activity.

Cells were transfected with 1 μg of NF-κB promoter-containing luciferase DNA for 40 h. Transfected cells pretreated with EHF for 1 h were stimulated with LPS for additional 6 h. The results pre- sented are representatives of three independent experiments; AU, arbitrary unit. #P<0.001 compared to non-treated group. **P<0.01 compared to LPS-only group.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(A)

(B)

(C)

Fig. 6. Effect of EHF on ear edema induced by phorbol 12-my- ristate 13-actate (PMA) in mice. EHF or indomethacin (Indo) were topically administered on inner surface of the right ears of mice 1 h before application of PMA. 6 h after application of PMA, ear edema and the inhibition percentage (IP) of the ear edema by the treatment were calculated. #P<0.001 compared to non-treated group. **P<0.05 compared to PMA-only treated group.

Fig. 5. Effect of EHF on the phosphorylations of MAPKs and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of EHF for 1 h, and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 30 min. Whole cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by Western blot for phosphorylated proteins of Akt, JNK, p38 MAPK or β-actin using corresponding antibodies. The results presented are representatives of three independent experiments.

(B)

(C)

(8)

있다

.

염증촉진성

cytokines

들은체내에서다양한면역염증반 응을조절하는역할을한다

.

세균의

LPS

의해자극된대식 세포는

TNF-α

생성하고분비된

TNF-α

IL-1

IL-6

성을유도함으로써염증반응을증폭시키게된다

(Minnich and Moldawer, 2004). LPS

의해유도된

TNF-α

염증반응의 시를촉진하며지속적인생성은만성염증을유발하며결국에 패혈성쇼크

,

염증등의다양한생리적과정에관여하고있다

(Scheller et al., 2011). IL-1β

대식세포에서생성되는주요 증촉진성

cytokine

으로

,

세균감염에대한염증응답의개시 강화에중요한

cytokine

이다

(Li and Verma, 2002). IL-6

대식 세포에서생성되는중요한염증성

cytokine

으로서급성면역반 응에작용한다

(Bonizzi and Karin, 2004).

연구에서관찰된 결과는

EHF

LPS-

자극에의해유도되는

IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-

생성을억제시키는것으로나타났고

,

이는

EHF

LPS-

자극 의한염증성응답의초기단계를억제하고있음을의미한다

.

NF-κB

활성화를억제하는단백질인

IκBα

IKKβ

인산

화에의하여

IκBα

인산화됨으로써유비퀴틴화되어프로테

아좀에의해분해된다

(Nguyen et al., 2003).

따라서

IκB-α

부터유리된

NF-κB

핵으로이동하여염증성유전자들의

현에기여하게된다

.

또한

NF-κB

활성화경로는세포내다양 신호전달에관여하는

MAPKs

Akt

같은

protein kinase

들에의해조절된다

(Liu et al., 2017; Tian et al., 2017).

많은 구들에서

p38, JNK, ERK

같은

MAPKs

설치류의대식세 포에서

LPS

인한

NF-κB

활성화에중요한역할을한다고 밝히고있다

(Guha and Mackman, 2001; Joung et al., 2017).

그리고

Akt

또한

NF-κB

활성화를조절함으로써여러염증 유전자의발현을조절하는것으로알려져있다

(Joung et al., 2015).

연구에서

LPS

자극에의해유도되는

NF-κB

활성 화에대한

EHF

억제효과는

MAPKs

Akt

같은

kinase

인산화과정과관련되어있음을나타낸다

.

앞서설명한것처럼모자반류에서분리된

sargaquinoic acid (Gwon et al., 2015; Joung et al., 2015), fucosterol (Jung et al., 2013; Gwon et al., 2017), sargachromenol (Gwon et al., 2017)

같은화합물들의항염증활성에대해활발한연구가진행되 었다

.

실험에사용된

EHF

HPLC

분석한결과

sargahy- droquinoic acid, sargaquinoic acid

sargachromenol

발견 되지않았다

.

따라서이들항염증활성을나타내는유효성분을 분리동정하기위한후속적인연구가필요하다

.

이상의결과에서

, LPS

자극한

RAW 264.7

세포에있어

NO

같은염증성매개체뿐만아니라염증촉진성

cytokines

발현이

EHF

의해억제된다는것을증명하였다

.

이러

EHF

억제효과는

IκB

분해를저해함으로써

NF-κB

성화경로를억제시키는것으로나타났다

.

또한

EHF

NF-κB

활성화의상위신호전달경로인

MAPKs

Akt

에도영향을 치는것으로확인되었다

.

여러만성염증성질환에과도한염증

매개체들의발현생성이중요한병인적역할을하고 음을고려했을

,

연구결과는

EHF

항염증효능을가진 기능성식품의소재로이용될있다는가능성을제시하고

.

향후

EHF

항염증효과를나타내는유효화합물의분리. 활성분석에대한연구가진행되어야것으로판단된다

.

사 사

논문은부경대학교자율창의학술연구비

(2019

)

의하 연구되었음

.

References

Bonizzi G and Karin M. 2004. The two NF-kappaB activa- tion pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immu- nity. Trends Immunol 25, 280-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

it.2004.03.008.

Choi JS, Han YR, Byeon JS, Choung SY, Sohn HS and Jung HA. 2015a. Protective effect of fucosterol isolated from the edible brown algae, Ecklonia stolonifera and Eisenia

bicyclis, on tert-butyl hydroperoxide- and tacrine-induced

HepG2 cell injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 67, 1170-1178.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12404.

Choi JS, Haulader S, Karki S, Jung HJ, Kim HR and Jung HA.

2015b. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitory activi- ties of the edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis. Arch Pharm Res 38, 1477-1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014- 0515-1.

D'Acquisto F, Iuvone T, Rombola L, Sautebin L, Di Rosa M and Carnuccio R. 1997. Involvement of NF-kappaB in the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in LPS- stimulated J774 macrophages. FEBS Lett 418, 175-178.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01377-x.

Elliott PJ, Zollner TM and Boehncke WH. 2003. Proteasome inhibition: a new anti-inflammatory strategy. J Mol Med 81, 235-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-003-0422-2.

Eom SH, Lee DS, Jung YJ, Park JH, Choi JI, Yim MJ, Jeon JM, Kim HW, Son KT, Je JY, Lee MS and Kim YM. 2014.

The mechanism of antibacterial activity of phlorofucofu- roeckol-A against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-

reus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98, 9795-9804. https://doi.

org/10.1007/s00253-014-6041-8.

Guha M and Mackman N. 2001. LPS induction of gene expres- sion in human monocytes. Cell Signal 13, 85-94. https://doi.

org/10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00149-2.

Gwon WG, Joung EJ, Kwon MS, Lim SJ, Utsuki T and Kim HR. 2017. Sargachromenol protects against vascular in- flammation by preventing TNF-alpha-induced monocyte adhesion to primary endothelial cells via inhibition of NF- kappaB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 42, 81-89. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.014.

수치

Table 1. Primer sequences for RT-PCR Primers   Sequences
Fig. 6. Effect of EHF on ear edema induced by phorbol 12-my- 12-my-ristate 13-actate (PMA) in mice

참조

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