Church History 4

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The Context of Medieval Church History 4

2013. 1^st Semester.

Lee Sun Ho

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Medieval

Church History

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Course Syllabus

Medieval

Church History

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The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy

 4-3. The Franks and the Papacy

 4-4. Charlemagne

 4-5. Ecclesiastical Institutions

 4-6. Collapsing Empire and Rising Papacy

 4-7. Papal Decline and Renewal by the Revived Empire

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Text Books

A history of the Christian Church

Medieval

Church History

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2. The Expansion of Christianity

 Gregory I, “the Great”

 Britain and Ireland

 Missions to the Continent

 Mission Methods

 Islam and Spain

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Text Books

The Medieval Church

Medieval

Church History

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3. The Curch in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

 The Church under the Carolingians

 Decline and Revival

 Theological Controversies

 The Byzantine Ethos

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Text Books

The Medieval Church

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Church History

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 B. Tierney, The Middle Ages: Readings in Medieval History (New York, 1974), I.

 “The Formation of Europe”

 B. 타이어니 엮음, 『서양 중세사 연구 』박

은구 외 옮김 (서울: 탐구당), pp. 57- 117.

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References, Reports

Medieval

Church History

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 Bernard, Of Clairvaux Saint.

 Saint Bernard on the Love of God. Nabu P ress, 2010.

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References, Reports

Medieval

Church History

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References, Reports

Medieval

Church History

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 B. Tierney, The Middle Ages: Readings in Medieval History (New York, 1974), I.

 “The Formation of Europe”

 B. 타이어니 엮음, 『서양 중세사 연구 』박

은구 외 옮김 (서울: 탐구당), pp. 57- 117.

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References, Reports

Medieval

Church History

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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 Henri Pirenne was a Belgian historian.

A medievalist of Walloon descent, he wrot e a multivolume history of Belgium in Fren ch and became a national hero.

 He also became prominent in the nonviole nt resistance to the Germans who occupied Belgium in World War I.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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Medieval

Church History

 Henri Pirenne's reputation today rests on thr ee contributions to European history:

 for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Age s in reactive state formation and shifts in trad e;

 for a distinctive view of Belgium's medieval hi story;

 and for his model of the development of the medieval city.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935)

Mohammed and Charlemagne

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 Pirenne argued that profound social, econ omic, cultural, and religious movements in the long-term resulted from equally profou nd underlying causes, and this attitude infl uenced Marc Bloch and the outlook of the French Annales School of social history.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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 Though Pirenne had his opponents, notabl y Alfons Dopsch who disagreed on essentia l points, recent historians of the Middle Ag es usually take Pirenne's main theses, how ever much they are modified, as starting p oints.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

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Church History

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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Medieval

Church History

 According to Pirenne the real break in Roman history occurred in the 8th century as a result of Arab expansion.

 Islamic conquest of the area of today's south- eastern Turkey, Syria, Israel, North Africa, Sp ain and Portugal ruptured economic ties to w estern Europe, cutting the region off from tra de and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw res ources and nothing coming back.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935)

Mohammed and Charlemagne

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 This began a steady decline and impoveris hment so that by the time of Charlemagne western Europe had become almost entirel y agrarian at a subsistence level, with no lo ng-distance trade.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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Medieval

Church History

 Pirenne used statistical data regarding money in support of his thesis.

 Much of his argument builds upon the disap pearance from western Europe of items that h ad to come from outside.

 For example, the minting of gold coins north of the Alps stopped after the 7th century, indi cating a loss of access to wealthier parts of th e world.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935)

Mohammed and Charlemagne

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 Papyrus, made only in Egypt, no longer ap peared north of the Alps after the 7th cent ury: writing reverted to using animal skins , indicating an isolation from wealthier are as.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

Medieval

Church History

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 In a summary, he famously said, "Without Islam, the Frankish Empire would probably never have existed, and Charlemagne, without Muhammad, would be inconceivable."

 That is, he rejected the notion that barbarian invasions in the 4th and 5th centuries caused the collapse of the Roman Empir e.

 Instead, the Muslim conquest of north Africa made the Medite rranean a barrier, cutting western Europe off from the east, en abling the Carolingians, especially Charlemagne, to create a ne w, distinctly western form of government.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

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Church History

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 Pirenne's Thesis has not convinced most hi storians of the period, but they generally a gree it has stimulated debate on the Early Middle Ages, and a provided a provocative example of how periodization would work.

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

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Henri Pirenne(1862-1935) Mohammed and Charlemagne

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Daniel C. Dennett Jr.

Pirenne and Muhammad(1948)

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A critic of Pirenne's theses must begin by ask ing the following six questions:

1. Was it the policy and the practice of the Arabs to prohibit commerce either at its source or on the n ormal trade routes of the Mediterranean?

Can we indicate an approximate date, accurate w ithin twenty-five years, for the ending of commer ce between the Christian Occident and the Orient

"?

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Daniel C. Dennett Jr.

Pirenne and Muhammad(1948)

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Church History

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2. Is it possible to find another explanation f or the disappearance of the wines of Gaza, the papyrus of Egypt, and the spices of the Orient?

3. Is it true that Gaul had no appreciable for eign commerce after the beginning of the Carolingian period?

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Daniel C. Dennett Jr.

Pirenne and Muhammad(1948)

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Church History

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4. Is it true that the civilization of Merovingian Gaul, considered in its broadest social and po litical aspects, was determined by trade?

Is it possible that internal factors conversely may have been of importance in determining the prosperity of industry and trade?

How extensive was Mediterranean commerce before 650?

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Daniel C. Dennett Jr.

Pirenne and Muhammad(1948)

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Church History

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5. Was "Romania" in fact a true cultural unit y of ideas, law, language, foreign policy, co mmon interest"?

6. What is the real significance and true caus e of the transition from a gold to a silver co inage?

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Daniel C. Dennett Jr.

Pirenne and Muhammad(1948)

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Church History

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Christopher Dawson(1889-1970) The Making of Europe(1946)

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Church History

 Christopher Henry Dawson was a British independent scholar, who wrote many books on cultural history and Christendom.

 Christopher H. Dawson has been called "the g reatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century".

 The 1988–1989 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour.

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Christopher Dawson(1889-1970)

The Making of Europe(1946)

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 He began publishing articles in The Sociological R eview, in 1920. His starting point was close to that of Oswald Spengler and Arnold J. Toynbee, others who were also interested in grand narratives cond ucted at the level of a civilization.

 His first book, The Age of the Gods (1928), was ap parently intended as the first of a set of five tracing European civilization down to the twentieth centur y; but this schematic plan was not followed to a co nclusion.

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Christopher Dawson(1889-1970) The Making of Europe(1946)

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Church History

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 His general point of view is as a proponent of an 'Old West' theory, the later term of David Gress, who cites Da wson in his From Plato to Nato (1998).

 That is, Dawson rejected the blanket assumption that the Middle Ages in Europe failed to contribute any essential characteristics.

 He argued that the medieval Catholic Church was an esse ntial factor in the rise of European civilization, and wrote extensively in support of that thesis.

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Christopher Dawson(1889-1970) The Making of Europe(1946)

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 He received also a measure of academic re cognition, and was considered a leading Ca tholic historian. From 1940 for a period he was editor of the Dublin Review.

 He was Chauncey Stillman Chair of Roma n Catholic Studies at Harvard University fr om 1958-1962.

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Christopher Dawson(1889-1970) The Making of Europe(1946)

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Bryce Dale Lyon(1920-2007)

The Origins of the Middle Ages,

Pirenn e's Challenge to Gibbon

(1972)

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Church History

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 Nestorius was Archbishop of Constantinopl e from 10 April 428 to August 431 (when the emperor Theodosius II confirmed his condem nation by the Cyrillian faction at Ephesus on 22 June).

 His teachings included a rejection of the long -used title of Theotokos ("Mother of God") for the Virgin Mary, and were understood by ma ny to imply that he did not believe that Christ was truly God.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 However, Nestorius actually was concerned that the "T heotokos" cult was dangerously close to venerating Ma ry as a goddess.

 This brought him into conflict with other prominent ch urchmen of the time, most notably Cyril of Alexandria, who accused him of heresy.

 Nestorius sought to defend himself at the First Council of Ephesus in 431, but instead he found himself formal ly condemned for heresy by a majority of the bishops a nd subsequently removed from his see.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 On his own request he retired to his forme r monastery in or near Antioch.

 In 435 Theodosius II sent him into exile in Upper Egypt, where he lived on till 450 or 451, strenuously defending his orthodoxy.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 His last major defender within the Roman E mpire, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, finally agreed t o anathematize him in 451 (during the Co uncil of Chalcedon); from then on he had no defenders within the empire.

 But the Church of the East (that is, the Churc h in eastern Mesopotamia and Persia, under Sassanian rule) never accepted his condemna tion.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 This led later to western Christians giving the name the 'Nestorian Church' to the Church of the East (the modern Assyrian Church of the East), even though it never regarded him as a n authoritative teacher.

 The discovery and publication of his 'Book [or Bazaar] of Heraclides at the beginning of the 20th century led to a reassessment of his theo logy in western scholarship.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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 It is now generally agreed that his ideas were not f ar from those that eventually emerged as orthodox , but the orthodoxy of his formulation of the doctri ne of Christ is still controversial.

 This is due to the fact that the Second Council of C onstantinople of AD 553 confirmed the validity of t he condemnation of Nestorius, refuting the impius letter of Iba that affirms that Nestorius was conde mned without the due inquiry.

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Nestorius(386-451)

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Medieval

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Nestorius(386-451)

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Nestorius(386-451)

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Nestorius(386-451)

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Empires

Tang(618-907)

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Empires

Tang(618-907)

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Church History

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Mission

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Mission

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Mission

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Mission

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Mission

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 In 799, for the third time in half a century, a pope is in need of help from the Frankish kin g.

 After being physically attacked by his enemie s in the streets of Rome (their stated intentio n is to blind him and cut out his tongue, to m ake him incapable of office), Leo III makes h is way through the Alps to visit Charlemagne at Paderborn.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 It is not known what is agreed, but Charlemagne tr avels to Rome in 800 to support the pope.

 In a ceremony in St Peter's, on Christmas Day, Leo is due to anoint Charlemagne's son as his heir.

 But unexpectedly (it is maintained), as Charlema gne rises from prayer, the pope places a crown on his head and acclaims him emperor.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 Charlemagne expresses displeasure but accepts the honour. The displeasure is probably diplomatic, for the legal emperor is undoubtedly the one in Constantino ple.

 Nevertheless this public alliance between the pope and the ruler of a confederation of Germanic tribes now ref lects the reality of political power in the west.

 And it launches the concept of the new Holy Roman Empire which will play an important role throughout the Middle Ages.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 The Holy Roman Empire only becomes formally established in the next century.

 But it is implicit in the title adopted by Ch arlemagne in 800: 'Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacif ic emperor, governing the Roman empire.‘

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 The imperial role accorded by the pope to Charlemagne in 800 is handed on in incre asingly desultory fashion during the 9th ce ntury.

 From 924 it falls into abeyance. But in 962 a pope once again needs help against his It alian enemies. Again he appeals to a stron g German ruler.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 The coronation of Otto I by pope John X II in 962 marks a revival of the concept of a Christian emperor in the west.

 It is also the beginning of an unbroken line of Holy Roman emperors lasting for m ore than eight centuries.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 Otto I does not call himself Roman emper or, but his son Otto II uses the title - as a clear statement of western and papal inde pendence from the other Christian empero r in Constantinople.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 Otto and his son and grandson (Otto II a nd Otto III) regard the imperial crown as a mandate to control the papacy.

 They dismiss popes at their will and instal replacements more to their liking (someti mes even changing their mind and repeati ng the process).

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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 This power, together with territories covering much of central Europe, gives the German em pire and the imperial title great prestige in th e late 10th century.

 But subservience was not the papal intention in reinstating the Holy Roman Empire.

 A clash is inevitable.

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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Holy Roman Empire(800-1806)

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Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the 10th century

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Otto I(912-973)

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 Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), al so known as Otto the Great, was the fou nder of the Holy Roman Empire, reigning f rom 936 until his death in 973.

 The oldest son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, Otto was "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy".

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Otto I(912-973)

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 Otto inherited the Duchy of Saxony and the kings hip of the Germans upon his father's death in 936.

 He continued his father's work to unify all German tribes into a single kingdom and greatly expanded the king's powers at the expense of the aristocracy.

 Through strategic marriages and personal appoint ments, Otto installed members of his own family t o the kingdom's most important duchies.

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Otto I(912-973)

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 This reduced the various dukes, who had p reviously been co-equals with the king, int o royal subjects under his authority.

 Otto transformed the Roman Catholic Ch urch in Germany to strengthen the royal of fice and subjected its clergy to his personal control.

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Otto I(912-973)

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 After putting down a brief civil war among the rebellious duchies, Otto defeated the Magyars in 955, thus ending the Hungaria n invasions of Europe.

 The victory against the pagan Magyars ear ned Otto the reputation as a savior of Chri stendom and secured his hold over the kin gdom.

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Otto I(912-973)

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 By 961, Otto had conquered the Kingdom of Italy and extended his realm's borders to the north, east, and so uth.

 In control of much of central and southern Europe, the patronage of Otto and his immediate successors cause d a limited cultural renaissance of the arts and architec ture.

 Following the example of Charlemagne's coronation as "Emperor of the Romans" in 800, Otto was crowne d Emperor in 962 by Pope John XII in Rome.

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Otto I(912-973)

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 Otto's later years were marked by co nflicts with the Papacy and struggles to stabilize his rule over Italy.

 Reigning from Rome, Otto sought to imp rove relations with the Byzantine Empire, which opposed his claim to emperorship a nd his realm's further expansion to the sou th.

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Otto I(912-973)

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 To resolve this conflict, the Byzantine pri ncess Theophanu married his son, Otto II, in April 972.

 Otto finally returned to Germany in Augu st 972 and died of natural causes in 973. O tto II succeeded him as Emperor.

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Otto I(912-973)

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Otto I(912-973)

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These precious objects, dating from Otto I in the 10th Century

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Otto I(912-973)

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Saint Otto I – Protector of the Church

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Q & A

Other questions will be accepted through YSCEC

Medieval

Church History